Proposition Infinity
Encyclopedia
"Proposition Infinity" is the fourth episode of the sixth season
of the animated sitcom Futurama
, and originally aired July 8, 2010 on Comedy Central
. In the episode, Amy Wong
and Bender fall in love and begin a culturally taboo "robosexual" relationship. After facing anti-robosexual sentiments from society, they elect to get married and advocate to legalize robosexual marriage through "Proposition Infinity."
The episode was written by Michael Rowe
and directed by Crystal Chesney-Thompson. "Proposition Infinity" served as a satire of the controversy over same-sex marriage
and California Proposition 8
(generally referred to as "Proposition 8"), which banned same-sex marriage in California in November 2008. The title of the episode is derived from Proposition 8, turning the 8 sideways to create the symbol for infinity
(∞), hence "Proposition ∞". Though the episode satirizes arguments for and against same-sex marriage, it leans favorably toward the idea of allowing same-sex marriage. The theme of the episode revisits the social taboo of robosexual relationships presented in earlier episodes "Space Pilot 3000
" and "I Dated a Robot
". Openly gay actor George Takei
of Star Trek
fame, who married his partner in California during the debate over Proposition 8, returns as a guest star in the series.
"Proposition Infinity" received mostly positive reviews from critics. Co-creator David X. Cohen
named it as one of his favorite episodes of the sixth season
.
flirts with several inmates. Infuriated at her obsession with "bad boys", Kif
breaks up with her. The break-up severely upsets Amy, and to make her feel better, Leela, Fry
, and Bender take her to Forbidden Planet Hollywood
. Bender mocks Amy all night, insulting and infuriating her, but this leads the two to have sex because of her interest in "bad boys". After this, Amy and Bender discover a mutual attraction for each other and enter into a "robosexual" relationship, which is taboo in the 31st century. Because it is frowned upon, they keep quiet about their relationship, even to their friends and co-workers. The co-workers grow suspicious, but think little of it.
However, during a mission, Amy and Bender are discovered cuddling together. Professor Farnsworth
immediately disapproves of this, but the rest of the crew accepts Bender and Amy's relationship. The couple is thankful, since Amy knows that her family would disapprove. However, the Professor immediately informs Amy's parents and then calls Reverend Preacherbot to deal with Bender, who is sent to a robosexual rehabilitation camp. While at her parent's ranch, where her parents continuously introduce her to non-robot suitors, Amy is saved by Fry, who poses as her new non-robot beau to get her parents off her back. The crew then rescues Bender from the rehabilitation camp. At the Planet Express building, Bender proposes to Amy. The Professor reminds them that robosexual marriage is illegal in New New York. To fight against this, Bender and Amy launch a campaign for the legalization of robosexual marriage.
They launch "Proposition Infinity" ("Proposition ∞") which, in days before the election, slumps in the polls. Amy loses hope, but Bender says that they will win due to his upcoming debate against Professor Farnsworth, the leader of the Proposition Infinity opposition. At the debate (moderated by the head of George Takei
) Bender gives a heartfelt speech, which the audience applauds. The Professor follows with his rebuttal, relaying a story from his past where he was in love with a fellow scientist named Eunice whom he later discovered in bed with a robot, breaking his heart. Because of this, the Professor hates robosexuals. This does not impress the audience. Frustrated by the audience's lack of sympathy for his cause, he accidentally admits that Eunice was actually a robot. Having suppressed the truth for so long, Farnsworth reveals that the robot's name was actually Unit and that he caught her in bed with another robot. With his heart broken, he takes his anger out on other robosexuals. After admitting the truth, the Professor withdraws his argument, now fully in support of Proposition Infinity. The next day the proposition is approved. Amy is ecstatic, but Bender quickly dumps her when he realizes marriage means that he must be monogamous. Amy is dejected, but Kif wins back her heart by adopting a bad boy persona and the two ride off together on a motorcycle.
in the United States during 2008 and was written by Michael Rowe
. The episode was directed by Crystal Chesney-Thompson. George Takei
returns as a guest star, voicing himself.
