Species of Plasmodium infecting humans

• Plasmodium falciparum
  Plasmodium falciparum
  Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite, one of the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. It is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria caused by this species is the most dangerous form of malaria, with the highest rates of complications and mortality...
  
  (the cause of malignant tertian malaria)

• Plasmodium vivax
  Plasmodium vivax
  Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. The most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria, P. vivax is one of the four species of malarial parasite that commonly infect humans. It is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, which is the deadliest of the...
  
  (the most frequent cause of benign tertian malaria)

• Plasmodium ovale curtisi
  Plasmodium ovale curtisi
  Plasmodium ovale curtisi is a species of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans. It was described in 2010 when it was realised that Plasmodium ovale was in fact two distinct species - Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri - which are morphologically...
  
  (another, less frequent, cause of benign tertian malaria)

• Plasmodium ovale wallikeri
  Plasmodium ovale wallikeri
  Plasmodium ovale wallikeri is a species of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans. It was described in 2010 when it was realised that Plasmodium ovale was in fact two distinct species - Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri - which are morphologically...
  
  (another, less frequent, cause of benign tertian malaria)

• Plasmodium malariae
  Plasmodium malariae
  Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoa that causes malaria in humans. It is closely related to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax which are responsible for most malarial infection. While found worldwide, it is a so-called "benign malaria" and is not nearly as dangerous as that...
  
  (the cause of benign quartan malaria)

• Plasmodium knowlesi
  Plasmodium knowlesi
  Plasmodium knowlesi is a primate malaria parasite commonly found in Southeast Asia. It causes malaria in long-tailed macaques , but it may also infect humans, either naturally or artificially....
  
  (the cause of severe quotidian malaria in Southeast Asia)

• Plasmodium brasilianum

• Plasmodium cynomolgi

• Plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii

• Plasmodium inui
  Plasmodium inui
  Plasmodium inui is a protozoan parasite, one of the species of simian Plasmodium that cause malaria in Old World monkeys.-Hosts:* Assamese macques * long tailed macques -Life cycle:...
  
  

• Plasmodium rhodiani

• Plasmodium schwetzi
  Plasmodium schwetzi
  Plasmodium schwetzi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Plasmodium.Like all Plasmodium species P. schwetzi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.- Description :P...
  
  

• Plasmodium semiovale

• Plasmodium simium

The first six listed here are the most common species that infect humans. With the use of the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction

The polymerase chain reaction is a scientific technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence....

 additional species have been and are still being identified that infect humans.

One possible experimental infection has been reported with Plasmodium eylesi

Plasmodium eylesi

Plasmodium eylesi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Plasmodium.Like all Plasmodium species P. eylesi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.- Description :...

. Fever and low grade parasitemia were apparent at 15 days. The volunteer (Dr Bennett) had previously been infected by Plasmodium cynomolgi and the infection was not transferable to a gibbon

Gibbon

Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae . The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates , Hoolock , Nomascus , and Symphalangus . The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape which, until recently, was thought to be closely related...

 (P. eylesi 's natural host) so this cannot be regarded as definitive evidence of its ability to infect humans. A second case has been reported that may have been a case of P. eylesi but the author was not certain of the infecting species.

A possible infection with Plasmodium tenue

Plasmodium tenue

Plasmodium tenue is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium.This species is unusual in that the same specific name was used in two distinct papers published in the same year...

has been reported. This report described a case of malaria in a three year old black girl from Georgia, USA who had never been outside the US. She suffered from both P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria and while forms similar to those described for P. tenue were found in her blood even the author was skeptical about the validity of the diagnosis.

Confusingly Plasmodium tenue was proposed in the same year (1914) for a species found in birds. The human species is now considered to be likely to have been a misdiagnosis and the bird species is described on the Plasmodium tenue

Plasmodium tenue

Plasmodium tenue is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium.This species is unusual in that the same specific name was used in two distinct papers published in the same year...

page.

