Pro-democracy camp
Encyclopedia
Pro-democracy camp, pan-democracy camp or pan-democrats (Chinese: 泛民主派, 民主派 or 泛民) refer to the politician
s and social activists in Hong Kong
who support increased democracy and may work together in areas of common interest or by not fielding candidates against one another in elections.
Democratic activists are usually critical of the post-1997 Hong Kong Special Administration Region government and the People's Republic of China
's authoritarian government
, which they say does not properly represent the will of the people
. People who vote for pan-democracy candidates are generally hoping to achieve some implementation of checks and balances in government, since parts of the Hong Kong community treat democracy
as an important means to guarantee freedom, their lifestyle and their living standard. Its supportors also advocate a faster pace of democratisation
and implementation of universal and equal
suffrage
. The Pan-Democracy camp is aligned with and similar to, but distinct from, the Chinese democracy movement
.
Members of the camp represent a very broad social and political demographic
, from the working class
to the middle class
and professionals. Opposite to the pan-democracy camp is the pro-Beijing camp
, whose members are supportive of the authoritarian rule exercised throughout much of China's mainland
.
Due to its democracy mission in the political scene, the camp is supported by influential radio hosts, news moguls and a large number of Hong Kong citizens, which can be reflected in Hong Kong Legislative Council and District Council
elections. However, they cannot hold a majority of seats due to electoral regulations.
Relatively conservative
, libertarian
, centrist faction:
Relatively radical
faction:
More left
, socialist
faction:
, Urban Council and Regional Council
elections
in the early 1980s, as well as professionals, mainly lawyers, who entered the Legislative Council when functional constituencies
were introduced in the mid-1980s. Several political groups existed during the era.
was a mobilizing factor; and the first direct election to the Legislative Council in 1991
brought the amalgamation of some of these groups into the United Democrats of Hong Kong
, which including, Szeto Wah
and Martin Lee
the two major icons in the protests of 1989.
The "Pro-Democracy camp" term has been in common use since the 1991 election of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
, when the Democratic Party
, newly merged from the United Democrats of Hong Kong
and Meeting Point
, together with other smaller political parties, groups and independents, won a historical landslide victory in the election, took 17 out of the 18 geographical constituency seats and controlled nearly half of the seat of the council. Some of the members of the camp, especially the Democratic Party, were often considered strategic allies of the government of Chris Patten
, then governor
.
, declined to join the extralegal Provisional Legislative Council
installed by the government of the People's Republic of China
, and were ousted from the territory's legislature for a year until the 1998 election. Starting from the 1998 election, since the plurality
electoral system was changed to proportional representation
, compounded with the restoration of corporate votes in the functional constituencies, and replacement of broad-based functional constituencies with traditional ones, the number of seats of the camp dipped, albeit having similar share of vote. Within the camp, share of smaller parties and independents increased relatively, with the share of the Democratic Party falling from around two-thirds in 1995 to less than a half by 2004.
In recent years, use of "pan-democrat" (泛民主派) is gaining in popularity, as it is typically meant to be non-denominational and all-inclusive. In addition, to some people, it is less likely than 民主派 to cause confusion with the Democratic Party (民主黨).
Members of the camp tend to use the latter term to identify themselves the "Pan-Democracy Camp" term is often used in negative tones by its detractors. "Pan-Democrat" as a title has grown in usage especially during the passage of the national security and anti-subversion legislation
, so-called Article 23. The pan-democracy camp was the strong opposition to the Article 23 and they successfully called for 5 millions people to protest on 1 June 2003 against the legislation. The subsequent 2003 district councils
and 2004 LegCo
elections, and the debate over electoral reforms for the 2007 Chief Executive and 2008 LegCo elections.
, the Chief Executive, promised to resolve the question of universal suffrage in his office during the election. He carried out the 2012 constitutional package in 2009 which was criticised by the pro-democracy as lack of genuine progress. The League of Social Democrats
called for a de facto referendum
in five geographical constituencies. Civic Party
, the second largest pro-democratic party joined the referendum. However, the largest party, Democratic Party was reluctant to participate. The Democratic Party started to have contact with the mainland officials. The Democratic Party brought out a revised proposal of the package to Beijing and the revised proposal was passed in the Legislative Council in the support of the government and Pro-Beijing camp.