According to Cohen, the writing team's approach when using pop culture references as an episode's main subject is to modify them into futuristic versions to avoid being dated, noting that being a science fiction
show, "some topics are probably not going to be around by the time the show airs." In particular, with "Proposition Infinity", they paid specific attention to developing the plot in a way that would "history-proof" the episode and avoid being over-politicized or "preachy." When taking on "real" social issues in the show, Cohen stated that one of their methods of keeping controversy from overwhelming the episode is to "futurize" issues until the audience is unlikely to have developed a strong opinion one way or another about the presented conflict. This was the method used for "Proposition Infinity", as the team felt that most viewers would not have a strong opinion for or against robot and human intermarriage, thus lightening the potentially polarizing nature of the source material.
. The title is a reference to California Proposition 8 with the "8" sideways, thus becoming the symbol of infinity
(∞). The camp where Bender is being reprogrammed parodies conversion therapy camps for homosexuals. The episode also satirizes the people against same-sex marriage, and in particular, the National Organization for Marriage
(NOM); the episode depicts an anti-Proposition Infinity advertisement ("No on Infinity"), which is a direct parody of NOM's 2009 "Gathering Storm" campaign. Many of the jokes in the episode were inspired by the actual vote regarding Proposition 8 and similar legislative debates over same-sex marriage throughout the United States, with several critics noting that the episode was favorable toward same-sex marriage.
Openly gay actor George Takei guest stars in this episode, moderating the Proposition Infinity debate. Takei, a frequent guest star in the series, is an outspoken LGBT activist and marriage equality spokesperson. Takei married his partner, Brad Altman, on June 17, 2008 when same-sex marriage was legal in California. Despite the passing of Proposition 8
in November of that same year, which banned same-sex marriage in California, the California Supreme Court ruled that it did not affect same-sex marriages entered into before its passing, leaving Takei and Altman's marriage still legal and valid.
The episode revisits the concept of robosexuality as a social taboo in the future society depicted in Futurama and is more explicit in its analogy to prejudice and stigma surrounding homosexuality
. The stigmatization of robosexuality and the term "robosexual" were first mentioned in the series pilot "Space Pilot 3000
". The issue is expanded upon in more detail in the season 3 episode "I Dated a Robot
" in which Fry dates a robot Lucy Liu
, to the disapproval of the other characters. Co-producer David X. Cohen noted that the writing team had tried to maintain robosexual relationships as a taboo throughout the series.
. In its original American broadcast, "Proposition Infinity" was viewed by an estimated 2.013 million households with a 1.3 rating/2% share in the Nielsen ratings
and a 1.0 rating/3% share in the 18-49 demographic, going down one tenth of a point from the previous week's episode "Attack of the Killer App
". In interviews leading up to the premiere of season six, David X. Cohen stated that he considers this one of his favorite episodes of Futuramas sixth season
.
"Proposition Infinity" received mostly positive reviews from critics. Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club
wrote: "This is the series I've been missing for years. It was goofy, spastic, over-stuffed, occasionally cruel, and bizarrely sincere." He graded the episode A-, praising the "No on Infinity" ad parody and reappearances of George Takei and Hedonismbot in particular. Sean Gandert of Paste
wrote: "I’d like to see them lay off the contemporary commentary episodes for a bit, but other than that it was exactly what any fan of the show would hope for." Danny Gallagher of TVSquad stated that the episode's "robotic take on the needless hysteria and blatant hypocricy [sic] of gay marriage was not only steeped in satiric goodness, but it was downright hilarious." He felt that the episode's writing was an improvement over the previous episodes in the season and that it "really used the storied and rich history of the characters to its advantage." In particular, Gallagher praised Takei's cameo as one of the episode's funniest, even stating it to be one of the series' best. Alasdair Wilkins of io9
also praised the episode, calling it "a triumph for the new Futurama, and just the sort of episode that leaves me convinced that the show's revival was completely worthwhile." Michelle Castillo of Television on Today enjoyed the attack on California Proposition 8, stating that the episode "poked fun at the issues in the unique way that only 'Futurama' can pull off."
Robert Canning of IGN
gave the episode a more mixed review, stating that he felt the relationship between Bender and Amy was only used to serve the purposes of the story and felt unnatural compared to the relationship between Fry and the Lucy Liu-bot in the similarly themed season 3 episode "I Dated a Robot". He found the jokes funny, stating that they "delivered plenty of hilarious observations regarding gay marriage and the movements surrounding it, but the story was incredibly hollow."
