Presidency
Encyclopedia
The word presidency is often used to describe the administration
or the executive
, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president
of a state or nation. It is also the governing authority
of some churches.
For example, in a republic
with a presidential system
of government, the presidency is the executive branch of government, and is personified by a single elected man or woman who holds the office of "president". In practice, it includes a much larger collective of people, such as chiefs of staff, advisers and other bureaucrats.
The term is also used to describe the time period in office held by an individual President. For example, the Presidency of Richard Nixon
overlapped many important developments.
Other states and organizations may have other systems, such as a collective presidency. The presidency of the European Union
is held on a rotating basis by the various national governments of the member states. The presidency of British crown colonies
was held by the office of the United Kingdom
colonial secretary
.
The presidency may also refer to the holder of a non-governmental office of president in a corporation, business, charity, university, etc. or to the institutional arrangement around them. For example "the presidency of the Red Cross refused to support his idea."
In the United States the President has many roles, including:
where both a President and a Prime Minister
are active participants in the day-to-day administration of the state. France's President appoints a Prime Minister who then forms a government. France's Presidency includes the three traditional three branches which are: the Executive, Judicial and Legislative branches, but it also includes a forth branch called the Constitutional Council
, which determines the constitutionality of new laws.
Although since the formation of the French Fifth Republic
in 1958, France has had a Semi-presidential system, historically France, has not always had a Semi-Presidential system. For example between 1946 and 1958 during the French Fourth Republic
, France's Presidency was based on a Parliamentary System
.
The Italian Presidency, is based on a Parliamentary republic
system, where both A President and a Prime Minister
are active participants in administration of the state, but where by de facto
the Prime Minister holds the majority of power, while the President remains the nominal head of state
.
The President is intended to represent national unity and guarantee that Italian politics comply with the Constitution. Although the Prime Minister is consider the head of government
,the formal Italian order of precedence
lists the office as being ceremonially the fourth most important Italian state office,it's also considered the de facto leader of the Italian government. When becoming prime minister of Italy you inherent many powers. For example the prime minister is able to nominate a list of cabinet ministers but is appointed by the President of the Republic, The Prime Minister at the time also has supervisory power where he appoints Council of Ministers and Cabinet official to their rightful area of office. The President of the Republic gives wide support across all political parties across Italy. The President of the Republic appoints Italy’s prime ministers and accepts advice from the Prime Minister’s. He also submits the proposed Council for a vote of confidence from both parliamentary chambers. The Italian Presidency also includes the traditional three branches which are: the Executive, Judicial and Legislative branches.
. This is a system of government that administrates the executive branch who then gets Democratic legitimacy from the Legislature. The Legislature in Australia is defined as a "Bicameral Parliament". The Australian Constitution states the Queen is represented by the Government General, Senate and the House of Representatives. The Executive branch of Australia is the Federal Executive Council, in which the Government General is advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State. The Judiciary branch is the highest court of Australia where judges are appointed by the Governor- General. There is also separation of powers in the three branches of government. The legislature proposes laws in the formation of bills, and provides legislative framework for operations for the other two branches. The Executive administrates the law and is carried out by the Legislature. The Judiciaries hear cases from the Administration of Law, which is comprised of U.S. Statute Law and Common Law. The Judicial branch does not exhibit checks and balances, in that the Legislative and Executive branches have no influence on the judiciary.
This process of electing the U.S. president is very different from that of other countries. France, for example, holds a presidential election every five years which is a recent change in the French Constitution from previously held elections every seven years. This change in the term length of a French president from seven years to five years went into effect in the year 2000. A five year term is different then the U.S. president who serves terms of only four years. The French president is elected by popular vote which differs from the United States president in that the U.S. President is elected by an electoral college that has been influenced by a popular vote of the citizens.
In the United States, the Vice President, is the second in command of the country and also presides as the President of the Senate
. The Vice President may break tie votes in the Senate chamber and also may be assigned additional duties by the President. The Vice President is sometimes chosen for election purposes, to help counterbalance the presidential candidate's weakness. For many Vice President's their duties have not been strenuous, but, more recently these duties have increased as more responsibilities are delegated by the President. In the case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice president. The Vice President's salary, as of 2011, is $230,700 The Vice President position of the United States is unique in that "it is the only office that participates in two of the three branches of government."
powers, they will not automatically assume the duties of the Prime Minister, in the event of their in-capitation or resignation. The position is often considered one of honor and hence holds many traditional Vice Presidency powers in a de facto
manner.
