Polish Air Force order of battle in 1939
Encyclopedia
The following is the order of battle
of the Polish Air Force
prior to the outbreak of the Polish Defensive War
of 1939. During the mobilization waves of March and August of that year, all peace-time units were deployed to airfields throughout the country and attached to respective commands of Air Force, Naval Air Service and squadrons supporting each of the Polish armies. In the last stages of the air campaign, whole units coordinated all actions in the fight against the invaders.
The Polish fighters claimed 134 air victories, including 7 enemy aeroplanes shot down by Polish PZL P.7
a fighters, 125 by PZL P.11
fighters of all types (mostly P.11c, several P.11a), and 2 downed by PZL P.11
g. In addition, the Polish air forces had a number of PZL.37 Łoś and PZL.23 Karaś
bombers, as well as a number of non-combat planes used for reconnaissance, observation, communications, army cooperation and transport. Among the latter were Lublin R-XIII
, LWS-3 Mewa
, RWD-8, RWD-14 Czapla
, PWS-10
and PWS-26
.
s held in reserve by the Commander in Chief (one of them being the Bomber Brigade
, the other - Pursuit Brigade
), Polish forces were divided onto the following units:
Each escadrille was given a respective number and a proper name, depending on its main tasks. Hence the escadrilles were divided onto:
The second number in the name of each of the fighter squadrons shows part of which air regiment the unit was part of, prior to mobilisation. For example the III/1 dywizjon myśliwski (composed of 111 eskadra myśliwska and 112 eskadra myśliwska) was part of the 1st Air Regiment located in Warsaw.
Order of battle
In modern use, the order of battle is the identification, command structure, strength, and disposition of personnel, equipment, and units of an armed force participating in field operations. Various abbreviations are in use, including OOB, O/B, or OB, while ORBAT remains the most common in the...
of the Polish Air Force
Polish Air Force
The Polish Air Force is the military Air Force wing of the Polish Armed Forces. Until July 2004 it was officially known as Wojska Lotnicze i Obrony Powietrznej...
prior to the outbreak of the Polish Defensive War
Invasion of Poland (1939)
The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign or 1939 Defensive War in Poland and the Poland Campaign in Germany, was an invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the start of World War II in Europe...
of 1939. During the mobilization waves of March and August of that year, all peace-time units were deployed to airfields throughout the country and attached to respective commands of Air Force, Naval Air Service and squadrons supporting each of the Polish armies. In the last stages of the air campaign, whole units coordinated all actions in the fight against the invaders.
The Polish fighters claimed 134 air victories, including 7 enemy aeroplanes shot down by Polish PZL P.7
PZL P.7
-References:NotesBibliography* Cynk, Jerzy B. History of the Polish Air Force 1918-1968. Reading, Berkshire, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1972.* Cynk, Jerzy B. Polish Aircraft, 1893-1939. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1971. ISBN 0-370-00085-4....
a fighters, 125 by PZL P.11
PZL P.11
The PZL P.11 was a Polish fighter aircraft, designed in the early 1930s by PZL in Warsaw. It was briefly considered to be the most advanced fighter aircraft design in the world...
fighters of all types (mostly P.11c, several P.11a), and 2 downed by PZL P.11
PZL P.11
The PZL P.11 was a Polish fighter aircraft, designed in the early 1930s by PZL in Warsaw. It was briefly considered to be the most advanced fighter aircraft design in the world...
g. In addition, the Polish air forces had a number of PZL.37 Łoś and PZL.23 Karaś
PZL.23 Karas
|-Specifications :-See also:-References:NotesBibliography* Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. World War II Airplanes . Chicago: Rand McNally, 1978. ISBN 0-52888-170-1....
bombers, as well as a number of non-combat planes used for reconnaissance, observation, communications, army cooperation and transport. Among the latter were Lublin R-XIII
Lublin R-XIII
The Lublin R-XIII was the Polish army-cooperation plane , designed in the early-1930s in the Plage i Laśkiewicz factory in Lublin. It was the main army cooperation plane in the Invasion of Poland...
, LWS-3 Mewa
LWS-3 Mewa
-Bibliography:* Glass, Andrzej. LWS 3 Mewa, Wydawnictwo Militaria 11. Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Militaria, 1996. ISBN 83-86209-61-5.* Glass, Andrzej. Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939 . Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności , 1977. .-See also:...