Futurama (season 6)
Futurama sixth production season originally aired on Comedy Central from June 24, 2010 to September 8, 2011 and consisted of 26 episodes. The season marks the change of networks from Fox to Comedy Central.David X...
of the animated sitcom Futurama
Futurama
Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening and developed by Groening and David X. Cohen for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series follows the adventures of a late 20th-century New York City pizza delivery boy, Philip J...
, and originally aired July 8, 2010 on Comedy Central
Comedy Central
Comedy Central is an American cable television and satellite television channel that carries comedy programming, both original and syndicated....
. In the episode, Amy Wong
Amy Wong
Amy Wong, voiced by Lauren Tom, is a fictional character, one of the main characters from the Fox and Comedy Central television animated series Futurama. She works as an intern at Planet Express...
and Bender fall in love and begin a culturally taboo "robosexual" relationship. After facing anti-robosexual sentiments from society, they elect to get married and advocate to legalize robosexual marriage through "Proposition Infinity."
The episode was written by Michael Rowe
Michael Rowe
Michael "Mike" Rowe is a television writer, producer and comedian. He has written for Becker, The Nanny, Futurama and Family Guy, as well as writing the episode of The PJs, "A Race to His Credit".-Becker episodes:...
and directed by Crystal Chesney-Thompson. "Proposition Infinity" served as a satire of the controversy over same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage is marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or social gender. Supporters of legal recognition for same-sex marriage typically refer to such recognition as marriage equality....
and California Proposition 8
California Proposition 8 (2008)
Proposition 8 was a ballot proposition and constitutional amendment passed in the November 2008 state elections...
(generally referred to as "Proposition 8"), which banned same-sex marriage in California in November 2008. The title of the episode is derived from Proposition 8, turning the 8 sideways to create the symbol for infinity
Infinity
Infinity is a concept in many fields, most predominantly mathematics and physics, that refers to a quantity without bound or end. People have developed various ideas throughout history about the nature of infinity...
(∞), hence "Proposition ∞". Though the episode satirizes arguments for and against same-sex marriage, it leans favorably toward the idea of allowing same-sex marriage. The theme of the episode revisits the social taboo of robosexual relationships presented in earlier episodes "Space Pilot 3000
Space Pilot 3000
"Space Pilot 3000" is the pilot episode of Futurama, which originally aired in North America on March 28, 1999 on Fox. The episode focuses on the cryogenic freezing of the series protagonist, Philip J. Fry, and the events when he awakens 1,000 years in the future...
" and "I Dated a Robot
I Dated a Robot
"I Dated a Robot" is the fifteenth episode in season three of Futurama. It originally aired on May 13, 2001.-Plot:After the crew sees an episode of The Scary Door, Fry decides to do all the things he always wanted to do and the Planet Express crew obliges...
". Openly gay actor George Takei
George Takei
George Hosato Takei Altman is an American actor, author, social activist and former civil politician. He is best known for his role in the television series Star Trek and its film spinoffs, in which he played Hikaru Sulu, helmsman of the...
of Star Trek
Star Trek
Star Trek is an American science fiction entertainment franchise created by Gene Roddenberry. The core of Star Trek is its six television series: The Original Series, The Animated Series, The Next Generation, Deep Space Nine, Voyager, and Enterprise...
fame, who married his partner in California during the debate over Proposition 8, returns as a guest star in the series.
"Proposition Infinity" received mostly positive reviews from critics. Co-creator David X. Cohen
David X. Cohen
David Samuel Cohen , primarily known as David X. Cohen, is an American television writer. He has written for The Simpsons and he is the head writer and executive producer of Futurama.-Early life:...
named it as one of his favorite episodes of the sixth season
Futurama (season 6)
Futurama sixth production season originally aired on Comedy Central from June 24, 2010 to September 8, 2011 and consisted of 26 episodes. The season marks the change of networks from Fox to Comedy Central.David X...
.
