Potawatomi Trail of Death
Encyclopedia
Indian Removal
Indian removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to relocate Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river...
by United States forces from September 4 to November 4, 1838, of 859 members of the Potawatomi
Potawatomi
The Potawatomi are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi River region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. In the Potawatomi language, they generally call themselves Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and that was applied...
nation from Twin Lakes near Plymouth, Indiana
Plymouth, Indiana
-Demographics:As of the census of 2000, there were 9,840 people, 3,838 households, and 2,406 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,414.0 people per square mile . There were 4,100 housing units at an average density of 589.2 per square mile...
, to the location of present-day Osawatomie, Kansas
Osawatomie, Kansas
Osawatomie is a city in Miami County, Kansas, United States, southwest of Kansas City. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 4,447. It derives its name from two streams nearby, the Osage and Potawatomie.-History:...
, a distance of 660 miles (1,062.2 km). Typhoid fever and the stress of the forced march led to the death of over 40 individuals, mostly children. Fr. Benjamin Marie Petit
Benjamin Petit
Benjamin Marie Petit was a Catholic missionary sent to the Potawatomi nation of Native Americans in Indiana in 1837. A native of Rennes in Brittany, Petit was trained as a lawyer at the University of Rennes, then studied for the priesthood at the Saint-Sulpice Seminary in Paris...
, who marched with his congregation of natives, died in St. Louis on February 10, 1839, as a result of the rigors of the journey.
Background
In 1830, the Federal Government passed the Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act
The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, where states were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. In particular, Georgia, the largest state at that time, was involved in...
. It was the intent of the government to remove the Indian population from the populated east to the remote and unpopulated lands west of the Mississippi. The Act of 1830 specifically targeted the Five Civilized Tribes
Five Civilized Tribes
The Five Civilized Tribes were the five Native American nations—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole—that were considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers during the colonial and early federal period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good...
on Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. The state is named after King George II of Great Britain. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788...
and Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,346,105, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area...
, but also led to treaties being negotiated with the many other minor tribes east of the Mississippi.
The Potawatomi
Potawatomi
The Potawatomi are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi River region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. In the Potawatomi language, they generally call themselves Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and that was applied...
were the second major tribe to leave Indiana after white settlement began in the state. After the War of 1812
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a military conflict fought between the forces of the United States of America and those of the British Empire. The Americans declared war in 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions because of Britain's ongoing war with France, impressment of American merchant...
, when the tribe had allied with the British against the Americans, the Potawatomi
Potawatomi
The Potawatomi are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi River region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. In the Potawatomi language, they generally call themselves Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and that was applied...
lived in relative peace with their white neighbors. The government of Indiana, however, was eager to open up the northern parts of the state for settlers and development.
Potawatomi
Potawatomi
The Potawatomi are a Native American people of the upper Mississippi River region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. In the Potawatomi language, they generally call themselves Bodéwadmi, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and that was applied...
of the Woods are those tribes living around the southern tip of Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. It is the second largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron...
in Michigan
Michigan
Michigan is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....
and north central Indiana
Indiana
Indiana is a US state, admitted to the United States as the 19th on December 11, 1816. It is located in the Midwestern United States and Great Lakes Region. With 6,483,802 residents, the state is ranked 15th in population and 16th in population density. Indiana is ranked 38th in land area and is...
. In October, 1832 treaties were signed at Tippecanoe River north of Rochester,Indiana, which ceded most of their remaining lands in northwestern and north central Indiana. In exchange for their lands in the east, they were given lands in the west (Potawatomi County, Kansas
Kansas
Kansas is a US state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south...
) and annual annuities.
Over the next 4 years, additional treaties were completed with the other Potawatomi to completely eliminate their titles from lands in Indiana. Unlike all the other chiefs, Chief Menominee and his band at Twin Lakes, Indiana, refused to sign the treaties.
In 1836 the Potawatomi signed nine treaties, including the Treaty of Yellow River in Marshall County, five treaties on the Tippecanoe River north of Rochester, two treaties in Logansport, and one treaty at Turkey Creek in Kosciusko County. These treaties were called the Whiskey Treaties because whiskey was given to get the Indians to sign. In exchange for their land they were offered $1 per acre and each member of the tribe was granted a 320 acres (1.3 km²) parcel of land in Kansas
Kansas
Kansas is a US state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south...
. In exchange the tribe agreed to vacate their lands within two years.