, who is appointed by the French President. The Head of State (President) appoints the Prime Minister. The Head of State must choose the Prime Minister from the Parliamentary Majority. The Prime Minister, then, must be approved by the National Assembly
and usually reflects the choice of the popular vote. Unlike the Vice President of the United States, the Prime Minister has the power to make decrees, which have the same authority a law possess. Although, some decrees can only be taken as advice to the Council.
The Deputy Prime Minister does not merely become Prime Minister when the position becomes vacant, but rather the "governing party elects a new leader to become Prime Minister.
There are no requirements for this position, but traditionally, the Deputy Prime Minister is a Senior Cabinet member.
) to maintain their position through administration transition.
"Normally these appointments include: Cabinet Officers and heads of other executive branch agencies; Under Secretaries; Assistant Secretaries; Directors of Bureaus and Services; and Chairpersons and Members of Boards, Commissions, and Committees. Theses appointments are often authorized by specific provisions of law or approved by the Senate. "
Until 1963, the President-elect paid for his own smooth transition. In 1963, Congress passed the Presidential Transition Act in which allocates up to $900,000.
There are three different types of positions that the President can delegate.
There are different pay levels for Executive employees, ranging from $114,500 to $ 157,000.
Civilian Payroll for Executive Agencies is nearly 12 million a year. Executive Direct Compensation was $129,923 million and personal benefits were $47,596 million. (As of September 2006)
resolutions and were conducted with other member states of NATO. During this time, President Clinton made a number of reports to Congress "consistent with the War Powers Resolution" regarding the use of U.S. forces, but never cited Section 4(a)(1), which did not trigger the 60 day time limit. The War Powers Resolution, also known as the War Powers Act(passed in 1973) prohibits the Armed Forces from remaining in action for more than 60 days at a time without authorization or a formal declaration of war. It also mandates that the President must notify Congress within 48 hours of sending U.S. Armed Forces to action. Opinions of Congress were divided and many legislative measures regarding the use of these forces were defeated without becoming law. Frustrated that Congress was unable to pass legislation challenging the President's actions, Representative Members of the House filed suit in the Federal District Court for the District of Columbia against the President, charging him with violating the War Powers Resolution/Act because the 60 day time limit had elapsed since the start of military operations in Kosovo. The President noted that he thought the War Powers Resolution was Constitutionally defective. The Federal District Court ruled in favor of the President, holding that the Members lacked legal standing to bring the suit; this decision was affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. This case was known as Campbell v. Clinton
Giving the specifics of U.S. involvement in Libya. The conflict in Libya is currently still being fought.
, which allows for the Speaker of the House, the President Pro Tempore, and the cabinet to succeed the President. Before the passage of the Presidential Succession Act, succession was setup to keep the Executive branch of the Presidency separate from the Legislative branch.
The first Presidential Succession Act (valid 1886-1947):
Presidential Line as of 1947
In the event that the president and vice president become incapacitated, the line of succession falls sequentially to the president of the Chamber of Deputies, the President of the Senate, and the president of the Federal Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal—STF).
If less than half of the mandate has been completed, a supplementary election must be called within ninety days. If more than half the mandate has been completed, the Congress elects a new president and vice president within thirty days.
The French Cabinet is referred to as the Council of Ministers or Executive Council.
President of the Senate acts as President when the President cannot carry out his duties.
The Deputy Chancellor acts as Chancellor until Parliment can elect a new Chancellor
Administration (government)
The term administration, as used in the context of government, differs according to jurisdiction.-United States:In United States usage, the term refers to the executive branch under a specific president , for example: the "Barack Obama administration." It can also mean an executive branch agency...
or the executive
Executive (government)
Executive branch of Government is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the idea of the separation of powers.In many countries, the term...
, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president
President
A president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
of a state or nation. It is also the governing authority
First Presidency
In the Latter Day Saint movement, the First Presidency was the highest governing body in the Latter Day Saint church established by Joseph Smith, Jr. in 1832, and is the highest governing body of several modern Latter Day Saint denominations...
of some churches.
For example, in a republic
Republic
A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of...
with a presidential system
Presidential system
A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
of government, the presidency is the executive branch of government, and is personified by a single elected man or woman who holds the office of "president". In practice, it includes a much larger collective of people, such as chiefs of staff, advisers and other bureaucrats.
The term is also used to describe the time period in office held by an individual President. For example, the Presidency of Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under...
overlapped many important developments.