Plot
While bailing Bender out of jail after he was arrested for vandalism, AmyAmy Wong
Amy Wong, voiced by Lauren Tom, is a fictional character, one of the main characters from the Fox and Comedy Central television animated series Futurama. She works as an intern at Planet Express...
flirts with several inmates. Infuriated at her obsession with "bad boys", Kif
Kif Kroker
Lieutenant Kif Kroker is a character from the animated television series Futurama. He is the long suffering assistant to Captain Zapp Brannigan and Fourth Lieutenant on the Democratic Order of Planets starship Nimbus...
breaks up with her. The break-up severely upsets Amy, and to make her feel better, Leela, Fry
Philip J. Fry
Philip J. Fry, known simply as Fry, is a fictional character, the main protagonist of the animated science fiction sitcom Futurama. He is voiced by Billy West using a version of his own voice as he sounded when he was 25.-Character overview:...
, and Bender take her to Forbidden Planet Hollywood
Planet Hollywood
Planet Hollywood, a restaurant inspired by the popular portrayal of Hollywood, was launched in New York on October 22, 1991, with the backing of Hollywood stars Sylvester Stallone, Bruce Willis, Demi Moore, and Arnold Schwarzenegger.-History:...
. Bender mocks Amy all night, insulting and infuriating her, but this leads the two to have sex because of her interest in "bad boys". After this, Amy and Bender discover a mutual attraction for each other and enter into a "robosexual" relationship, which is taboo in the 31st century. Because it is frowned upon, they keep quiet about their relationship, even to their friends and co-workers. The co-workers grow suspicious, but think little of it.
However, during a mission, Amy and Bender are discovered cuddling together. Professor Farnsworth
Professor Hubert Farnsworth
Professor Hubert J. Farnsworth, or simply The Professor, is a fictional character in the American animated television series Futurama. He is voiced by Billy West using a combination of impressions of Burgess Meredith and Frank Morgan. Farnsworth is the proprietor of the Planet Express delivery...
immediately disapproves of this, but the rest of the crew accepts Bender and Amy's relationship. The couple is thankful, since Amy knows that her family would disapprove. However, the Professor immediately informs Amy's parents and then calls Reverend Preacherbot to deal with Bender, who is sent to a robosexual rehabilitation camp. While at her parent's ranch, where her parents continuously introduce her to non-robot suitors, Amy is saved by Fry, who poses as her new non-robot beau to get her parents off her back. The crew then rescues Bender from the rehabilitation camp. At the Planet Express building, Bender proposes to Amy. The Professor reminds them that robosexual marriage is illegal in New New York. To fight against this, Bender and Amy launch a campaign for the legalization of robosexual marriage.
They launch "Proposition Infinity" ("Proposition ∞") which, in days before the election, slumps in the polls. Amy loses hope, but Bender says that they will win due to his upcoming debate against Professor Farnsworth, the leader of the Proposition Infinity opposition. At the debate (moderated by the head of George Takei
George Takei
George Hosato Takei Altman is an American actor, author, social activist and former civil politician. He is best known for his role in the television series Star Trek and its film spinoffs, in which he played Hikaru Sulu, helmsman of the...
) Bender gives a heartfelt speech, which the audience applauds. The Professor follows with his rebuttal, relaying a story from his past where he was in love with a fellow scientist named Eunice whom he later discovered in bed with a robot, breaking his heart. Because of this, the Professor hates robosexuals. This does not impress the audience. Frustrated by the audience's lack of sympathy for his cause, he accidentally admits that Eunice was actually a robot. Having suppressed the truth for so long, Farnsworth reveals that the robot's name was actually Unit and that he caught her in bed with another robot. With his heart broken, he takes his anger out on other robosexuals. After admitting the truth, the Professor withdraws his argument, now fully in support of Proposition Infinity. The next day the proposition is approved. Amy is ecstatic, but Bender quickly dumps her when he realizes marriage means that he must be monogamous. Amy is dejected, but Kif wins back her heart by adopting a bad boy persona and the two ride off together on a motorcycle.
Production
The episode was inspired by the controversy that arose from California Proposition 8California Proposition 8 (2008)
Proposition 8 was a ballot proposition and constitutional amendment passed in the November 2008 state elections...
in the United States during 2008 and was written by Michael Rowe
Michael Rowe
Michael "Mike" Rowe is a television writer, producer and comedian. He has written for Becker, The Nanny, Futurama and Family Guy, as well as writing the episode of The PJs, "A Race to His Credit".-Becker episodes:...
. The episode was directed by Crystal Chesney-Thompson. George Takei
George Takei
George Hosato Takei Altman is an American actor, author, social activist and former civil politician. He is best known for his role in the television series Star Trek and its film spinoffs, in which he played Hikaru Sulu, helmsman of the...
returns as a guest star, voicing himself.