The deadline for the tribe to leave was August 5, 1838. By then some Potawatomi bands had migrated peacefully to their new lands in Kansas but not the Twin Lakes village of Chief Menominee. The village was near present day Plymouth, Indiana
Plymouth, Indiana
-Demographics:As of the census of 2000, there were 9,840 people, 3,838 households, and 2,406 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,414.0 people per square mile . There were 4,100 housing units at an average density of 589.2 per square mile...
. After the deadline passed and the village refused to leave, Governor
Governor of Indiana
The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the state of Indiana. The governor is elected to a four-year term, and responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government. The governor also shares power with other statewide...
David Wallace
David Wallace
David Wallace or Dave Wallace may refer to:*David A. Wallace , urban planner and architect*David Euan Wallace , British Conservative member of parliament*David Foster Wallace , American novelist...
ordered General John Tipton
John Tipton
John Shields Tipton was an American politician.Tipton was born in what is now Sevier County, Tennessee. His father was killed by Native Americans. His great uncle, also named John, was a prominent man in the area...
to mobilize the state militia in support of Colonel A. C. Pepper to remove the tribe forcibly.
Removal
Rochester, Indiana
Rochester is a city in and the county seat of Fulton County, Indiana, United States. The population was 6,414 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Rochester is located at ....
. The second day they reached Mud Creek in Fulton County, Indiana
Fulton County, Indiana
As of the census of 2000, there were 20,511 people, 8,082 households, and 5,738 families residing in the county. The population density was 56 people per square mile . There were 9,123 housing units at an average density of 25 per square mile...
where the first death occurred, a baby. By the third day they reached Logansport, Indiana
Logansport, Indiana
Logansport is a city in and the county seat of Cass County, Indiana, United States. The population was 18,396 at the 2010 census. Logansport is located in northern Indiana, at the junction of the Wabash and Eel rivers, northeast of Lafayette.-History:...
. Several of the sick and elderly were left at Logansport to recover, and several of the dead were buried there. The route they were traveling was on the Michigan Road
Michigan Road
The Michigan Road was one of the earliest roads in Indiana. Roads in early Indiana were often roads in name only. In actuality they were sometimes little more than crude paths following old animal and Native American trails and filled with sinkholes, stumps, and deep, entrapping ruts...
, a road that their nation had granted permission for Indiana to build only a few years earlier.
On September 10 the march resumed from Logansport and the caravan moved along the north side of the Wabash River
Wabash River
The Wabash River is a river in the Midwestern United States that flows southwest from northwest Ohio near Fort Recovery across northern Indiana to southern Illinois, where it forms the Illinois-Indiana border before draining into the Ohio River, of which it is the largest northern tributary...
. They passed through present-day Pittsburg, Battle Ground, Lafayette, and Williamsport, with two or more deaths occurring nearly every day. Their last camp in Indiana was near the Gopher Hill Cemetery one and one-half miles from the Indiana - Illinois state line. On Sept. 16 the caravan crossed into Illinois, and camped at [Danville, Illinois] where four more Potawatomi died and were buried. In Danville the caravan was joined by Father Benjamin Petit
Benjamin Petit
Benjamin Marie Petit was a Catholic missionary sent to the Potawatomi nation of Native Americans in Indiana in 1837. A native of Rennes in Brittany, Petit was trained as a lawyer at the University of Rennes, then studied for the priesthood at the Saint-Sulpice Seminary in Paris...
who kept a journal as he traveled with the tribe the rest of the way to help care for the sick. He wrote on September 16:
On Sunday, September 16, I came in sight of my Christians, under a burning noonday sun, amidst clouds of dust, marching in a line, surrouned by soldiers who were hurrying their steps.... Nearly all the children, weakened by the heat, had fallen into a state of complete languor and depression. I baptized several who were newly born -- happy Christians, who with their first step passed from earthly exile to the heavenly sojourn." .
In a letter to Bishop Brute, Vincennes, Indiana, November 13, 1838, from the Osage River country of Missouri, Father Petit described the order of march.
"The order of march was as follows: the United States flag, carried by a dragoon; (mounted soldier) then one of the principal officers, next the staff baggage carts, then the carriage, which during the whole trip was kept for the use of the Indian chiefs, then one or two chiefs on horseback led a line of 250 to 300 horses ridden by men, women, children in single file, after the manner of savages. On the flanks of the line at equal distance from each other were the dragoons and volunteers, hastening the stragglers, often with severe gestures and bitter words. After this cavalry came a file of forty baggage wagons filled with luggage and Indians. The sick were lying in them, rudely jolted, under a canvas which, far from protecting them from the dust and heat, only deprived them of air, for they were as if buried under this burning canopy - several died."