However, it triggered a major split within the camp and also in the Democratic Party. The Young Turks including the LegCo member Andrew Cheng
quit the party and formed the Neo Democrats
. The Democratic Party was accused by the LSD and the radicals of betraying democracy and its supporters.
which is controlled by the PRC mainland Chinese government authorities and post-1997 Government of Hong Kong
as an "opposition camp" (反對派), since their concerns in regards to freedom of speech, freedom of press, and self-determination contradict with the political stance of the PRC government. In some cases, pan-democracy activists have even been accused of high treason
.
The following entities are routinely referred to as members of the Pan-Democracy camp:
The following political groups are represented in at least one of the district councils:
Politician
A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...
s and social activists in Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
who support increased democracy and may work together in areas of common interest or by not fielding candidates against one another in elections.
Democratic activists are usually critical of the post-1997 Hong Kong Special Administration Region government and the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
's authoritarian government
Politics of the People's Republic of China
The politics of the People's Republic of China take place in a framework of a single-party socialist republic. The leadership of the Communist Party is stated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China...
, which they say does not properly represent the will of the people
Populism
Populism can be defined as an ideology, political philosophy, or type of discourse. Generally, a common theme compares "the people" against "the elite", and urges social and political system changes. It can also be defined as a rhetorical style employed by members of various political or social...
. People who vote for pan-democracy candidates are generally hoping to achieve some implementation of checks and balances in government, since parts of the Hong Kong community treat democracy
Democracy
Democracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...
as an important means to guarantee freedom, their lifestyle and their living standard. Its supportors also advocate a faster pace of democratisation
Democracy
Democracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...
and implementation of universal and equal
Universal suffrage
Universal suffrage consists of the extension of the right to vote to adult citizens as a whole, though it may also mean extending said right to minors and non-citizens...
suffrage
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
. The Pan-Democracy camp is aligned with and similar to, but distinct from, the Chinese democracy movement
Chinese democracy movement
The Chinese democracy movement refers to a series of loosely organized political movements in the People's Republic of China against the continued one-party rule by the Communist Party. One such movement began during the Beijing Spring in 1978 and was taken up again in the Tiananmen Square...
.
Members of the camp represent a very broad social and political demographic
Demographics
Demographics are the most recent statistical characteristics of a population. These types of data are used widely in sociology , public policy, and marketing. Commonly examined demographics include gender, race, age, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location...
, from the working class
Working class
Working class is a term used in the social sciences and in ordinary conversation to describe those employed in lower tier jobs , often extending to those in unemployment or otherwise possessing below-average incomes...
to the middle class
Middle class
The middle class is any class of people in the middle of a societal hierarchy. In Weberian socio-economic terms, the middle class is the broad group of people in contemporary society who fall socio-economically between the working class and upper class....
and professionals. Opposite to the pan-democracy camp is the pro-Beijing camp
Pro-Beijing Camp
The Pro-Beijing Camp, pro-Establishment Camp, pan-Establishment Camp is a segment of Hong Kong society that supports the policies and views of the People's Republic of China before and after the handover of Hong Kong in 1997.It is also nicknamed the royalists or loyalists.The term can be used to...
, whose members are supportive of the authoritarian rule exercised throughout much of China's mainland
Mainland China
Mainland China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China . According to the Taipei-based Mainland Affairs Council, the term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and...
.
Due to its democracy mission in the political scene, the camp is supported by influential radio hosts, news moguls and a large number of Hong Kong citizens, which can be reflected in Hong Kong Legislative Council and District Council
District Council of Hong Kong
The District Councils, formerly District Boards until 1999, are the local councils for the 18 Districts of Hong Kong. Under the supervision of Home Affairs Bureau of the Hong Kong Government, they are consultative bodies on district administration and affairs.- History :In 1982, under the...
elections. However, they cannot hold a majority of seats due to electoral regulations.