Species previously described as infecting humans but no longer recognised as valid

Taxonomy in parasitology until the advent of DNA based methods has always been a problem and revisions in this area are continuing. A number of synonyms have been given for the species infecting humans that are no longer recognised as valid. Since perusal of the older literature may be confusing some currently defunct species names are listed here.

P. camerense

P. causiasium

P. golgi

P. immaculatum

P. laverani var. tertium

P. laverani var. quartum

P. malariae var. immaculatum

P. malariae var. incolor

P. malariae var. irregularis

P. malariae var. parva

P. malariae var. quartanae

P. malariae var. quotidianae

P. perniciosum

P. pleurodyniae

P. praecox

P. quartana

P. quotidianum

P. sedecimanae

P. tenue

P. undecimanae

P. vegesio-tertaniae

P. vivax-minuta

Infections in primates

Listing

The species that infect primates other than humans include: P. billbrayi, P. billcollinsi, P. bouillize, P. brasilianum, P. bucki, P. cercopitheci, P. coatneyi, P. coulangesi, P. cynomolgi, P. eylesi, P. falciparum, P. fieldi, P. foleyi, P. fragile, P. gaboni, P. girardi, P. georgesi, P. gonderi, P. gora, P. gorb, P. hylobati, P. inui, P. jefferyi, P. joyeuxi, P. knowlesi, P. lemuris, P. malagasi, P. percygarnhami, P. petersi, P. reichenowi, P. rodhaini, P. sandoshami, P. semnopitheci, P. silvaticum, P. simiovale, P. simium, P. uilenbergi, P. vivax and P. youngei.

It has been proposed that the species P. gora and P. gorb should be renamed P. adleri and P. blacklocki.

Host records

Most if not all Plasmodium species infect more than one host: the host records shown here should be regarded as incomplete.

• P. billbrayi - chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)

• P. billcollinsi - chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)

• P. bouillize - Cercopithecis campbelli

• P. brasilianum - Alouatta fusca, Alouatta palliata, Alouatta seniculus straminea, Alouatta villosa, several night monkey
  Night monkey
  The night monkeys, also known as the owl monkeys or douroucoulis, are the members of the genus Aotus of New World monkeys . They are widely distributed in the forests of Central and South America, from Panama south to Paraguay and northern Argentina...
  
   (Aotus) species, Ateles fusciceps, Ateles geoffroyi, Ateles geoffroyi grisescens, Ateles paniscus, Ateles paniscus paniscus, Ateles paniscus chamek, Brachyteles arachnoides, Callicebus moloch ornatus, Callicebus torquatus, Cebus albifrons, Cebus apella, Cebus capucinus, Cebus capucinus capucinus, Cebus capucinus imitator, Chiropotes chiropotes, Lagothrix cana, Lagothrix infumata, Lagothrix lagotricha, Saimiri boliviense, Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri ustus.

• P. bucki - Lemur macaco macaco

• P. cercopitheci - Cercopithecis nictitans

• P. coatneyi - crab eating macque (Macaca fascicularis) and Java
  Java
  Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
  
  nese long-tailed macaque (Macaca irus), silvered leaf monkey (Presbytis cristatus)

• P. coulangesi - Lemur macaco macaco

• P. cynomolgi - bear macaque (Macaca arctoides), Formosan rock macaque (Macaca cyclopis), crab eating macque (Macaca fascicularis), Java
  Java
  Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
  
  nese long-tailed macaque (Macaca irus), Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), toque macaque (Macaca sinica), orangutan (Pongo species), silver leaf monkey (Presbytis cristatus) and Hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus)

• P. eylesi - several gibbon
  Gibbon
  Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae . The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates , Hoolock , Nomascus , and Symphalangus . The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape which, until recently, was thought to be closely related...
  
   (Hylobates
  Hylobates
  The genus Hylobates is one of the four genera of gibbons. It was once considered the only genus, but recently its subgenera have been elevated to the genus level. Hylobates remains the most speciose and widespread of gibbon genera, ranging from southern China to western and central Java...
  