, RWD-8, RWD-14 Czapla
RWD-14 Czapla
|-References:*Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 -See also:...
, PWS-10
PWS-10
-References:*Glass, Andrzej. "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977...
and PWS-26
PWS-26
-References:*Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 -See also:...
.
Command structure
The Polish war-time command structure was based on inter-war structure of the air forces. Apart from two air brigadeBrigade
A brigade is a major tactical military formation that is typically composed of two to five battalions, plus supporting elements depending on the era and nationality of a given army and could be perceived as an enlarged/reinforced regiment...
s held in reserve by the Commander in Chief (one of them being the Bomber Brigade
Bomber Brigade
The Bomber Brigade was a World War II unit of the Polish Air Force commanded by płk obs. Władysław Heller. It resisted the Invasion of Poland in 1939 as the main aerial reserve of the commander in chief and was used for bombing enemy units in central Poland. It was created just before the war and...
, the other - Pursuit Brigade
Pursuit Brigade
The Pursuit Brigade was a Polish World War II unit of the Polish Air Force. It took part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939 as the main aerial reserve of the commander in chief and was used for air cover of the Polish capital of Warsaw. It was similar in shape to the Bomber Brigade...
), Polish forces were divided onto the following units:
- Air regiment (usually 4 squadrons or 8 escadrilles)
- Air squadron (usually 2 escadrilles)
- Air escadrille (usually 8 to 12 planes)
Each escadrille was given a respective number and a proper name, depending on its main tasks. Hence the escadrilles were divided onto:
- Bombing escadrille
- Fighter escadrille
- Observation escadrille
- Reconnaissance escadrille
- Staff escadrille
The second number in the name of each of the fighter squadrons shows part of which air regiment the unit was part of, prior to mobilisation. For example the III/1 dywizjon myśliwski (composed of 111 eskadra myśliwska and 112 eskadra myśliwska) was part of the 1st Air Regiment located in Warsaw.
Reserve of the Commander in Chief
The strategic reserve of the commander in chief of the Polish Army consisted of two air brigades stationed around Warsaw and additional communications squadrons used for easier handling of orders from the headquarters to respective armies. Altogether, on 1 September 1939 Edward Rydz-Śmigły had 146 combat aeroplanes and 60 non-combat planes at his disposal.HQ units
- Communications platoon No. 1 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 1)
- Communications platoon No. 2 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 2)
- Polish 16th Observation EscadrillePolish 16th Observation EscadrilleThe 16th Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was under direct command of the Polish HQ.-Equipment:7 Lublin R-XIIID airplanes and 2 RWD-8.source: Polish Wikipedia....
- Staff Escadrille
Pursuit Brigade
- Polish 1st Fighter Squadron of the 3rd Air Regiment (III/1. Dywizjon Myśliwski)
- Polish 111th Fighter EscadrillePolish 111th Fighter EscadrilleThe 111th Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army. Created in 1921, immediately after the end of the Polish-Soviet War, the unit inherited the traditions of the famous war-time Polish 7th Air Escadrille , in which both Polish and American...
(111 Eskadra Myśliwska) - Polish 112th Fighter EscadrillePolish 112th Fighter EscadrilleThe 112th Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army.-History:The Escadrille was created in 1919 by a merger of the earlier 18th Reconnaissance Escadrille and the 19th Fighter Escadrille.In September 1939 the 112th Fighter Escadrille was incorporated...
(112 Eskadra Myśliwska)
- Polish 111th Fighter Escadrille
- Polish 1st Fighter Squadron of the 4th Air Regiment (IV/1 Dywizjon Myśliwski)
- Polish 113th Fighter EscadrillePolish 113th Fighter EscadrilleThe 113th Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army at the beginning of the WW2.- Crew and equipment :On 1 September 1939 the escadrille had 10 planes: 5 PZL P.11c and 5 PZL P.11a....
(113 Eskadra Myśliwska) - Polish 114th Fighter EscadrillePolish 114th Fighter EscadrilleThe 114th Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army at the beginning of the WW2.- Crew and equipment :On 1 September 1939 the escadrille had 10 planes: 6 PZL P.11c and 4 PZL P.11a....
(114 Eskadra Myśliwska) - Polish 123rd Fighter EscadrillePolish 123rd Fighter EscadrilleThe 123rd Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army in 1939.-Crew and equipment:On 1 September 1939 the escadrille had 10 PZL P.7a airplanes.The air crew consisted of:...