Basic beliefs
- Vindication of the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989Tiananmen Square protests of 1989The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, also known as the June Fourth Incident in Chinese , were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing in the People's Republic of China beginning on 15 April 1989...
- Democratic reform in China
- Universal suffrageUniversal suffrageUniversal suffrage consists of the extension of the right to vote to adult citizens as a whole, though it may also mean extending said right to minors and non-citizens...
in Hong Kong - Improve human rights (See human rights in Hong KongHuman rights in Hong KongHuman rights in Hong Kong occasionally comes under the spotlight of the international community because of its world city status. This is occasionally used as a yardstick by commentators to judge whether the People's Republic of China has kept its end of the bargain of the "One Country, Two...
and human rights in People's Republic of China)
Relatively conservative
Conservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others oppose modernism...
, libertarian
Libertarianism
Libertarianism, in the strictest sense, is the political philosophy that holds individual liberty as the basic moral principle of society. In the broadest sense, it is any political philosophy which approximates this view...
, centrist faction:
- Large numbers of members in the Democratic PartyDemocratic Party (Hong Kong)The Democratic Party is a pro-democracy political party in Hong Kong. It was established on 2 October 1994. The party is currently the second largest party in the Legislative Council, headed by Chairman Albert Ho Chun-yan and, following the November 2008 merger with the Frontier, had around 745...
, former members of the Meeting PointMeeting PointThe Meeting Point was a political organisation formed for the discussion for the Sino-British negotiation on the question of Hong Kong prospect in 1983. It later on joined the first direct election of the geographical constituency seats in 1991 legislative election and won a historical landslide...
Relatively radical
Political radicalism
The term political radicalism denotes political principles focused on altering social structures through revolutionary means and changing value systems in fundamental ways...
faction:
- Minority in the Democratic Party
- Civic PartyCivic PartyCivic Party is a liberal democratic political party in Hong Kong.The Civic Party is currently the third largest political party in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, with five members securing seats in the 2008 Hong Kong Legislative Council elections...
- The FrontierThe Frontier (Hong Kong)The Frontier was a relatively radical pro-democracy political group in the Hong Kong. It was established on 26 August 1996. The group was headed by former convenor Emily Lau Wai-hing since its establishment as a loose group of individual pro-democracy activists.On 23 November 2008, the Frontier...
- Hong Kong Confederation of Trade UnionsHong Kong Confederation of Trade UnionsThe Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions is a pro-democracy labour and political group in the Hong Kong. It was established in 1990...
- Civic Act-upCivic Act-upCivic Act-up is a small pro-democracy political group in the Hong Kong, China. It was founded on 24 September 2003 by a group of relatively young activists with the encouragement of Legislative Councillor Cyd Ho Sau-lan, to challenge the existing pro-Government District Councillers in Wanchai in...
- Neo DemocratsNeo DemocratsThe Neo Democrats are a pro-democracy political grouping in Hong Kong, composed mainly of former and disenchanted members of the Democratic Party....
(formed mostly by the former Young Turks in the Democratic Party)
More left
Left-wing politics
In politics, Left, left-wing and leftist generally refer to support for social change to create a more egalitarian society...
, socialist
Socialism
Socialism is an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy; or a political philosophy advocating such a system. "Social ownership" may refer to any one of, or a combination of, the following: cooperative enterprises,...
faction:
- League of Social DemocratsLeague of Social DemocratsThe League of Social Democrats or LSD is a radical pro-democratic political party in Hong Kong. Its declared purpose is to "take a clear-cut stand to defend the interests of the grassroots"...
- People PowerPeople Power (Hong Kong)People Power , is a political coalition in Hong Kong, taking a radical democratic position. It was established in early 2011 after Raymond Wong and Albert Chan quit the League of Social Democrats, citing disagreement with leader Andrew To and his faction...
- April Fifth ActionApril Fifth ActionApril Fifth Action or AFAG is a group named after the first Tiananmen incident of 5 April 1976. It is a small socialist group in the Hong Kong...