Other states and organizations may have other systems, such as a collective presidency. The presidency of the European Union
European Union
The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 independent member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community , formed by six countries in 1958...
is held on a rotating basis by the various national governments of the member states. The presidency of British crown colonies
Crown colony
A Crown colony, also known in the 17th century as royal colony, was a type of colonial administration of the English and later British Empire....
was held by the office of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
colonial secretary
Secretary of State for the Colonies
The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet minister in charge of managing the United Kingdom's various colonial dependencies....
.
The presidency may also refer to the holder of a non-governmental office of president in a corporation, business, charity, university, etc. or to the institutional arrangement around them. For example "the presidency of the Red Cross refused to support his idea."
American Presidency
- Chief of State: The chief public representative of a country who may also be the head of government.
- Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces-Is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military competencies that reside in a nation state's executive, head of state or government. Often, a given country's Commander-in-chief need not be or have been a commissioned officer or even a veteran, and it is by this legal statute that civilian control of the military is realized in states where it is constitutionally required.
- Chief Legislator: Gives information to Congress to consider through the state of the Union address and recommendations for consideration of new statutes.
- Chief Diplomat: The president is both a national spokesman and a world leader. As representative of a country of immigrants with ties around the globe, he is expected to defend America's security and economic interests, and also to promote democratic principles and human rights internationally.Several presidents whose domestic policies were frustrated by an uncooperative Congress have focused their attention on foreign affairs, where their power and freedom to determine policy was less hindered.
- Chief Executive: A president serves as the government's chief administrative officer, with the responsibility to see that the laws are faithfully executed. He also appoints officials, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
Brazilian Presidency
As the head of state, the Brazilian president has to make many important decisions and has many important roles as president which will be explained in this article. One of the big things about Brazil's government, is they are a Legislative power. Legislative power means the government has the authority under the constitution to make laws and to alter or repeal them. One of the big duties the president has to do is enforcing the laws of the Federative Republic of Brazil.The Federative Republic of Brazil is composed of the executive,legislative and judicial. Which is composed of 26 states and one federal district. Brazil president has all veto power over the Legislative and power to make recommendations for change for any law in the current system.The Federative Republic of the Brazil Constitution is used for all matters of the law pertaining to the welfare of the Brazilian people.A important job that Brazilian president has and serves as is the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.British Presidency
In the United Kingdom, like many parliamentary systems, has a Prime Minister, who serves similar duties of an executive Presidency. The Prime Minister is the head of government. The United Kingdom's government is Constitutional monarchy. The Parliament is elected by the people and represents the country. The Prime Minister is elected by the Parliament. The United Kingdom has three branches. The Executive monarch which is the head of state and the prime minister which is head of government. The Legislative bicameral Parliament which is the House of Commons, House of Lords Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly, and Northern Ireland Assembly. An the Judicial magistrates which are the courts, county courts, high courts, appellate courts, House of Lords, Supreme Court.French Presidency
The current French presidency, is based on a Semi-presidential systemSemi-presidential system
The semi-presidential system is a system of government in which a president and a prime minister are both active participants in the day-to-day administration of the state...
where both a President and a Prime Minister
Prime Minister of France
The Prime Minister of France in the Fifth Republic is the head of government and of the Council of Ministers of France. The head of state is the President of the French Republic...
are active participants in the day-to-day administration of the state. France's President appoints a Prime Minister who then forms a government. France's Presidency includes the three traditional three branches which are: the Executive, Judicial and Legislative branches, but it also includes a forth branch called the Constitutional Council
Constitutional Council of France
The Constitutional Council is the highest constitutional authority in France. It was established by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958, and its duty is to ensure that the principles and rules of the constitution are upheld.Its main activity is to rule on whether proposed...
, which determines the constitutionality of new laws.
Although since the formation of the French Fifth Republic
French Fifth Republic
The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, introduced on 4 October 1958. The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, replacing the prior parliamentary government with a semi-presidential system...
in 1958, France has had a Semi-presidential system, historically France, has not always had a Semi-Presidential system. For example between 1946 and 1958 during the French Fourth Republic
French Fourth Republic
The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic, which was in place before World War II, and suffered many of the same problems...
, France's Presidency was based on a Parliamentary System
Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system is a system of government in which the ministers of the executive branch get their democratic legitimacy from the legislature and are accountable to that body, such that the executive and legislative branches are intertwined....
.