(123 Eskadra Myśliwska)
- Polish 113th Fighter Escadrille
Bomber Brigade
- Polish 10th Bomber Squadron (X Dywizjon Bombowy)
- Polish 211th Bomber Escadrille (211. Eskadra Bombowa)
- Polish 212th Bomber Escadrille (212. Eskadra Bombowa)
- Polish 15th Bomber Squadron (XV Dywizjon Bombowy)
- Polish 216th Bomber Escadrille (216. Eskadra Bombowa)
- Polish 217th Bomber Escadrille (217. Eskadra Bombowa)
- Polish 2nd Bomber Squadron (II Dywizjon Bombowy)
- Polish 21st Bomber Escadrille (21. Eskadra Bombowa)
- Polish 22nd Bomber Escadrille (22. Eskadra Bombowa)
- Polish 6th Bomber Squadron (VI Dywizjon Bombowy)
- Polish 64th Bomber Escadrille (64. Eskadra Bombowa)
- Polish 65th Bomber Escadrille (65. Eskadra Bombowa)
- Polish 55th Independent Bomber Escadrille (55. Samodzielna Eskadra Bombowa)
- Communications platoon No. 4 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 4)
- Communications platoon No. 12 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 12)
Army aviation
In addition to the above mentioned units, the gros of the Polish aviation was attached to land units of corps- and army-size. They were to provide necessary support in all roles. In all, various units of the Polish Army had 288 planes at their disposal, including 246 combat planes and 42 support planes.Aviation of the Modlin Army
- Communications platoon No. 11 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 11)
- Polish 41st Reconnaissance Escadrille (41. Eskadra Rozpoznawcza)
- III/5. Fighter Squadron (III/5. Dywizjon Myśliwski)
- Polish 152nd Fighter EscadrillePolish 152nd Fighter EscadrilleThe 152. Fighter Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the start of the second world war. In 1939 the unit was attached to the Modlin Army.-Air Crew:Commanding officer: kpt. pil...
(152. Eskadra Myśliwska)
- Polish 152nd Fighter Escadrille
- Polish 53rd Observation EscadrillePolish 53rd Observation EscadrilleThe 53rd Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the Second World War. The unit was attached to the Modlin Army.-Equipment:7 RWD-14b Czapla airplanes and 2 RWD-8.source: Polish Wikipedia....
(53. Eskadra Obserwacyjna)
Aviation of the Pomorze Army
- Communications platoon No. 7 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 7)
- Communications platoon No. 8 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 8)
- Polish 42nd Reconnaissance EscadrillePolish 42nd Reconnaissance EscadrilleThe 42nd Reconnaissance Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the start of the II World War. The unit was attached to the Pomorze Army.-Aircraft:*10 PZL.23B Karaś*1 RWD-8-Pilots:* Por. pil. Mieczysław Lewandowski* Por. pil. Romuald Suliński...
(42. Eskadra Rozpoznawcza) - (III/4. Dywizjon Myśliwski)
- Polish 141st Fighter EscadrillePolish 141st Fighter Escadrille141. Fighter Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the start of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Pomorze Army.Equipment:10 PZL P.11c airplanes....
(141. Eskadra Myśliwska) - Polish 142nd Fighter EscadrillePolish 142nd Fighter Escadrille142. Fighter Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the start of the second world war.The unit was attached to the Pomorze Army.-Air Crew:Commanding officer: kpt. pil. Mirosław LeśniewskiDeputy Commander: por. Wacław WilczewskiPilots...
(142. Eskadra Myśliwska)
- Polish 141st Fighter Escadrille
- Polish 43rd Observation EscadrillePolish 43rd Observation EscadrilleThe 43rd Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Pomorze Army.-Equipment:7 Lublin R-XIIID airplanes and 2 RWD-8.source: Polish Wikipedia....
(43. Eskadra Obserwacyjna) - Polish 46th Observation EscadrillePolish 46th Observation EscadrilleThe 46th Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Pomorze Army.-Equipment:7 Lublin R-XIIID and Lublin R-XIIIC airplanes and 2 RWD-8.source: Polish Wikipedia....