According to Cohen, the writing team's approach when using pop culture references as an episode's main subject is to modify them into futuristic versions to avoid being dated, noting that being a science fiction
Science fiction
Science fiction is a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, and paranormal abilities...
show, "some topics are probably not going to be around by the time the show airs." In particular, with "Proposition Infinity", they paid specific attention to developing the plot in a way that would "history-proof" the episode and avoid being over-politicized or "preachy." When taking on "real" social issues in the show, Cohen stated that one of their methods of keeping controversy from overwhelming the episode is to "futurize" issues until the audience is unlikely to have developed a strong opinion one way or another about the presented conflict. This was the method used for "Proposition Infinity", as the team felt that most viewers would not have a strong opinion for or against robot and human intermarriage, thus lightening the potentially polarizing nature of the source material.
Theme and cultural references
"Proposition Infinity" was inspired by the political battle over California Proposition 8 in the United States and heavily satirizes the controversy over same-sex marriageSame-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage is marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or social gender. Supporters of legal recognition for same-sex marriage typically refer to such recognition as marriage equality....
. The title is a reference to California Proposition 8 with the "8" sideways, thus becoming the symbol of infinity
Infinity
Infinity is a concept in many fields, most predominantly mathematics and physics, that refers to a quantity without bound or end. People have developed various ideas throughout history about the nature of infinity...
(∞). The camp where Bender is being reprogrammed parodies conversion therapy camps for homosexuals. The episode also satirizes the people against same-sex marriage, and in particular, the National Organization for Marriage
National Organization for Marriage
The National Organization for Marriage is a nonprofit political association established in 2007 to work against legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States, specifically to pass California Proposition 8 banning same-sex marriage in California...
(NOM); the episode depicts an anti-Proposition Infinity advertisement ("No on Infinity"), which is a direct parody of NOM's 2009 "Gathering Storm" campaign. Many of the jokes in the episode were inspired by the actual vote regarding Proposition 8 and similar legislative debates over same-sex marriage throughout the United States, with several critics noting that the episode was favorable toward same-sex marriage.
Openly gay actor George Takei guest stars in this episode, moderating the Proposition Infinity debate. Takei, a frequent guest star in the series, is an outspoken LGBT activist and marriage equality spokesperson. Takei married his partner, Brad Altman, on June 17, 2008 when same-sex marriage was legal in California. Despite the passing of Proposition 8
California Proposition 8 (2008)
Proposition 8 was a ballot proposition and constitutional amendment passed in the November 2008 state elections...
in November of that same year, which banned same-sex marriage in California, the California Supreme Court ruled that it did not affect same-sex marriages entered into before its passing, leaving Takei and Altman's marriage still legal and valid.
The episode revisits the concept of robosexuality as a social taboo in the future society depicted in Futurama and is more explicit in its analogy to prejudice and stigma surrounding homosexuality
Homosexuality
Homosexuality is romantic or sexual attraction or behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality refers to "an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectional, or romantic attractions" primarily or exclusively to people of the same...
. The stigmatization of robosexuality and the term "robosexual" were first mentioned in the series pilot "Space Pilot 3000
Space Pilot 3000
"Space Pilot 3000" is the pilot episode of Futurama, which originally aired in North America on March 28, 1999 on Fox. The episode focuses on the cryogenic freezing of the series protagonist, Philip J. Fry, and the events when he awakens 1,000 years in the future...
". The issue is expanded upon in more detail in the season 3 episode "I Dated a Robot
I Dated a Robot
"I Dated a Robot" is the fifteenth episode in season three of Futurama. It originally aired on May 13, 2001.-Plot:After the crew sees an episode of The Scary Door, Fry decides to do all the things he always wanted to do and the Planet Express crew obliges...
" in which Fry dates a robot Lucy Liu
Lucy Liu
Lucy Alexis Liu is an American actress and film producer. She became known for playing the role of the vicious and ill-mannered Ling Woo in the television series Ally McBeal , and has also appeared in several Hollywood films including Charlie's Angels, Chicago, Kill Bill, and Kung Fu Panda.-Early...