  ) species including Hylobates lar

• P. falciparum - gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), bonbos (Pan paniscus)

• P. fieldi - the crab eating macque (Macaca fascicularis), the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), the bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) and the baboon (Papio doguera).

• P. foleyi - Lemur fulvus rufus

• P. fragile - Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymaae, Aotus vociferans, crab eating macque (Macaca fascicularis), Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), toque macaque (Macaca sinica) and Saimiri boliviensis

• P. inui - Formosan rock macaque (Macaca cyclopis), crab eating macque (Macaca fascicularis) and Java
  Java
  Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
  
  nese long-tailed macaque (Macaca irus)

• P. gaboni - chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

• P. georgesi - black crested mangabey (Cercocebus albigena)

• P. girardi - Lemur fulvus rufus, Lemur macaco macaco

• P. gonderi - black crested mangabey (Cercocebus albigena), Cercocebus aterrimus, sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), Tana River mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus agilus), crab eating macque (Macaca fascicularis) and drill
  Drill
  A drill or drill motor is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment, usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for drilling holes in various materials or fastening various materials together with the use of fasteners. The attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of...
  
  s (Mandrillus leucophaeus)

• P. gora - gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)

• P. gorb - gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)

• P. hylobati - several gibbon
  Gibbon
  Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae . The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates , Hoolock , Nomascus , and Symphalangus . The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape which, until recently, was thought to be closely related...
  
   (Hylobates
  Hylobates
  The genus Hylobates is one of the four genera of gibbons. It was once considered the only genus, but recently its subgenera have been elevated to the genus level. Hylobates remains the most speciose and widespread of gibbon genera, ranging from southern China to western and central Java...
  
  ) species including Hylobates lar and Hylobates moloch

• P. inui - Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, Aotus nancymaae, Celebes
  Sulawesi
  Sulawesi is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands. In Indonesia, only Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua are larger in territory, and only Java and Sumatra have larger Indonesian populations.- Etymology :The Portuguese were the first to...
  
   black ape
  Ape
  Apes are Old World anthropoid mammals, more specifically a clade of tailless catarrhine primates, belonging to the biological superfamily Hominoidea. The apes are native to Africa and South-east Asia, although in relatively recent times humans have spread all over the world...
  
   (Cynopithecus niger), Assamese macques (Macaca assamensis), crab eating macque (Macaca fascicularis), Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), several Presbytis species, Saimiri boliviensis

• P. jefferyi - several gibbon
  Gibbon
  Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae . The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates , Hoolock , Nomascus , and Symphalangus . The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape which, until recently, was thought to be closely related...
  
   (Hylobates
  Hylobates
  The genus Hylobates is one of the four genera of gibbons. It was once considered the only genus, but recently its subgenera have been elevated to the genus level. Hylobates remains the most speciose and widespread of gibbon genera, ranging from southern China to western and central Java...
  
  ) species

• P. joyeuxi - Cercopithecis callitricus

• P. knowlesi - crab eating macque (Macaca fascicularis), pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and Presbytis malalophus

• P. knowlesi edesoni - Java
  Java
  Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
  
  nese long-tailed macaque (Macaca irus)

• P. lemuris - lemur
  Lemur
  Lemurs are a clade of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. They are named after the lemures of Roman mythology due to the ghostly vocalizations, reflective eyes, and the nocturnal habits of some species...
  
  s (Lemur collaris, Lemur macaco macaco)

• P. malagasi - lemurs

• P. malariae - brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans), black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) chimpanzee (')

• P. ovale - chimpanzees (Pan)

• P. percygarnhami - Lemur macaco macaco

• P. petersi - black crested mangabey (Cercocebus albigena)

• P. pitheci - orangutan
  Orangutan
  Orangutans are the only exclusively Asian genus of extant great ape. The largest living arboreal animals, they have proportionally longer arms than the other, more terrestrial, great apes. They are among the most intelligent primates and use a variety of sophisticated tools, also making sleeping...
  
  s (Pongo pygmaeus)

• P. reichenowi - chimpanzee (Pan
  Chimpanzee
  Chimpanzee, sometimes colloquially chimp, is the common name for the two extant species of ape in the genus Pan. The Congo River forms the boundary between the native habitat of the two species:...
  