(46. Eskadra Obserwacyjna)
Aviation of the Poznań Army
- Communications platoon No. 6 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 6)
- Polish 34th Reconnaissance Escadrille (34. Eskadra Rozpoznawcza)
- (III/3. Dywizjon Myśliwski)
- Polish 131st Fighter EscadrillePolish 131st Fighter Escadrille131. Fighter Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the start of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Poznan Army.-Air Crew:Commanding officer: kpt. pil. Jerzy ZarembaDeputy Commander: por. pil. Zbigniew MoszyńskiPilots:...
(131. Eskadra Myśliwska) - Polish 132nd Fighter EscadrillePolish 132nd Fighter EscadrilleThe 132nd Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army in 1939. It was attached to the Army Poznań.-Crew and equipment:On 1 September 1939 the escadrille had 10 PZL P.11c airplanes....
(132. Eskadra Myśliwska)
- Polish 131st Fighter Escadrille
- Polish 33rd Observation EscadrillePolish 33rd Observation EscadrilleThe 33rd Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Poznań Army.-Equipment:7 RWD-14b Czapla airplanes and 2 RWD-8.source: Polish Wikipedia....
(33. Eskadra Obserwacyjna) - Polish 36th Observation EscadrillePolish 36th Observation EscadrilleThe 36th Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Poznań Army.-Equipment:7 Lublin R-XIIID airplanes and 2 RWD-8.source: Polish Wikipedia....
(36. Eskadra Obserwacyjna)
Aviation of the Łódź Army
- Communications platoon No.10 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 10)
- Polish 32nd Reconnaissance Escadrille (32. Eskadra Rozpoznawcza)
- (III/6. Dywizjon Myśliwski)
- Polish 161st Fighter EscadrillePolish 161st Fighter Escadrille161. Fighter Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the start of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Łódź Army.-Air crew:commander of the unit: kpt. pil...
(161. Eskadra Myśliwska) - Polish 162nd Fighter EscadrillePolish 162nd Fighter Escadrille162. Fighter Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the start of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Łódź Army....
(162. Eskadra Myśliwska)
- Polish 161st Fighter Escadrille
- Polish 63rd Observation EscadrillePolish 63rd Observation EscadrilleThe 63rd Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Łódź Army.-Air crew:commanding officers:* kpt. obs. Jan Schram * kpt. pil. Kazimierz Wianecki...
(63. Eskadra Obserwacyjna) - Polish 66th Observation EscadrillePolish 66th Observation EscadrilleThe 66th Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Łódź Army.-Equipment:7 Lublin R-XIIID airplanes and 2 RWD-8.source: Polish Wikipedia....
(66. Eskadra Obserwacyjna)
Aviation of the Kraków Army
- Communications platoon No.3 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 3)
- Polish 24th Reconnaissance Escadrille (24. Eskadra Rozpoznawcza)
- (III/2. Dywizjon Myśliwski)
- Polish 121st Fighter EscadrillePolish 121st Fighter EscadrilleThe 121st Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army in 1939.-Crew and equipment:On 1 September 1939 the escadrille had 10 PZL P.11c airplanes.The air crew consisted of:...
(121. Eskadra Myśliwska) - Polish 122nd Fighter EscadrillePolish 122nd Fighter EscadrilleThe 122nd Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army in 1939.-Crew and equipment:On 1 September 1939 the escadrille had 10 PZL P.11c airplanes.The air crew consisted of:...
(122. Eskadra Myśliwska)
- Polish 121st Fighter Escadrille
- Polish 23rd Observation EscadrillePolish 23rd Observation EscadrilleThe 23rd Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Kraków Army.-Equipment:7 RWD-14b Czapla airplanes and 2 RWD-8.source: Polish Wikipedia....
(23. Eskadra Obserwacyjna) - Polish 26th Observation EscadrillePolish 26th Observation EscadrilleThe 26th Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Kraków Army.-Equipment:7 Lublin R-XIIID airplanes and 2 RWD-8.source: Polish Wikipedia....
(26. Eskadra Obserwacyjna)
Aviation of the Karpaty Army
- Communications platoon No.5 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 5)
- Polish 31st Reconnaissance Escadrille (31. Eskadra Rozpoznawcza)
- Polish 56th Observation EscadrillePolish 56th Observation EscadrilleThe 56th Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was attached to the Karpaty Army.-Equipment:7 Lublin R-XIIID airplanes and 2 RWD-8.source: Polish Wikipedia....