Italian Presidency
Parliamentary republic
A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a type of republic which operates under a parliamentary system of government - meaning a system with no clear-cut separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. There are a number of variations of...
system, where both A President and a Prime Minister
Prime minister of Italy
The Prime Minister of Italy is the head of government of the Italian Republic...
are active participants in administration of the state, but where by de facto
De facto
De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...
the Prime Minister holds the majority of power, while the President remains the nominal head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
.
The President is intended to represent national unity and guarantee that Italian politics comply with the Constitution. Although the Prime Minister is consider the head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
,the formal Italian order of precedence
Italian order of precedence
The Italian order of precedence is fixed partly by Royal Decree no. 2210 of December 16, 1927 and partly by the praxis. It is a hierarchy of officials in the Italian Republic used to direct protocol.#The President of the Republic...
lists the office as being ceremonially the fourth most important Italian state office,it's also considered the de facto leader of the Italian government. When becoming prime minister of Italy you inherent many powers. For example the prime minister is able to nominate a list of cabinet ministers but is appointed by the President of the Republic, The Prime Minister at the time also has supervisory power where he appoints Council of Ministers and Cabinet official to their rightful area of office. The President of the Republic gives wide support across all political parties across Italy. The President of the Republic appoints Italy’s prime ministers and accepts advice from the Prime Minister’s. He also submits the proposed Council for a vote of confidence from both parliamentary chambers. The Italian Presidency also includes the traditional three branches which are: the Executive, Judicial and Legislative branches.
Australian Presidency
Australia is a constitutional monarchy; a form of government in which a monarch acts as the head of state within the parameters of a constitution. The constitution could be written, unconfined or blended. It uses what is called a "Parliamentary System of Government". This is a system of government that administrates the executive branch who then gets Democratic legitimacy from the Legislature. The Legislature in Australia is defined as a "Bicameral Parliament". The Australian Constitution states the Queen is represented by the Government General, Senate and the House of Representatives. The Executive branch of Australia is the Federal Executive Council, in which the Government General is advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State. The Judiciary branch is the highest court of Australia where judges are appointed by the Governor- General. There is also separation of powers in the three branches of government. The legislature proposes laws in the formation of bills, and provides legislative framework for operations for the other two branches. The Executive administrates the law and is carried out by the Legislature. The Judiciaries hear cases from the Administration of Law, which is comprised of U.S. Statute Law and Common Law. The Judicial branch does not exhibit checks and balances, in that the Legislative and Executive branches have no influence on the judiciary.
Japanese Presidency
Japan is conducted by a parliamentary representative democratic monarchy which is a form of a government, in which the monarch acts as the head of state. A lot of constitutional monarchies use a Parliamentary system in which the monarch may have strict ceremonial duties or may have reserve powers, depending on how the constitution is set up. Japanese Politics uses a multiple party system. This includes, Executive, Legislature and Judicial Branches of government. The Executive power is trying to take the roll as the government in this case. Legislative power is used by what is called the National Diet which is composed of the lower house, the House of Representatives, and the upper House, the House of Councilors, and the judicial power is an independent entity. The Prime Minister is designated by the Diet of the House of Representatives and remains in office after the four year re-elections period. The prime minster of Japan is also a head of The Cabinet, who appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State. Some of The Constitutional roles the Prime Minister has are; Presents bills to the Diet and on behalf of the Cabinet, signs Laws and Cabinet orders, appoints all Cabinet ministers and can dismiss them at any time, controls and supervises the entire executive branch and he may take legal action if need be against Cabinet ministers. He must also make reports on domestic and foreign relations to the Diet. A couple statutory roles the Prime Minister has are; Commander in chief of the Japan's Self-Defense Forces and may override court injunction anytime need be. When Appointing the Prime Minister of Japan both houses of the Diet conduct a ballot under what is called a run off system. Both of the houses chooses two different candidates to represent them for that election period. Then the candidate is appointed to office by the Emperor.German Presidency