History
Members of the camp include social workers and social activists who concern about the question of Hong Kong sovereignty took part in Hong Kong's district boardDistrict Council of Hong Kong
The District Councils, formerly District Boards until 1999, are the local councils for the 18 Districts of Hong Kong. Under the supervision of Home Affairs Bureau of the Hong Kong Government, they are consultative bodies on district administration and affairs.- History :In 1982, under the...
, Urban Council and Regional Council
Regional Council (Hong Kong)
The Regional Council was a municipal council in Hong Kong responsible for municipal services in the New Territories . Its services were provided by the Regional Services Department...
elections
Elections in Hong Kong
Elections are held in Hong Kong when certain offices in the government need to be filled. Every four years, half of the unicameral Legislative Council of Hong Kong's sixty seats representing the geographical constituencies are filled by the electorate; the other thirty seats representing the...
in the early 1980s, as well as professionals, mainly lawyers, who entered the Legislative Council when functional constituencies
Functional constituency
In the political systems of Hong Kong and Macau, a functional constituency is a professional or special interest group involved in the electoral process...
were introduced in the mid-1980s. Several political groups existed during the era.
Tiananmen protests and pre-Handover period
The foundation of its public support has its roots in opposition to the 1989 Tiananmen Massacre which aroused widespread horror, sympathy and support of the protesters by Hong Kong citizens. The crackdown on Chinese media and subsequent suppression of student dissentSuppression of dissent
Suppression of dissent occurs when an individual or group which is more powerful than another tries to directly or indirectly censor, persecute or otherwise oppress the other party, rather than engage with and constructively respond to or accommodate the other party's arguments or viewpoint...
was a mobilizing factor; and the first direct election to the Legislative Council in 1991
Hong Kong legislative election
Legislative elections are held in Hong Kong whenever the Legislative Council needs renewal.The LEGCO is governed by Article 73 of the Basic Law, the Legislative Council of the HKSAR exercises the following powers and functions....
brought the amalgamation of some of these groups into the United Democrats of Hong Kong
United Democrats of Hong Kong
The United Democrats of Hong Kong was a pro-democracy political party in Hong Kong. By 1995 it was merged with the Meeting Point to form the Democratic Party...
, which including, Szeto Wah
Szeto Wah
Szeto Wah was a politician of the pan-democracy camp of Hong Kong. He was formerly the chairman of The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China and a member of the Legislative Council from 1985 to 1997 and 1998 to 2004.Although the Hong Kong government prior to as...
and Martin Lee
Martin Lee
Martin Lee , QC, SC, JP, was the founding chairman of the Democratic Party in Hong Kong. He was a directly-elected Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong for the Hong Kong Island geographical constituency...
the two major icons in the protests of 1989.
The "Pro-Democracy camp" term has been in common use since the 1991 election of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Hong Kong legislative election, 1991
The 1991 Hong Kong legislative election for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong ; the election of the members of functional constituencies was held on 12 September 1995 and the election of geographical constituency seats was held on 15 September. It was the first ever direct election of...
, when the Democratic Party
Democratic Party (Hong Kong)
The Democratic Party is a pro-democracy political party in Hong Kong. It was established on 2 October 1994. The party is currently the second largest party in the Legislative Council, headed by Chairman Albert Ho Chun-yan and, following the November 2008 merger with the Frontier, had around 745...
, newly merged from the United Democrats of Hong Kong
United Democrats of Hong Kong
The United Democrats of Hong Kong was a pro-democracy political party in Hong Kong. By 1995 it was merged with the Meeting Point to form the Democratic Party...
and Meeting Point
Meeting Point
The Meeting Point was a political organisation formed for the discussion for the Sino-British negotiation on the question of Hong Kong prospect in 1983. It later on joined the first direct election of the geographical constituency seats in 1991 legislative election and won a historical landslide...
, together with other smaller political parties, groups and independents, won a historical landslide victory in the election, took 17 out of the 18 geographical constituency seats and controlled nearly half of the seat of the council. Some of the members of the camp, especially the Democratic Party, were often considered strategic allies of the government of Chris Patten
Chris Patten
Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, CH, PC , is the last Governor of British Hong Kong, a former British Conservative politician, and the current chairman of the BBC Trust....