  ) species and gorilla (Gorilla
  Gorilla
  Gorillas are the largest extant species of primates. They are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Africa. Gorillas are divided into two species and either four or five subspecies...
  
  ) species

• P. rodhaini - chimpanzee (Pan
  Chimpanzee
  Chimpanzee, sometimes colloquially chimp, is the common name for the two extant species of ape in the genus Pan. The Congo River forms the boundary between the native habitat of the two species:...
  
  ) species and gorilla (Gorilla
  Gorilla
  Gorillas are the largest extant species of primates. They are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Africa. Gorillas are divided into two species and either four or five subspecies...
  
  ) species

• P. sandoshami - Malayan
  Malay Peninsula
  The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula is a peninsula in Southeast Asia. The land mass runs approximately north-south and, at its terminus, is the southern-most point of the Asian mainland...
  
   flying lemur
  Lemur
  Lemurs are a clade of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. They are named after the lemures of Roman mythology due to the ghostly vocalizations, reflective eyes, and the nocturnal habits of some species...
  
   (Cynocephalus variegatus)

• P. semnopitheci - northern plains gray langur (Semnopithecus entellus)

• P. schwetzi - chimpanzee (Pan
  Chimpanzee
  Chimpanzee, sometimes colloquially chimp, is the common name for the two extant species of ape in the genus Pan. The Congo River forms the boundary between the native habitat of the two species:...
  
  ) species and gorilla (Gorilla
  Gorilla
  Gorillas are the largest extant species of primates. They are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Africa. Gorillas are divided into two species and either four or five subspecies...
  
  ) species

• P. semiovale - toque macaque (Macaca sinica)

• P. shortii - bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) and toque macaque (Macaca sinica)

• P. silvaticum - orangutan
  Orangutan
  Orangutans are the only exclusively Asian genus of extant great ape. The largest living arboreal animals, they have proportionally longer arms than the other, more terrestrial, great apes. They are among the most intelligent primates and use a variety of sophisticated tools, also making sleeping...
  
  s (Pongo pygmaeus)

• P. simium - several howler monkeys (Alouatta) species including the brown howler monkey (Alouatta fusca) and woolly spider monkey (Brachyteles arachnoides)

• P. uilenbergi - Lemur fulvus fulvus

• P. vivax - orangutan
  Orangutan
  Orangutans are the only exclusively Asian genus of extant great ape. The largest living arboreal animals, they have proportionally longer arms than the other, more terrestrial, great apes. They are among the most intelligent primates and use a variety of sophisticated tools, also making sleeping...
  
  s (Pongo species), chimpanzee
  Chimpanzee
  Chimpanzee, sometimes colloquially chimp, is the common name for the two extant species of ape in the genus Pan. The Congo River forms the boundary between the native habitat of the two species:...
  
  s (Pan
  Chimpanzee
  Chimpanzee, sometimes colloquially chimp, is the common name for the two extant species of ape in the genus Pan. The Congo River forms the boundary between the native habitat of the two species:...
  
  ), monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis, Aotus lemurinus griseimambra, the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) and tamarins (Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis)

• P. youngei - white handed gibbon
  Gibbon
  Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae . The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates , Hoolock , Nomascus , and Symphalangus . The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape which, until recently, was thought to be closely related...
  
   (Hylobates lar)

Primate groups and Plasmodium species

New World monkeys of the family Cebidae

Cebidae

The Cebidae is one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. It includes the capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys. These species are found throughout tropical and subtropical South and Central America.-Characteristics:...