The head of state is the President of Germany. In which the President will do a five year term and can be reelected after that five year term for only one time. He has similar roles like to other countries. He represents Germany as the Commander-in-chief of the military, He has the role of being the Minister of Defense and Germany cannot declare a state of war without the approval of the President. The president then appoints what is called a Chancellor which is known as Germany’s Head of state. Which the role is pretty comparable to a Prime Minister like in other countries. There are many roles the Chancellor has here are a few of them. The Chancellor provides basic law and for his or her party, it determines the composition of the Federal Cabinet. But the president then gives recommendation on appointing and dismissing Cabinet Minister, through the Federal Cabinet. The Chancellor then goes by three main principles. The first is called the Chancellor Principles in which he or she is responsible for all government policies. The Second one is called The Principle of ministerial autonomy in which the Chancellor prepares everything for the legislative and proposes other laws threw the Cabinet and the third one is called Cabinet Principle were this calls for disagreements between federal ministers over Jurisdictional or Budgeting relative things, in which is settled by the Cabinet.Germany has what is called a Federal legislative power which is divided between the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. The Bundestag is elected by the German people. To were the Bundestrat represents the regional states. It seems that Bundestag is more powerful than the Bundesrat. The reason is because bundestag has more powers and responsibilities of that the states given to it. The judicial branch of Germany has three courts which are the Ordinary Courts, Specialized Courts and the Constitutional Courts. Ordinary courts, deal with criminal and civil cases. Specialized Courts, deal with administrative, labor, social, fiscal, and patent law and Constitutional Courts deal with more of judicial review and constitutional interpretation. The big thing in Germany constitution is individual liberty, which gives protection to individual liberty in an extensive catalogue of human rights and also divides powers between the federal and state levels which are between the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches.The United States Presidential Election Process
The United States holds their presidential election every four years. At the national convention, major and minor political parties nominate candidates for the president and vice president. Citizens then vote on the presidential and vice presidential candidate of their choice. However, these votes do not elect a candidate directly. Instead, the votes are sent to the Electoral College, and cast ballots for presidential electors. The candidate with a majority in the Electoral College will win the presidential or vice presidential election.This process of electing the U.S. president is very different from that of other countries. France, for example, holds a presidential election every five years which is a recent change in the French Constitution from previously held elections every seven years. This change in the term length of a French president from seven years to five years went into effect in the year 2000. A five year term is different then the U.S. president who serves terms of only four years. The French president is elected by popular vote which differs from the United States president in that the U.S. President is elected by an electoral college that has been influenced by a popular vote of the citizens.
American Vice Presidency
In the United States, the Vice President, is the second in command of the country and also presides as the President of the Senate
President of the Senate
The President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate, and is the speaker of other assemblies.The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's succession for its top executive office: for example, the President of the Senate of Nigeria is second in line...
. The Vice President may break tie votes in the Senate chamber and also may be assigned additional duties by the President. The Vice President is sometimes chosen for election purposes, to help counterbalance the presidential candidate's weakness. For many Vice President's their duties have not been strenuous, but, more recently these duties have increased as more responsibilities are delegated by the President. In the case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice president. The Vice President's salary, as of 2011, is $230,700 The Vice President position of the United States is unique in that "it is the only office that participates in two of the three branches of government."
Brazilian Vice Presidency
The Vice President assumes the presidency of the federative Republic of Brazil in the event that the President can not carry out their duties. The Vice President also becomes the "acting president" when the President is away or not available.British Vice Presidency
Like many parliamentary systems, the Prime Minister may appoint a Deputy Prime Minister, who serves many of the duties of a traditional Vice President. As the Deputy Prime Minister possesses no de jureDe jure
De jure is an expression that means "concerning law", as contrasted with de facto, which means "concerning fact".De jure = 'Legally', De facto = 'In fact'....
powers, they will not automatically assume the duties of the Prime Minister, in the event of their in-capitation or resignation. The position is often considered one of honor and hence holds many traditional Vice Presidency powers in a de facto
De facto
De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...
manner.
French Vice Presidency
Unlike many presidential systems, France does not have a Vice President, but rather a Prime MinisterPrime minister
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...
, who is appointed by the French President. The Head of State (President) appoints the Prime Minister. The Head of State must choose the Prime Minister from the Parliamentary Majority. The Prime Minister, then, must be approved by the National Assembly
French National Assembly
The French National Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. The upper house is the Senate ....
and usually reflects the choice of the popular vote. Unlike the Vice President of the United States, the Prime Minister has the power to make decrees, which have the same authority a law possess. Although, some decrees can only be taken as advice to the Council.
Italian Vice Presidency
The Second in Command in Italy is the Prime Minister. He can nominate Cabinet members for the President of the Republic to appoint.Australian Vice Presidency
The Deputy Prime Minister position is a relatively new position created in 1968. The Deputy Prime Minister is the head of the government when the Prime minister is over seasThe Deputy Prime Minister does not merely become Prime Minister when the position becomes vacant, but rather the "governing party elects a new leader to become Prime Minister.
