Psilocybe zapotecorum
Encyclopedia
Psilocybe zapotecorum is a psilocybin mushroom
which has psilocybin
and psilocin
as main active compounds.
It is in the section Zapotecorum, other members of this section include Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata
, Psilocybe argentipes
, Psilocybe aucklandii
, Psilocybe barrerae
, Psilocybe collybioides, Psilocybe graveolens
, Psilocybe kumaenorum
, Psilocybe muliercula
, Psilocybe microcystidia, Psilocybe pintonii
, Psilocybe sanctorum
, Psilocybe subcaerulipes
, and Psilocybe zapotecorum var. ramulosum.
, as well as the area they inhabited.
is 2–13 cm, conical to convex, and very rarely expanding to plane in age. The margin wavy sometimes with an acute papilla
or mamilla
, usually umbonate or with a depressed center. In young specimens the margin has a scalloped edge which sometimes curls upwards as the mushroom matures. The cap is yellowish brown to tan, fading to cream-yellow then brown and finally black through age. The flesh is originally white but soon changes to a cyan blue, then quickly to black.
s are dark violet brown, oblong to ellipsoid to subrhomboid, and thin-walled. They are 7 by 4 µm.
is 3–26 cm long, and 0.5–1 cm thick. It is central, flexuous, cylindric or slightly flattened, and hollow. It can be white to grey, turning yellowish, blue, and black in age. The entire stem is covered with many white scales which are more pronounced in the lower part of the stipe. The partial veil is white and arachnoid, disappearing in age. Often a long pseudorrhiza can be found attached the base of the stipe. Strongly bruising blue then black where damaged.
-and-pine forests, or cloud forest
s.
Psilocybe zapotecorum is often found in subtropical forests containing Alnus sp., Magnolia
sp., Fraxinus sp., Quercus sp., large pine
s, and blackberry
bushes.
Psilocybe zapotecorum grows in Argentina
, Brazil
, Chile
, Colombia
, Mexico
, and Peru
.
Psilocybin mushroom
Psilocybin mushrooms are fungi that contain the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin. There are multiple colloquial terms for psilocybin mushrooms, the most common being shrooms or magic mushrooms....
which has psilocybin
Psilocybin
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug, with mind-altering effects similar to those of LSD and mescaline, after it is converted to psilocin. The effects can include altered thinking processes, perceptual distortions, an altered sense of time, and spiritual experiences, as well as...
and psilocin
Psilocin
Psilocin , an aromatic compound, sometimes also spelled psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin, is a psychedelic mushroom alkaloid. It is found in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin...
as main active compounds.
It is in the section Zapotecorum, other members of this section include Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata
Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata
Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata is a species of mushroom in the Strophariaceae family....
, Psilocybe argentipes
Psilocybe argentipes
Psilocybe argentipes is a species of fungus in the Strophariaceae family of mushrooms. It is endemic to Japan. Fruit bodies grow on the ground in woody debris, and typically stand tall with caps that are in diameter. They are chestnut brown , and stain blue if bruised or handled...
, Psilocybe aucklandii
Psilocybe aucklandii
Psilocybe aucklandii is a psychedelic mushroom, which has psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds.- Description :Psilocybe aucklandii has a farinaceous smell and taste....
, Psilocybe barrerae
Psilocybe barrerae
Psilocybe barrerae is a species of mushroom in the Strophariaceae family....
, Psilocybe collybioides, Psilocybe graveolens
Psilocybe graveolens
Psilocybe graveolens is an extremely rare psilocybin mushroom in the section Zapotacorum, which has psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds, discovered in the salt marshes or "meadows" of Hackensack, New Jersey...
, Psilocybe kumaenorum
Psilocybe kumaenorum
Psilocybe kumaenorum is a species of mushroom in the Strophariaceae family. The mushroom contains the medicinal compound psilocybin....
, Psilocybe muliercula
Psilocybe muliercula
Psilocybe muliercula is a species of mushroom in the Strophariaceae family. The mushroom is native to Mexico and contains the compound psilocybin....
, Psilocybe microcystidia, Psilocybe pintonii
Psilocybe pintonii
Psilocybe pintonii is a species of mushroom in the Strophariaceae family....
, Psilocybe sanctorum
Psilocybe sanctorum
Psilocybe sanctorum is a species of mushroom in the Strophariaceae family. The mushroom contains the medicinal compound psilocybin....
, Psilocybe subcaerulipes
Psilocybe subcaerulipes
Psilocybe subcaerulipes is a species of mushroom in the Strophariaceae family. The mushroom contains the medicinal compound psilocybin....
, and Psilocybe zapotecorum var. ramulosum.