: P. brasilianum and P. simium

Old World monkeys of the Cercopithecidae family: P. coatneyi, P. cynomolgi, P. fieldi, P. fragile, P.gonderi, P. georgesi, P. inui, P. knowlesi, P. petersi, P. shortti and P. simiovale

Gibbons of the Hylobatidae family: P. eylesi, P. hylobati, P. jefferyi and P. youngi

Orangutans (Pongo): P. pitheci and P. silvaticum

Gorillas and chimpanzees: P. billcollini, P. billbrayii, P. falciparum, P. gabonensi, P. gora, P. gorb, P. reichenowi, P. rodhaini and P. schwetzi

Mosquitoes known to transmit human malaria listed by region

This listing may be incomplete as the taxonomy of this genus is under revision.

North American

• Anopheles (Anopheles) freeborni
• Anopheles (Anopheles) quadrimaculatus
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimarus

Central American

• Anopheles (Anopheles) aztecus
• Anopheles (Anopheles) punctimacula
• Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus
  Anopheles albimanus
  Anopheles albimanus is a species of mosquito.-Habitat:Larvae of this species live in a wide range of permanent freshwater habitats. They are, however, salt tolerant. They live in sites that contain abundant amounts of floating, emergent vegetation. The larvae can also live in floating algae and scum...
  
  
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) argyritarsis
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi

South American

• Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis
• Anopheles (Anopheles) punctimacula
• Anopheles (Kerteszia) bellator
• Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii
• Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus
  Anopheles albimanus
  Anopheles albimanus is a species of mosquito.-Habitat:Larvae of this species live in a wide range of permanent freshwater habitats. They are, however, salt tolerant. They live in sites that contain abundant amounts of floating, emergent vegetation. The larvae can also live in floating algae and scum...
  
  
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) argyritarsis
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) braziliensis
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari
• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) triannulatus

North Eurasian

• Anopheles (Anopheles) atroparvus
• Anopheles (Anopheles) messeae
• Anopheles (Anopheles) sacharovi
• Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) pattoni

Mediterranean

• Anopheles (Anopheles) atroparvus
• Anopheles (Anopheles) claviger
• Anopheles (Anopheles) labranchiae
• Anopheles (Anopheles) messeae
• Anopheles (Anopheles) sacharovi
• Anopheles (Cellia) hispaniola
• Anopheles (Cellia) superpictus

Afro-Arabian

• Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies
  Anopheles culicifacies
  Anopheles culicifacies is one of the major vectors of malaria on the Indian subcontinent. It has been reported to be a species complex consisting of five sibling species which have been provisionally designated as species A, B, C, D and E. It prefers to rest indoors in cattle sheds, where it feeds...
  
  
• Anopheles (Cellia) fluviatilis
• Anopheles (Cellia) hispaniola
• Anopheles (Cellia) multicolor
• Anopheles (Cellia) pharoensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) sergentii

Afrotropical

• Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) funestus
• Anopheles (Cellia) gambiae
  Anopheles gambiae
  Anopheles gambiae is a complex of at least seven morphologically distinguishable species of mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles. This complex was recognised in the 1960s and includes the most important vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and the most efficient malaria vectors known.This species...
  
  
• Anopheles (Cellia) melas
• Anopheles (Cellia) merus
• Anopheles (Cellia) moucheti
• Anopheles (Cellia) nili
• Anopheles (Cellia) pharoensis

Indo-Iranian

• Anopheles (Anopheles) sacharovi
• Anopheles (Cellia) aconitus
• Anopheles (Cellia) annularis
• Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies
  Anopheles culicifacies
  Anopheles culicifacies is one of the major vectors of malaria on the Indian subcontinent. It has been reported to be a species complex consisting of five sibling species which have been provisionally designated as species A, B, C, D and E. It prefers to rest indoors in cattle sheds, where it feeds...
  
  
• Anopheles (Cellia) fluviatilis
• Anopheles (Cellia) jeyporiensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) minimus
• Anopheles (Cellia) philippinensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) pulcherrimus
• Anopheles (Cellia) stephensi
  Anopheles stephensi
  Anopheles albimanus is a species of mosquito....
  