, to the disapproval of the other characters. Co-producer David X. Cohen noted that the writing team had tried to maintain robosexual relationships as a taboo throughout the series.
Broadcast and reception
"Proposition Infinity" originally aired July 8, 2010 on Comedy CentralComedy Central
Comedy Central is an American cable television and satellite television channel that carries comedy programming, both original and syndicated....
. In its original American broadcast, "Proposition Infinity" was viewed by an estimated 2.013 million households with a 1.3 rating/2% share in the Nielsen ratings
Nielsen Ratings
Nielsen ratings are the audience measurement systems developed by Nielsen Media Research, in an effort to determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States...
and a 1.0 rating/3% share in the 18-49 demographic, going down one tenth of a point from the previous week's episode "Attack of the Killer App
Attack of the Killer App
"Attack of the Killer App" is the third episode of the sixth season of the animated sitcom, Futurama which first aired July 1, 2010 on Comedy Central. The episode focuses on the release of the new eyePhone, resulting in Fry posting a viral video of Leela on the Internet...
". In interviews leading up to the premiere of season six, David X. Cohen stated that he considers this one of his favorite episodes of Futuramas sixth season
Futurama (season 6)
Futurama sixth production season originally aired on Comedy Central from June 24, 2010 to September 8, 2011 and consisted of 26 episodes. The season marks the change of networks from Fox to Comedy Central.David X...
.
"Proposition Infinity" received mostly positive reviews from critics. Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club
The A.V. Club
The A.V. Club is an entertainment newspaper and website published by The Onion. Its features include reviews of new films, music, television, books, games and DVDs, as well as interviews and other regular offerings examining both new and classic media and other elements of pop culture. Unlike its...
wrote: "This is the series I've been missing for years. It was goofy, spastic, over-stuffed, occasionally cruel, and bizarrely sincere." He graded the episode A-, praising the "No on Infinity" ad parody and reappearances of George Takei and Hedonismbot in particular. Sean Gandert of Paste
Paste (magazine)
Paste is a monthly music and entertainment digital magazine published in the United States by Wolfgang's Vault. Its tagline is "Signs of Life in Music, Film and Culture."-History:...
wrote: "I’d like to see them lay off the contemporary commentary episodes for a bit, but other than that it was exactly what any fan of the show would hope for." Danny Gallagher of TVSquad stated that the episode's "robotic take on the needless hysteria and blatant hypocricy [sic] of gay marriage was not only steeped in satiric goodness, but it was downright hilarious." He felt that the episode's writing was an improvement over the previous episodes in the season and that it "really used the storied and rich history of the characters to its advantage." In particular, Gallagher praised Takei's cameo as one of the episode's funniest, even stating it to be one of the series' best. Alasdair Wilkins of io9
Io9
io9 is a blog launched in 2008 by Gawker Media. The blog focuses on the subjects of science fiction, futurism, and advancements in the fields of science and technology....
also praised the episode, calling it "a triumph for the new Futurama, and just the sort of episode that leaves me convinced that the show's revival was completely worthwhile." Michelle Castillo of Television on Today enjoyed the attack on California Proposition 8, stating that the episode "poked fun at the issues in the unique way that only 'Futurama' can pull off."
Robert Canning of IGN
IGN
IGN is an entertainment website that focuses on video games, films, music and other media. IGN's main website comprises several specialty sites or "channels", each occupying a subdomain and covering a specific area of entertainment...
gave the episode a more mixed review, stating that he felt the relationship between Bender and Amy was only used to serve the purposes of the story and felt unnatural compared to the relationship between Fry and the Lucy Liu-bot in the similarly themed season 3 episode "I Dated a Robot". He found the jokes funny, stating that they "delivered plenty of hilarious observations regarding gay marriage and the movements surrounding it, but the story was incredibly hollow."
See also
- California Proposition 8 (2008)California Proposition 8 (2008)Proposition 8 was a ballot proposition and constitutional amendment passed in the November 2008 state elections...
- Same-sex marriage in the United StatesSame-sex marriage in the United StatesThe federal government does not recognize same-sex marriage in the United States, but such marriages are recognized by some individual states. The lack of federal recognition was codified in 1996 by the Defense of Marriage Act, before Massachusetts became the first state to grant marriage licenses...
External links
- "Proposition Infinity" at Yahoo TV