At Danville, Illinois
Danville, Illinois
Danville is a city in Vermilion County, Illinois, United States. It is the principal city of the'Danville, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area' which encompasses all of Danville and Vermilion County. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 32,467. It is the county seat of...
they resupplied and rested, adding a couple of ox teams and wagons. There, on September 20, General Tipton and all but fifteen of the Hoosiers returned to Indiana and left the tribe under the control of Judge William Polke of Rochester, Indiana, the federal conductor. Polke led the Potawatomi the rest of the way to their new reservation. From Catlin (known as Sandusky Point, Illinois the tribe passed through Monticello, Decatur, Springfield, Jacksonville, Exeter, and Naples where they crossed the Illinois River on a ferry. On October 10 the tribe left Illinois at Quincy, crossing the Mississippi River on steam ferry boats, and crossed into Missouri
Missouri
Missouri is a US state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2010 population of 5,988,927, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It...
.
Marching through Missouri the tribe passed through West Quincy, Palmyra, Paris, Moberly, Huntsville, Salisbury, Keatsville (now spelled Keytesville), Brunswick, DeWitt, Carrollton, Richmond, crossed the Missouri River at Lexington, Wellington, Napoleon, near Buckner and Lake City,Independence, and Grand View. They crossed into Kansas Nov. 2 and camped at Oak Grove (probably Elm Grove because there is no Oak Grove here), then went on Nov. 3 to Bulltown (present Paola). On November 4 they reached the end of their journey, Osawatomie, Kansas, having traveled 660 miles (1,062.2 km). On arrival there were 756 Potawatomi left out of the 859 that started the journey. The difference between 859 Potawatomi who started out and the 756 who arrived in Kansas made some people think that 150 died, but many escaped. Forty-two died.
Father Petit died two months after the march from illness, believed to be typhoid, brought on by exhaustion. Chief Menominee died three years later, never returning to Indiana. Many of the exiles did attempt to return to Indiana. Kansas named a county after the tribe and a reservation for Prairie Band Potawatomi is at Mayetta, Kansas.
Indiana
PlymouthFrom Thursday 30 August until Monday the 3rd of September, General Tipton was gathering the Potawatomi people together for removal at Twin Lakes southwest of modern day Plymouth, Indiana
Plymouth, Indiana
-Demographics:As of the census of 2000, there were 9,840 people, 3,838 households, and 2,406 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,414.0 people per square mile . There were 4,100 housing units at an average density of 589.2 per square mile...
. He called for a meeting at Father Petit's chapel at the beginning, while the priest was in South Bend, and kept the Potawatomi men there as prisoners. He had Chief Menominee, Chief Black Wolf, and Chief Pepinawa placed in a jail wagon. On his return from South Bend, Father Petit immediately began serving the needs of the sick and hearing the confessions of the Indians who escaped the round-up. Makkahtahmoway, the mother of Black Wolf, was extremely ill as she had taken refuge in the woods for six days when she heard the soldiers firing their rifles. She was only found by another Indian, who was looking for his horse. In the six days, all she had had to eat was a dead pheasant she had found. Her foot was wounded and she was unable to walk.
A statue of Chief Menominee was erected in 1909 near Twin Lakes on S. Peach Road, 5 miles (8 km) west of U. S. 31. A boulder with a metal plaque marks the site of the log chapel and village. This was the first statue in the U.S. dedicated to a Native American Indian.
Rochester
They passed through Chippeway Village on the Tippecanoe River two miles (3 km) north of Rochester on the Michigan Road (Old 31). They marched down Rochester's Main Street on September 5, 1838. Descendants of Che-shaw-gen, Wamego, and Abram Burnett, erected the A memorial to Father Benjamin M. Petit was erected at the Fulton County Museum by Tom Hamilton, a descendant of Abram Burnett, Shirley Willard, Indian Awareness Center of Fulton County Historical Society and Howard Kline, 1997
Logansport
For three days the group camped a half mile from Logansport. (Thursday 6th Sept. - Sunday 9th Sept.). Here those individuals who had been left at Chippeway returned to the group. The ill were cared for and four children died. Bishop Brute and Father Petit said Mass on Sunday. The local physicians report that 300 were ill. Father Petit found the camp one of desolation. There were sick people and people dying in all directions. The heat has weakened most if not all of the children. A historical marker for Potawatomi Encampment on Trail of Death, was erected on grounds of Logansport Memorial Hospital, State Road 25, north edge of town.
Delphi
There are three historical markers in Carroll County:
The first is at Old Winnemac's Village on Towpath Road in rural Carroll County; it was the campsite for Sept. 10, 1838.