  
• Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus
• Anopheles (Cellia) superpictus
• Anopheles (Cellia) tessellatus
• Anopheles (Cellia) varuna

Indo-Chinese hills

• Anopheles (Anopheles) nigerrimus
• Anopheles (Cellia) annularis
• Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies
  Anopheles culicifacies
  Anopheles culicifacies is one of the major vectors of malaria on the Indian subcontinent. It has been reported to be a species complex consisting of five sibling species which have been provisionally designated as species A, B, C, D and E. It prefers to rest indoors in cattle sheds, where it feeds...
  
  
• Anopheles (Cellia) dirus
  Anopheles dirus
  Anopheles dirus is a vector of malaria in Asian forested zones.-Taxonomy:It is often seen as a species complex including at least seven closely related and efficient forest-based malaria vectors in Asia. Hence, its geographical distribution is overlapping with areas of high malaria prevalence rates...
  
  
• Anopheles (Cellia) fluviatilis
• Anopheles (Cellia) jeyporiensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) maculatus
• Anopheles (Cellia) minimus

Malaysian

• Anopheles (Anopheles) campestris
• Anopheles (Anopheles) conaldi
• Anopheles (Anopheles) donaldi
• Anopheles (Anopheles) letifer
• Anopheles (Anopheles) nigerrimus
• Anopheles (Anopheles) whartoni
• Anopheles (Cellia) acconitus
• Anopheles (Cellia) balabacensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) dirus
  Anopheles dirus
  Anopheles dirus is a vector of malaria in Asian forested zones.-Taxonomy:It is often seen as a species complex including at least seven closely related and efficient forest-based malaria vectors in Asia. Hence, its geographical distribution is overlapping with areas of high malaria prevalence rates...
  
  
• Anopheles (Cellia) flavirostris
• Anopheles (Cellia) jeyporiensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) leucosphyrus
• Anopheles (Cellia) ludlowae
• Anopheles (Cellia) maculatus
• Anopheles (Cellia) mangyanu
• Anopheles (Cellia) minimus
• Anopheles (Cellia) philippiensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus
  Anopheles subpictus
  Anopheles subpictus is a species complex of four species of mosquito belonging to the genus Anopheles.-Subgenus classification:...
  
  
• Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus

Chinese

• Anopheles (Anopheles) anthropophagus
• Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) balabacensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) jeyporiensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) pattoni

Australasian

• Anopheles (Anopheles) bacroftii
• Anopheles (Cellia) farauti type 1
• Anopheles (Cellia) farauti type 2
• Anopheles (Cellia) hilli
• Anopheles (Cellia) karwari
• Anopheles (Cellia) koliensis
• Anopheles (Cellia) punctulatus
• Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus
  Anopheles subpictus
  Anopheles subpictus is a species complex of four species of mosquito belonging to the genus Anopheles.-Subgenus classification:...
  
  

Primate mosquito vectors and associated Plasmodium species

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus
  Anopheles albimanus
  Anopheles albimanus is a species of mosquito.-Habitat:Larvae of this species live in a wide range of permanent freshwater habitats. They are, however, salt tolerant. They live in sites that contain abundant amounts of floating, emergent vegetation. The larvae can also live in floating algae and scum...
  
  - P. fieldi, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) arabensis - P. falciparum

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) argyritarsi - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) argyropus - P. fieldi

• Anopheles (Anopheles) artemievi - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) atroparvus - P. fieldi, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) aztecus - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) baimaii - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) balabacensis - P. fieldi, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) beklemishevi - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Kerteszia) bellator - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) benarrochi - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Kertezia) bifurcatus - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) braziliensis - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Kertezia) claviger - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) coustani - P. falciparum

• Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies
  Anopheles culicifacies
  Anopheles culicifacies is one of the major vectors of malaria on the Indian subcontinent. It has been reported to be a species complex consisting of five sibling species which have been provisionally designated as species A, B, C, D and E. It prefers to rest indoors in cattle sheds, where it feeds...
  
  - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi - P. falciparum, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) deaneorum - P. falciparum, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) dirus
  Anopheles dirus
  Anopheles dirus is a vector of malaria in Asian forested zones.-Taxonomy:It is often seen as a species complex including at least seven closely related and efficient forest-based malaria vectors in Asia. Hence, its geographical distribution is overlapping with areas of high malaria prevalence rates...
  