(56. Eskadra Obserwacyjna)
Aviation of the Narew Independent Operational Group
- Communications platoon No.9 (Pluton łącznikowy nr 9)
- Polish 51st Reconnaissance Escadrille (51. Eskadra Rozpoznawcza)
- Polish 151st Fighter EscadrillePolish 151st Fighter EscadrilleThe 151st Fighter Escadrille of the Polish Air Force was one of the fighter units of the Polish Army in 1939.-History:In September 1939 the 121st Fighter Escadrille was attached to the Operational Group Narew....
(151. Eskadra Myśliwska) - Polish 13th Observation EscadrillePolish 13th Observation EscadrilleThe 13th Observation Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Air Force at the beginning of the second world war. The unit was attached to the SGO Narew....
(13. Eskadra Obserwacyjna)
Naval aviation
- Naval Air Squadron (Morski Dywizjon Lotniczy)
- Long Range Reconnaissance EscadrilleLong Range Reconnaissance EscadrilleLong Range Reconnaissance Escadrille was a unit of the Naval Air Squadron at the beginning of world war 2....
(I Eskadra Dalekiego Rozpoznania) - Short Range Reconnaissance EscadrilleShort Range Reconnaissance EscadrilleShort Range Reconnaissance Escadrille was a unit of the Polish Naval Air Squadron at the beginning of world war 2....
(II Eskadra Bliskiego Rozpoznania)
- Long Range Reconnaissance Escadrille
- Communications platoon of the Command of Costal Defense (Pluton łącznikowy Dowództwa Lądowej Obrony Wybrzeża)
Combat aircraft
- PZL P.7PZL P.7-References:NotesBibliography* Cynk, Jerzy B. History of the Polish Air Force 1918-1968. Reading, Berkshire, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1972.* Cynk, Jerzy B. Polish Aircraft, 1893-1939. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1971. ISBN 0-370-00085-4....
- PZL P.11PZL P.11The PZL P.11 was a Polish fighter aircraft, designed in the early 1930s by PZL in Warsaw. It was briefly considered to be the most advanced fighter aircraft design in the world...
- PZL.23 KaraśPZL.23 Karas|-Specifications :-See also:-References:NotesBibliography* Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. World War II Airplanes . Chicago: Rand McNally, 1978. ISBN 0-52888-170-1....
A/B - PZL.37 Łoś A/B.
- PZL.43PZL.43|-References:* Glass, Andrzej and Mazur, Wojciech. PZL.43 "Czajka" - eksportowa wersja "Karasia" in Militaria Vol.4 No.1/1999 ....
- PZL.46 SumPZL.46 Sum-See also:- References :* Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 - External links :*...
(PZL.46/I protype) (one example) - Lublin R-XIIILublin R-XIIIThe Lublin R-XIII was the Polish army-cooperation plane , designed in the early-1930s in the Plage i Laśkiewicz factory in Lublin. It was the main army cooperation plane in the Invasion of Poland...
G - Lublin R-VIIILublin R-VIII-References:*Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 -External links:*...
bis (for Navy use) - LWS-3 MewaLWS-3 Mewa-Bibliography:* Glass, Andrzej. LWS 3 Mewa, Wydawnictwo Militaria 11. Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Militaria, 1996. ISBN 83-86209-61-5.* Glass, Andrzej. Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939 . Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności , 1977. .-See also:...
(two examples) - RWD-8
- RWD-14 CzaplaRWD-14 Czapla|-References:*Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 -See also:...
Support aircraft
- PWS-26PWS-26-References:*Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 -See also:...
- PWS-24PWS-24- See also :-References:*Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 -External links:*...
bis - PWS-35 Ogar (one example)
- LWS-6 ZubrLWS-6 Zubr-See also:-References:*Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 * at airwar.ru...
- RWD-5RWD-5|-See also:-References:* , retrieved on 2008-07-06.* Glass, Andrzej: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977...
(one) - RWD-8
- RWD-13RWD-13The RWD-13 was a Polish touring plane of 1935, three-seater high-wing monoplane, designed by the RWD team. It was the biggest commercial success of the RWD.-Development:...
- RWD-17RWD-17-See also:-References:* Glass, Andrzej: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977, p. 323-326 -External links:* and photos and drawings at Ugolok Neba site...
W - Bartel BM-4Bartel BM-4|-References:*Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 -External links:* at...
- Lublin R-XVILublin R-XVI-References:*Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" , WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977, p. 160-162 -External links:* at Ugolok Neba page*...
(air ambulances)