, then governor
Governor of Hong Kong
The Governor of Hong Kong was the head of the government of Hong Kong during British rule from 1843 to 1997. The governor's roles were defined in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions...
.
Handover to China
All of its members, except the Association for Democracy and People's LivelihoodAssociation for Democracy and People's Livelihood
The Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood is a pro-democracy political party in the Hong Kong. It was established on 26 October 1986. The current chairman of the party is Bruce Liu.-History:...
, declined to join the extralegal Provisional Legislative Council
Provisional Legislative Council
The Provisional Legislative Council or the PLC was the interim legislature of Hong Kong from 1997 to 1998. The legislature was founded in Guangzhou and sat in Shenzhen from 1996 until the handover in 1997 and moved to Hong Kong to serves as the temporary replacement of Legislative Council of Hong...
installed by the government of the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
, and were ousted from the territory's legislature for a year until the 1998 election. Starting from the 1998 election, since the plurality
Plurality voting system
The plurality voting system is a single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member constituencies...
electoral system was changed to proportional representation
Proportional representation
Proportional representation is a concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council. PR means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received. For example, under a PR voting system if 30% of voters support a particular...
, compounded with the restoration of corporate votes in the functional constituencies, and replacement of broad-based functional constituencies with traditional ones, the number of seats of the camp dipped, albeit having similar share of vote. Within the camp, share of smaller parties and independents increased relatively, with the share of the Democratic Party falling from around two-thirds in 1995 to less than a half by 2004.
In recent years, use of "pan-democrat" (泛民主派) is gaining in popularity, as it is typically meant to be non-denominational and all-inclusive. In addition, to some people, it is less likely than 民主派 to cause confusion with the Democratic Party (民主黨).
Members of the camp tend to use the latter term to identify themselves the "Pan-Democracy Camp" term is often used in negative tones by its detractors. "Pan-Democrat" as a title has grown in usage especially during the passage of the national security and anti-subversion legislation
Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23
Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 is the basis of a security law proposed by the Government of Hong Kong. It states:On 24 September 2002 the government released its proposals for the anti-subversion law. It is the cause of considerable controversy and division in Hong Kong, which operates as a...
, so-called Article 23. The pan-democracy camp was the strong opposition to the Article 23 and they successfully called for 5 millions people to protest on 1 June 2003 against the legislation. The subsequent 2003 district councils
Hong Kong district councils election, 2003
The 2003 Hong Kong District Councils election was held on 23 November 2003. Election was held to all 18 districts of Hong Kong, for 400 members from directly elected constituencies out of total 534 council members, the second district councils election after the handover of Hong Kong in 1997...
and 2004 LegCo
Hong Kong legislative election, 2004
The 2004 Hong Kong legislative election for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong was held on 12 September 2004. The elections returned 30 members from directly elected geographical constituencies and 30 members from functional constituencies, of which 11 were unopposed.-General...
elections, and the debate over electoral reforms for the 2007 Chief Executive and 2008 LegCo elections.
2012 Reform Package and split
Donald TsangDonald Tsang
Sir Donald Tsang Yam-kuen, GBM, KBE is the current Chief Executive and President of the Executive Council of the Government of Hong Kong....
, the Chief Executive, promised to resolve the question of universal suffrage in his office during the election. He carried out the 2012 constitutional package in 2009 which was criticised by the pro-democracy as lack of genuine progress. The League of Social Democrats
League of Social Democrats
The League of Social Democrats or LSD is a radical pro-democratic political party in Hong Kong. Its declared purpose is to "take a clear-cut stand to defend the interests of the grassroots"...
called for a de facto referendum
Hong Kong by-election, 2010
The 2010 Hong Kong by-election is an election held on 16 May 2010 in Hong Kong, triggered by the resignation of five pan-democrat Legislative Councillors in January of the same year....
in five geographical constituencies. Civic Party
Civic Party
Civic Party is a liberal democratic political party in Hong Kong.The Civic Party is currently the third largest political party in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, with five members securing seats in the 2008 Hong Kong Legislative Council elections...