  - P. cynomolgi, P. fieldi, P. falciparum, P. inui, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) donaldi - P. fieldi

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dunhami - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) epiroticus - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) farauti - P. coatneyi, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) flavirostris - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) freeborni - P. fieldi, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) funestus - P. falciparum

• Anopheles (Cellia) fluviatilis - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) gambiae
  Anopheles gambiae
  Anopheles gambiae is a complex of at least seven morphologically distinguishable species of mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles. This complex was recognised in the 1960s and includes the most important vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and the most efficient malaria vectors known.This species...
  
  - P. falciparum, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) hackeri - P. fieldi, P. knowlesi

• Anopheles (Kerteszia) homunculus - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) hyrcanus - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) introlatus
  Anopheles introlatus
  Anopheles introlatus is the main vector for Plasmodium cynomolgi in Malaya....
  
  - P. cynomolgi, P. eylesi

• Anopheles (Anopheles) kleini - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) kochi - P. eylesi, P. fieldi

• Anopheles (Cellia) latens
  Anopheles latens
  The Anopheles latens mosquito is an important vector for the transmission of malaria in humans and monkeys in Southeast Asia...
  
  - P. knowlesi

• Anopheles (Anopheles) lesteri - P. eylesi

• Anopheles (Anopheles) letifer - P. eylesi, P. fieldi

• Anopheles (Cellia) leucosphyrus - P. eylesi, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) maculatus - P. eylesi, P. fieldi, P. inui, P. vivax, P. youngei

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) marajoara - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) maculipennis - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) martinius - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) mediopunctatus - P. falciparum, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) melas - P. falciparum

• Anopheles (Cellia) merus - P. falciparum

• Anopheles (Anopheles) messeae - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) minimus - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) moucheti - P. falciparum

• Anopheles (Cellia) nili - P. falciparum

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi - P. falciparum, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) paludis - P. falciparum

• Anopheles (Anopheles) peditaeniatus - P. fieldi

• Anopheles (Cellia) philippinensis - P. fieldi

• Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) pulcherrimus - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) pullus - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) punctimacula - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) punctipennis
  Anopheles punctipennis
  *...
  
  - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) quadrimaculatus - P. fieldi, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) rangeli - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) macarthuri - P. eylesi

• Anopheles (Anopheles) roperi - P. eylesi

• Anopheles (Anopheles) sacharovi - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) sergentii - P. vivax

• Anopheles sinensis Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis - P. eylesi, P. fieldi, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) stephensi
  Anopheles stephensi
  Anopheles albimanus is a species of mosquito....
  
  - P. cynomogli, P. fieldi, P. inui, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus - P. eylesi, P. vivax, P. youngei

• Anopheles (Cellia) superpictus - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Cellia) tessellatus - P. falciparum, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) triannulatus - P. falciparum, P. vivax

• Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) trinkae - P. vivax

• Anopheles (Anopheles) umbrosus - P. eylesi

• Anopheles (Cellia) vagus - P. eylesi, P. fieldi

Primate subspecies

• P. cynomolgi - P. cynomolgi bastianelli, P. cynomolgi ceylonensis and P. cynomolgi cynomolgi.

• P. inui - P. inui inui and P. inui shortii

• P. knowlesi - P. knowlesi edesoni and P. knowlesi knowlesi.

• P. ovale - P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri

• P. vivax - P. vivax hibernans, P. vivax chesson and P. vivax multinucleatum.

Interrelatedness - The evolution of these species is still being worked out and the relationships given here should be regarded as tentative. This grouping, while originally made on morphological grounds, now has considerable support at the DNA

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...

level.

• P. brasilianum, P. inui and P. rodhaini are similar to P. malariae (quartan malaria group)

• P. cynomolgi, P. fragile, P. knowlesi, P. simium and P. schwetzi are similar to P. vivax

• P. fieldi and P. simiovale are similar to P. ovale

• P. falciparum is closely related to P. reichenowi.