There are no requirements for this position, but traditionally, the Deputy Prime Minister is a Senior Cabinet member.
German Vice Chancellor
The Vice Chancellor does not assume the position of Chancellor, but rather the President chooses a minister to succeed the Chancellor position. the Vice Chancellor is usually a member of the Presidential Cabinet.The War Powers Act and former President Bill Clinton
The War Powers Resolution, also known as the War Powers Act, was passed by Congress over former President Richard Nixon's veto to increase congressional control over the executive branch in foreign policy, specifically in regard to military actions that are short of formally declaring war. Its central idea limited the President from engaging in military actions to surpass the sixty day time limit, unless Congress votes for its approval. Sometimes the term "Resolution" can be confusing; this law originated as a Joint Resolution and was passed by both Houses of Congress and completed the Legislative Process, and has the same legal effect as a Bill which has passed and became a law. Congress passed the War Powers Act in the aftermath of the Vietnam War to address these concerns and provide a set of procedures for both the President and Congress to follow in situations where the deployment o f U.S. military branches outside of the country could lead to their involvement in armed conflict.Presidential Transition in the United States
The United States is unique in that it has one of the few forms of government that changes its leader every four or eight years peacefully. While this transition is peaceful, it is no simple or inexpensive task. After the President-elect is sworn in, one of his primary obligations is to build his administration. The most publicized of these duties, is to appoint members to his Cabinet(Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of Defense, et cetera). In total, the President makes 6,000 to 9,000 appointments to his Presidential Administration and the Federal Bureau. However he has the right to appoint as many as 700,000 to the Federal Bureaucracy. Sometimes, a President will allow previous appointments (Director of the Central Intelligence AgencyDirector of the Central Intelligence Agency
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency serves as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency, which is part of the United States Intelligence Community. The Director reports to the Director of National Intelligence . The Director is assisted by the Deputy Director of the Central...
) to maintain their position through administration transition.
"Normally these appointments include: Cabinet Officers and heads of other executive branch agencies; Under Secretaries; Assistant Secretaries; Directors of Bureaus and Services; and Chairpersons and Members of Boards, Commissions, and Committees. Theses appointments are often authorized by specific provisions of law or approved by the Senate. "
Until 1963, the President-elect paid for his own smooth transition. In 1963, Congress passed the Presidential Transition Act in which allocates up to $900,000.
There are three different types of positions that the President can delegate.
- PA - Presidential appoint officials unilaterally.
- PAS - President has the ability to appoint officials with the advice and assent of the Senate.
- SES- Non-career Senior Executive Service- are appointed "based on their responsibility for advocating public policy.
-
- confidential character. (Sometimes referred to as 'Schedule C' position)
- The average age of a SES is 54 and serves for 23 years.
There are different pay levels for Executive employees, ranging from $114,500 to $ 157,000.
Civilian Payroll for Executive Agencies is nearly 12 million a year. Executive Direct Compensation was $129,923 million and personal benefits were $47,596 million. (As of September 2006)
The Impeachment or Removal of a President
A president may be removed or impeached from their position in a nation's government for breaking or disregarding various laws or procedures that are written by that nation. The removal or impeachment process varies depending on the nation and their specific form of government. For example the impeachment process of the president of the United States is quite different than that of France. The president of France is granted what is called the power of immunity throughout their term as the president. This power of immunity states that the president cannot be prosecuted or requested to testify before any jurisdiction. However, they may still be impeached only by the High Court. The High Court is a court conveyed by both houses of Parliament. In the United States, the impeachment process begins in the House of Representatives, where the president is first accused of committing either bribery, treason, or other high crimes including misdemeanors. If the House passes a majority vote to impeach the president, the Senate then conducts the trial to remove them from office. If a president is found guilty, he is removed from office and replaced by the vice president for the remainder of the term. If the president is acquitted in court, he will continue to serve the rest of their term as president.President Clinton and Kosovo
President Clinton utilized United States military branches in various operations, such as Air Strikes and the deployment of Peacekeeping Forces, in the former Yugoslavia, especially Bosnia and Kosovo. These operations were agreed upon through United Nations Security CouncilUnited Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of...