, the second largest pro-democratic party joined the referendum. However, the largest party, Democratic Party was reluctant to participate. The Democratic Party started to have contact with the mainland officials. The Democratic Party brought out a revised proposal of the package to Beijing and the revised proposal was passed in the Legislative Council in the support of the government and Pro-Beijing camp.
However, it triggered a major split within the camp and also in the Democratic Party. The Young Turks including the LegCo member Andrew Cheng
Andrew Cheng
Andrew Cheng Kar Foo BA, MA, MEd, PCLL is a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong representing the New Territories East geographical constituency. He was a founder member of the Democratic Party, a member of Southern District Council between 1994 to 1999...
quit the party and formed the Neo Democrats
Neo Democrats
The Neo Democrats are a pro-democracy political grouping in Hong Kong, composed mainly of former and disenchanted members of the Democratic Party....
. The Democratic Party was accused by the LSD and the radicals of betraying democracy and its supporters.
Criticism of the movement
The movement is criticized by numerous groups including mediaMedia of the People's Republic of China
Media of the People's Republic of China primarily consists of television, newspapers, radio, and magazines. Since 2000, the Internet has also emerged as an important communications medium....
which is controlled by the PRC mainland Chinese government authorities and post-1997 Government of Hong Kong
Government of Hong Kong
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, commonly the Hong Kong Government, is led by the Chief Executive as Head of the Government, who is also the head of the Hong Kong SAR...
as an "opposition camp" (反對派), since their concerns in regards to freedom of speech, freedom of press, and self-determination contradict with the political stance of the PRC government. In some cases, pan-democracy activists have even been accused of high treason
High treason
High treason is criminal disloyalty to one's government. Participating in a war against one's native country, attempting to overthrow its government, spying on its military, its diplomats, or its secret services for a hostile and foreign power, or attempting to kill its head of state are perhaps...
.
Members of the camp
Civil organisations, individual social activists, political parties, political groups and lawmakers who share a similar belief in democracy are all considered members of this camp. (number of Legislative Councillors shown in brackets)The following entities are routinely referred to as members of the Pan-Democracy camp:
- Democratic PartyDemocratic Party (Hong Kong)The Democratic Party is a pro-democracy political party in Hong Kong. It was established on 2 October 1994. The party is currently the second largest party in the Legislative Council, headed by Chairman Albert Ho Chun-yan and, following the November 2008 merger with the Frontier, had around 745...
(8) - Civic PartyCivic PartyCivic Party is a liberal democratic political party in Hong Kong.The Civic Party is currently the third largest political party in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, with five members securing seats in the 2008 Hong Kong Legislative Council elections...
(5) - People PowerPeople Power (Hong Kong)People Power , is a political coalition in Hong Kong, taking a radical democratic position. It was established in early 2011 after Raymond Wong and Albert Chan quit the League of Social Democrats, citing disagreement with leader Andrew To and his faction...
(2) - Hong Kong Confederation of Trade UnionsHong Kong Confederation of Trade UnionsThe Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions is a pro-democracy labour and political group in the Hong Kong. It was established in 1990...
(1) - Neighbourhood and Workers Service Centre (1)
- Association for Democracy and People's LivelihoodAssociation for Democracy and People's LivelihoodThe Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood is a pro-democracy political party in the Hong Kong. It was established on 26 October 1986. The current chairman of the party is Bruce Liu.-History:...
(1) - Hong Kong Confederation of Trade UnionsHong Kong Confederation of Trade UnionsThe Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions is a pro-democracy labour and political group in the Hong Kong. It was established in 1990...
(1) - League of Social DemocratsLeague of Social DemocratsThe League of Social Democrats or LSD is a radical pro-democratic political party in Hong Kong. Its declared purpose is to "take a clear-cut stand to defend the interests of the grassroots"...
(1) - Civic Act-upCivic Act-upCivic Act-up is a small pro-democracy political group in the Hong Kong, China. It was founded on 24 September 2003 by a group of relatively young activists with the encouragement of Legislative Councillor Cyd Ho Sau-lan, to challenge the existing pro-Government District Councillers in Wanchai in...