Etymology and History
It is named for the Zapotec Indians, who are native to MexicoMexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
, as well as the area they inhabited.
- 1958-9: Roger HeimRoger HeimRoger Heim was a French botanist specialising in mycology and tropical phytopathology. He was known for his studies describing the anatomy of the mushroom hymenium, the systematics and phylogeny of higher fungi , the mycology of tropical fungi such as...
published the first description of this fungus. Albert HofmannAlbert HofmannAlbert Hofmann was a Swiss scientist known best for being the first person to synthesize, ingest and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide . He authored more than 100 scientific articles and a number of books, including LSD: My Problem Child...
also finds Psilocybin.
- 1963: Roger HeimRoger HeimRoger Heim was a French botanist specialising in mycology and tropical phytopathology. He was known for his studies describing the anatomy of the mushroom hymenium, the systematics and phylogeny of higher fungi , the mycology of tropical fungi such as...
describes this mushroom in the work "Les Champignons Toxiques et Hallucinogènes."
- 1976: Jonathan OttJonathan OttJonathan Ott is an ethnobotanist, writer, translator, publisher, natural products chemist and botanical researcher in the area of entheogens and their cultural and historical uses, and helped coin the term "entheogen".-Writings:...
and Gaston GuzmanGastón GuzmánGastón Guzmán is a Mexican mycologist and anthropologist. He is considered the world's foremost authority on the genus Psilocybe.He was born in Xalapa, Veracruz, in 1932....
publish again about the fungus, but describe it as Psilocybe candidipes.
Cap
The capPileus (mycology)
The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus...
is 2–13 cm, conical to convex, and very rarely expanding to plane in age. The margin wavy sometimes with an acute papilla
Plant cuticle
Plant cuticles are a protective waxy covering produced only by the epidermal cells of leaves, young shoots and all other aerial plant organs without periderm...
or mamilla
Mamilla
Mamilla was an early neighbourhood constructed outside Jerusalem's Old City west from the Jaffa Gate, and now refers to the $400 million commercial and housing district developed in selected parts of the area....
, usually umbonate or with a depressed center. In young specimens the margin has a scalloped edge which sometimes curls upwards as the mushroom matures. The cap is yellowish brown to tan, fading to cream-yellow then brown and finally black through age. The flesh is originally white but soon changes to a cyan blue, then quickly to black.
Gills
Psilocybe zapotecorum gills are a cream color when young and violet brown in age, with an attachment that is sinuate or adnate, and sometimes subdecurrent.Spores
The sporeSpore
In biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many bacteria, plants, algae, fungi and some protozoa. According to scientist Dr...
s are dark violet brown, oblong to ellipsoid to subrhomboid, and thin-walled. They are 7 by 4 µm.
Stipe
The stipeStipe (mycology)
thumb|150px|right|Diagram of a [[basidiomycete]] stipe with an [[annulus |annulus]] and [[volva |volva]]In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal...
is 3–26 cm long, and 0.5–1 cm thick. It is central, flexuous, cylindric or slightly flattened, and hollow. It can be white to grey, turning yellowish, blue, and black in age. The entire stem is covered with many white scales which are more pronounced in the lower part of the stipe. The partial veil is white and arachnoid, disappearing in age. Often a long pseudorrhiza can be found attached the base of the stipe. Strongly bruising blue then black where damaged.
Distribution and habitat
Psilocybe zapotecorum grows solitarily or gregariously, sometimes in cespitose clusters of around a hundred mushrooms. It is found near rivers, creaks and ravines, sometimes growing directly from steep mossy ravine walls. Psilocybe zapotecorum is also found in humid and shadowed places in mesophytic forests, oakOak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus , of which about 600 species exist. "Oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus...
-and-pine forests, or cloud forest
Cloud forest
A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally tropical or subtropical evergreen montane moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level. Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and...
s.
Psilocybe zapotecorum is often found in subtropical forests containing Alnus sp., Magnolia
Magnolia
Magnolia is a large genus of about 210 flowering plant species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the family Magnoliaceae. It is named after French botanist Pierre Magnol....
sp., Fraxinus sp., Quercus sp., large pine
Pine
Pines are trees in the genus Pinus ,in the family Pinaceae. They make up the monotypic subfamily Pinoideae. There are about 115 species of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species.-Etymology:...
s, and blackberry
Blackberry
The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by any of several species in the Rubus genus of the Rosaceae family. The fruit is not a true berry; botanically it is termed an aggregate fruit, composed of small drupelets. The plants typically have biennial canes and perennial roots. Blackberries and...
bushes.
Psilocybe zapotecorum grows in Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
, Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
, Colombia
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
, Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
, and Peru
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
.