resolutions and were conducted with other member states of NATO. During this time, President Clinton made a number of reports to Congress "consistent with the War Powers Resolution" regarding the use of U.S. forces, but never cited Section 4(a)(1), which did not trigger the 60 day time limit. The War Powers Resolution, also known as the War Powers Act(passed in 1973) prohibits the Armed Forces from remaining in action for more than 60 days at a time without authorization or a formal declaration of war. It also mandates that the President must notify Congress within 48 hours of sending U.S. Armed Forces to action. Opinions of Congress were divided and many legislative measures regarding the use of these forces were defeated without becoming law. Frustrated that Congress was unable to pass legislation challenging the President's actions, Representative Members of the House filed suit in the Federal District Court for the District of Columbia against the President, charging him with violating the War Powers Resolution/Act because the 60 day time limit had elapsed since the start of military operations in Kosovo. The President noted that he thought the War Powers Resolution was Constitutionally defective. The Federal District Court ruled in favor of the President, holding that the Members lacked legal standing to bring the suit; this decision was affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. This case was known as Campbell v. Clinton
Statue erected of former president Clinton in Kosovo
On November 1, 2009, a 3.5 meter (11 foot) bronze statue was inaugurated on Bill Clinton Boulevard in Kosovo. Many of them regarded Mr. Clinton as a hero when he launched NATO's air bombing campaign to drive Yugoslavia's troops out of the Serbian province in 1999. Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Belgrade just a few years ago. The move was supported by the U.S. and many Western powers, but a number of other countries (including China and Russia) still regard Kosovo as a part of Serbia. Mr. Clinton waved to the crowds as the huge red cover was pulled off of the statue on November 1, 2009. Mr. Clinton was quoted by the Associated Press news agency as saying, ”I never expected that anywhere, someone would make such a big statue of me." The statue portrays the former president holding documents bearing the date when NATO started its air campaign against Yugoslavia on March 24, 1999, while having his left arm raised. At the time Yugoslavian forces of the late President Slobodan Milosevic, were attempting to suppress the ethnic Albanian insurgents in Kosovo. The 78-day bombing forced the Yugoslavian army to leave Kosovo which placed them under the administration of the United Nations. Mr. Clinton's statue is unlikely to be revered by the Serbs who see Washington as the driving force behind a plan to tear away Serbia's cherished southern province.Barack Obama Libya and War powers Act
President Barack Obama utilized the United States military in Libya. The Obama administration engaged in a military conflict without legislative consent. Under the War Powers Resolution Obama needs approval of congress within 60 days of U.S. military forces being deployed. President Obama passed the 60 day time period without consent. President and administrations argument is that American forces are not in danger, that the U.S. is in a supporting role providing refueling and surveillance to allied warplanes. Occasionally firing missiles with drones. President Obama wrote the U.S. Congress seeking the support for the country. He addressed the legislative stating, “I am providing a report as part of my efforts to keep the Congress fully informed, consistent with the War Powers Resolution. I appreciate the support of the Congress in this action.”Giving the specifics of U.S. involvement in Libya. The conflict in Libya is currently still being fought.
United States
The original Constitution of the United States, only provided for the Vice President to succeed the President in the event that the President becomes incapacitated. In the case that both the President and Vice President are incapacitated Congress will appoint an acting President. In 1791, the founders of the United States provided for only the Vice President to usurp the President and was in effect until 1885. In 1947, this changed with the passing of the Presidential Succession ActPresidential Succession Act
The Presidential Succession Act establishes the line of succession to the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States in the event that neither a President nor Vice President is able to "discharge the powers and duties of the office." The current Presidential Succession Act...
, which allows for the Speaker of the House, the President Pro Tempore, and the cabinet to succeed the President. Before the passage of the Presidential Succession Act, succession was setup to keep the Executive branch of the Presidency separate from the Legislative branch.
The first Presidential Succession Act (valid 1886-1947):
- Vice President
- Secretary of State
- Secretary of Treasury
- Secretary of War
Presidential Line as of 1947
- Vice President
- Speaker of the House of Representatives
- President Pro Tempore of the Senate
- Members of Cabinet
Brazil
- Vice PresidentVice-President of BrazilThe Vice President of Brazil is the second-highest ranking government official in the executive branch of the Government of Brazil after the President...
- President of the Chamber of Deputies
- President of the SenatePresident of the SenateThe President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate, and is the speaker of other assemblies.The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's succession for its top executive office: for example, the President of the Senate of Nigeria is second in line...
- President of the Supreme Federal Court
In the event that the president and vice president become incapacitated, the line of succession falls sequentially to the president of the Chamber of Deputies, the President of the Senate, and the president of the Federal Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal—STF).