The second is a commemoration "of the Trail of Death removal of Potawatomi and Miami Indians." It is a wooden sign erected in 1988 near the route of the march, northeast of Delphi, near the intersection of County Roads 800 West and 700 North.
The third is a metal sign on Pleasant Run north of Pittsburg near the intersection of County Roads 800 West and 550 North.
Battle Ground
Plaque and map on boulder at Tippecanoe Battlefield Museum.
Lafayette
The group moved along the route of County Road 500 North between Morehouse Road and 225 West just west of the Mt. Zion Church.
A metal plaque attached to a boulder marks the campsite at LaGrange, a village that no longer exists, along the Wabash River at Tippecanoe - Warren county line.
Independence
The group passed through the area of Zachariah Cicott Park just north of town.
Williamsport
The Trail of Death did not cross the Wabash River but zigzagged across Warren County. There is a Trail of Death historical marker at Gopher Hill Cemetery.
Illinois
Sunday, 16th Sept. - 15 mi., camp by filthy stream near Indiana-Illinois state line. Young Indians allowed to go hunting. 2 small children died along the road.
Danville
Catlin
Known as Sandusky Point in 1838, a historic marker has been erected in Catlin, Illinois, southwest of Danville in honor of those forcibly removed from Indiana.
An historic marker identifies the Sandusky Point Encampment, September 17–19, 1838.
Another Trail of Death marker is at Davis Point near Homer, Illinois, campsite of Sept. 20.
Sidney
Friday 21st Sept. - 12 mil., Sidney, IllSidney, IllinoisSidney is a village in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,233 at the 2010 census.-Geography:Sidney is located at .According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land.-Demographics:...
, chief Muk-kose & a child died.
On Friday, September 21 the caravan of people and wagons reached Sidney. Chief Muk-kose and a child died here. On September 22, while at the Sadoris Grove encampment, three men were jailed for drunkenness.
Monticello
Monticello has two Trail of Death historical markers:
1. "Pyatt's Point" in 1838 diary, wooden sign on 100 block of Bridge Street, erected by Boy Scout Daniel Valentine in 1988.
2. Monticello City Cemetery on Railroad Street, erected by Boy Scout David Moody in 1998.
After marching 15 miles (24.1 km) they reached the Sangamon River near Pyatt’s Point. It was the Sunday 23 September. A child had died that morning and 29 persons were left in camps being too sick to travel. They encamped along the Sangamon River for two days. During that time, two more children died and an adult died. The sick from the camp of the 23rd rejoined the group. The men were allowed to go hunting for food.
Sangamon River Crossing -Monday 24th - Tuesday 25th Sept. - 15 mi. Sangamon Crossing in Illinois. 2 children and 1 adult died. Indian men permitted to go hunting. Sick left in camp yesterday caught up.
Trail of Death marker placed on corner of Dunbar and Caleb roads by Boy Scout Ryan Berg in 1993.
Decatur
Wednesday 26th Sept. - 14 mi., Decatur, Ill.Decatur, IllinoisDecatur is the largest city and the county seat of Macon County in the U.S. state of Illinois. The city, sometimes called "the Soybean Capital of the World", was founded in 1823 and is located along the Sangamon River and Lake Decatur in Central Illinois. In 2000 the city population was 81,500,...
The physician is sick. A child died after dark. Historical marker is in Mueller Park.
Niantic or Long Point - Trail of Death marker in town park by water tower, erected in 2000 by Boy Scout Griffin Smith, sponsored by Gerald and Tom Wesaw families, Pokagon Potawatomi.
The men were promised tobacco if they made a good appearance going through Springfield. Chief Ioway (I-o-weh) took charge of making everyone presentable. They were able to find plenty of food this day by foraging through the countryside. Overnight, two children had died.
Springfield
Two Trail of Death markers:
1. Oak Crest Road at golf course, erected by Springfield Chapter of Daughters of American Revolution, 1995.
2. Metal plaque placed at Old State Capitol Plaza on side of building going to parking garage by Pokagon Potawatomi in 2001.
Jacksonville
Two markers: Monday 1st Oct. 17 mi., Jacksonville, Ill. A child fell from wagon and was crushed by wheels, will probably die. Late at night the camp was complimented by serenade from Jacksonville Band. Trail of Death marker is in Foreman Grove Park, East College Ave and Johnson Street, erected 2001 by Native American Fellowship Council and Bill Norval, Peoria, Ill., and Morgan County Historical Society.
On the first of October, a Monday they reached Jacksonville, Illinois. A child had fallen from a wagon and was crushed under the wheels. While in Jacksonville, the local Band played a concert for them.