(1) - Lee Kok LongLee Kok LongDr Joseph Lee Kok-long, SBS, JP, PhD, RN is a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong , representing the Health Services functional constituency....
The following political groups are represented in at least one of the district councils:
- Democratic PartyDemocratic Party (Hong Kong)The Democratic Party is a pro-democracy political party in Hong Kong. It was established on 2 October 1994. The party is currently the second largest party in the Legislative Council, headed by Chairman Albert Ho Chun-yan and, following the November 2008 merger with the Frontier, had around 745...
- Civic PartyCivic PartyCivic Party is a liberal democratic political party in Hong Kong.The Civic Party is currently the third largest political party in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, with five members securing seats in the 2008 Hong Kong Legislative Council elections...
- Hong Kong Confederation of Trade UnionsHong Kong Confederation of Trade UnionsThe Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions is a pro-democracy labour and political group in the Hong Kong. It was established in 1990...
- People PowerPeople Power (Hong Kong)People Power , is a political coalition in Hong Kong, taking a radical democratic position. It was established in early 2011 after Raymond Wong and Albert Chan quit the League of Social Democrats, citing disagreement with leader Andrew To and his faction...
- Neighbourhood and Workers Service Centre
- Association for Democracy and People's LivelihoodAssociation for Democracy and People's LivelihoodThe Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood is a pro-democracy political party in the Hong Kong. It was established on 26 October 1986. The current chairman of the party is Bruce Liu.-History:...
- League of Social DemocratsLeague of Social DemocratsThe League of Social Democrats or LSD is a radical pro-democratic political party in Hong Kong. Its declared purpose is to "take a clear-cut stand to defend the interests of the grassroots"...
- Neo DemocratsNeo DemocratsThe Neo Democrats are a pro-democracy political grouping in Hong Kong, composed mainly of former and disenchanted members of the Democratic Party....
In the previous sessions of the Legislative Council
- 123 Democratic Alliance123 Democratic Alliance123 Democratic Alliance was a pro-Kuomintang political party in Hong Kong. It was established in 1994, with an aim to strive for the unification of China, to strive for a free, democratic, and wealthy China, and to establish a democratic and prosperous Hong Kong.The party was represented by Sin...
- Citizens PartyCitizens Party (Hong Kong)Citizens Party is a small pro-democracy political party in the Hong Kong. It was founded by Christine Loh Kung-wai in May 1997. Since 2005, the party has been headed by Doctor Joe Wong....
- Meeting PointMeeting PointThe Meeting Point was a political organisation formed for the discussion for the Sino-British negotiation on the question of Hong Kong prospect in 1983. It later on joined the first direct election of the geographical constituency seats in 1991 legislative election and won a historical landslide...
(one of the predecessors of the Democratic Party) - United Democrats of Hong KongUnited Democrats of Hong KongThe United Democrats of Hong Kong was a pro-democracy political party in Hong Kong. By 1995 it was merged with the Meeting Point to form the Democratic Party...
(one of the predecessors of the Democratic Party) - The FrontierThe Frontier (Hong Kong)The Frontier was a relatively radical pro-democracy political group in the Hong Kong. It was established on 26 August 1996. The group was headed by former convenor Emily Lau Wai-hing since its establishment as a loose group of individual pro-democracy activists.On 23 November 2008, the Frontier...
See also
- Pro-Beijing campPro-Beijing CampThe Pro-Beijing Camp, pro-Establishment Camp, pan-Establishment Camp is a segment of Hong Kong society that supports the policies and views of the People's Republic of China before and after the handover of Hong Kong in 1997.It is also nicknamed the royalists or loyalists.The term can be used to...
- The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China
- list of political parties and political groups in Hong Kong
- Civil Human Rights FrontCivil Human Rights FrontCivil Human Rights Front or CHRF is an organization that focuses on the issues of Hong Kong politics and livelihood, affiliates almost all the pan-democratic camps in Hong Kong. Forty-eight NGOs and political groups have been involved in the organization as of January 2006...