If less than half of the mandate has been completed, a supplementary election must be called within ninety days. If more than half the mandate has been completed, the Congress elects a new president and vice president within thirty days.
France
- President of the Republic (head of the state)/ Prime MinisterPrime Minister of FranceThe Prime Minister of France in the Fifth Republic is the head of government and of the Council of Ministers of France. The head of state is the President of the French Republic...
(head of the government) - President of the Senate
- Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France) (Cabinet member)
- Minister of Defense (France) (Cabinet member)
- Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing (Cabinet member)
- Minister of Justice (France)Minister of Justice (France)The Ministry of Justice is controlled by the French Minister of Justice , a top-level cabinet position in the French government. The current Minister of Justice is Michel Mercier...
(Cabinet member)
The French Cabinet is referred to as the Council of Ministers or Executive Council.
President of the Senate acts as President when the President cannot carry out his duties.
Italy
- President of the Italian RepublicPresident of the Italian RepublicThe President of the Italian Republic is the head of state of Italy and, as such, is intended to represent national unity and guarantee that Italian politics comply with the Constitution. The president's term of office lasts for seven years....
(head of state) - Prime MinisterPrime ministerA prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...
(President of the Council of Ministers) -Appointed by the President - Cabinet members
Germany
- Chancellor
- Deputy Chancellor
The Deputy Chancellor acts as Chancellor until Parliment can elect a new Chancellor
United States
- President- $400,000 plus $50,000 for expenses
-
- Lifetime Pension- $199,700 (equal to a secretary of a Cabinet Agency)
- Receives Secret Service protection for themselves and their spouse for up to ten years. Children of a former President receive this protection for a maximum of ten years or until they are sixteen.
- Vice President- $230,700
- Receives similar protection benefits to the President
- Does not automatically receives a pension as Vice President. As President of the Senate,Vice President receives pension as a member of Congress.
- Senator- $174,000
- A Leadership member's salary is higher.
- Average Pension- $35,952---$60,972
- House of Representatives member- $174,000
- A Leadership member's salary is higher.
Brazil
- President- $320,678 (R$ 347.400,69)
- "Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)
- The use of two official vehicles (for life)
- Repository funding for a Presidential library
- Life-long monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;
- Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son."
United Kingdom
- Prime Minister- $309,394.64
- Deputy Prime Minister - $209,504.25 (£134,565)
- Parliamentary Members - $101,826.24 (£65,738
- Parliamentary Members receive allowances for, traveling expenses, stationery and postage
Australia
- Prime Minister- $354,671
- Deputy Prime Minister- $279,644
- When acting Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister is paid the same rate of salary per annum payable to the Prime Minister.
- Cabinet Minister- $235,310
- Member of Parliament- $136,412
Japan
- Prime Minister- $343,000
- House of Representatives and House of Councilors- $211,000
- Japan has the world highest paid legislators
See also
- Presidency of the Council of the European UnionPresidency of the Council of the European UnionThe Presidency of the Council of the European Union is the responsibility for the functioning of the Council of the European Union that rotates between the member states of the European Union every six months. The presidency is not a single president but rather the task is undertaken by a national...
- Presidency of Bosnia and HerzegovinaPresidency of Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the head of state of Bosnia and Herzegovina.-Overview:...
- Swiss Federal CouncilSwiss Federal CouncilThe Federal Council is the seven-member executive council which constitutes the federal government of Switzerland and serves as the Swiss collective head of state....
- a collective head of stateHead of StateA head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of... - Imperial PresidencyImperial PresidencyImperial Presidency is a term that became popular in the 1960s and that served as the title of a 1973 volume by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. to describe the modern presidency of the United States...
- First PresidencyFirst PresidencyIn the Latter Day Saint movement, the First Presidency was the highest governing body in the Latter Day Saint church established by Joseph Smith, Jr. in 1832, and is the highest governing body of several modern Latter Day Saint denominations...
- Presidencies of British India
- Campbell v. ClintonCampbell v. ClintonCampbell v. Clinton, 203 F.3d 19 , was a case holding that Congressmen could not sue President Clinton for alleged violations of the War Powers Resolution in his handling of the war in Yugoslavia.-Statute: the War Powers Resolution:...
- War Powers ResolutionWar Powers ResolutionThe War Powers Resolution of 1973 is a federal law intended to check the power of the President in committing the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress. The resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution; this provides that the...