Tuesday 2nd Oct. 16 mi. Marched into JacksonvilleJacksonville, IllinoisJacksonville is a city in Morgan County, Illinois, United States. The population was 18,940 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Morgan County....
town square where presents of tobacco and pipes given to Indians by citizens. Band played & escorted Indians. Trail of Death marker in town square, erected 1993 by Morgan County Historical Society.
Exeter
Oct. 2 camped at Exeter. Trail of Death marker in town park, erected 1993 by Mayor Roger Lovelace and Exeter people.
Naples
Wednesday 3d - Thursday 4th Oct.- 9 mi., Naples, Ill.Naples, IllinoisNaples is an incorporated town in Morgan and Scott counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 134 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Jacksonville Micropolitan Statistical Area.-Geography:Naples is located at ....
Spent 9 hours ferrying Illinois River. Able to wash clothes & make moccasins. 2 children died.
Quincy
Monday 8th - Wednesday 10th Oct. - 7 mi., Quincy, IllinoisQuincy, IllinoisQuincy, known as Illinois' "Gem City," is a river city along the Mississippi River and the county seat of Adams County. As of the 2010 census the city held a population of 40,633. The city anchors its own micropolitan area and is the economic and regional hub of West-central Illinois, catering a...
. Steam ferry across river, entered Missouri. 3 children died. Permission granted to remain in camp each succeeding Sabbath for devotional services (note: attended Mass at St. Boniface Catholic Church in Quincy.)
For three days (Monday October 8 through Wednesday, October 10 the group was at Quincy, Illinois crossing the Mississippi RiverMississippi RiverThe Mississippi River is the largest river system in North America. Flowing entirely in the United States, this river rises in western Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains...
on a steam ferry. During this time, three children died. From here on, they were permitted to stay in camp on the Sabbath for devotional services. While in Quincy, they attended Mass at St. Boniface Catholic Church.
Missouri
Palmyra
Paris
Huntsville
Keytesville
Carrollton
Lexington
Independence (Kansas City)
Grand View
Kansas
Paola
Osawatomie
It was November when about 750 Potawatomi arrived at Osawatomie, Kansas. Over half the deaths along the trail had been children. Father Petit who had volunteered to care for his congregation on the journey became ill on the Illinois River. He completed the journey, but returned to St. Louis where he died in February 1839. Some Potawatomi had escaped the dragnet of soldiers and remained in the east. Many went west on another removal in 1840. Some had fled to Michigan, where they became part of the Huron and Pokagon Potawatomi bands. The Potawatomi of the Woods or Mission Band remained in eastern Kansas for ten years. In 1848 they moved further west to St Marys, Kansas, close to the Prairie Band Potawatomi Reservation at Mayetta, Kansas. In 1861 the Potawatomi of the Woods Mission Band were offered a new treaty which gave them land in Oklahoma. Those who signed this treaty became Citizen Band Potawatomi because they were given U.S. citizenship. Their headquarters today is at Shawnee, Oklahoma.
See also
- Citizen Potawatomi Nation
Citizen Potawatomi NationCitizen Potawatomi Nation are a federally recognized tribe of Potawatomi people located in Oklahoma. The Potawatomi are traditionally an Algonquian-speaking Eastern Woodlands tribe.-History:...- Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Pottawatomie County, KansasPottawatomie County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 21,604. The county seat is Westmoreland. The county takes its name from the Potawatomi tribe of Native Americans...- Indian removals in Indiana
Indian removals in IndianaIndian removals in Indiana began in the early 1830s and was mostly completed by 1846. The removals were preceded by several treaties, beginning in 1795, that gradually purchased most of the state from various tribes...
Sources
- Robertson, Nellie Armstrong, and Riker, Dorothy (eds), The John Tipton Papers, V. III, 1834–1839, Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1942, Chapter V. August 7, 1838 - November 23, 1838. Removal of the Potawatomi, pp. 659–669.
- Winger, Otho, The Potawatomi Indians, Elgin, IL: Elgin Press, 1939, pp. 43–53.
External links
- Forest County Potawatomi
- Match-e-be-nash-she-wish (Gun Lake) Band of Pottawatomi
- Citizens Band of the Potawatomi
- Prairie Band of the Potawatomi
- Historical Marker Database
- Potawatomi Trail of Death Primary Sources
- Potawatomi Trail of Death
- Potawatomi History
- Potawatomi Web: Trail of Death map
- Keith Drury: Walking the Trail of Death
- Chief Menominee Memorial
- Moment of Indiana History: Trail of Death Podcast
- Entries from the journal of artist George Winter describing the Trail of Death