Puxian Wannu
Encyclopedia
Púxiān Wànnú was a Jurchen warlord
who established the short-lived kingdom of Eastern Xia in 13th century China .
He originally served the dying Jin Dynasty under pressure from the Mongol Empire
. While the Mongols
under Genghis Khan
invaded Jin, a Khitan
chief Yelü Liuge (耶律留哥) revolted against the dynasty in Liaodong in 1211 and made contact with the Mongol Empire in the next year. In 1214 Jin dispatched Puxian Wannu to Liaodong, but he was defeated around Kaiyuan
. While Mukhali
of the Mongol Empire invaded Northern China, Puxian Wannu rebelled against Jin and founded the Dazhen (大眞) kingdom in Dongjing (Liaoyang
) in 1215. He adopted the title of Tianwang
(天王 lit. Heavenly King) and named his era
Tiantai (天泰).
As a result of an internal strife in the so-called bogus Liao (为辽国/偽遼國), Yelü Liuge was expelled and sought support from Genghis. The Khitans got a counterattack from Jin and fled to Goryeo without permission. Puxian Wannu capitulated to Mukhali's army and sent his son Tege (帖哥/鐵哥 Tiěgē) as a hostage in 1216. However, he revolted soon after that and fled to an island while the Mongol army invaded Liaoxi and Liaodong.
In 1217 he moved from Dongjing to the Tumen River
basin possibly to avoid both Mongol and Jin oppressions. He again named his kingdom Dongxia (东夏/東夏), put the capital around Yanji
and called it Nanjing (南京 literally: southern capital). His domain spread north to Laoyeling mountains, south to Hamgyŏngnamdo, North Korea, east to the Sea of Japan and west to the Zhangguangcailing mountains. That covers borderlands of China, Russia and North Korea.
The name of the kingdom is controversial. Chinese documents call it Dongxia but Goryeo almost always called it Dongzhen (东夏/東眞). Yanai Wataru insisted that 夏 (Xià) was a misinterpretation of 眞 (Zhèn). In the meanwhile Ikeuchi Hiroshi claimed that Dongzhen was an abbreviated form of Dong Nüzhen 东女眞/東女眞 (Eastern Jurchen) and was just an alias.
He seems to have submitted to the Mongol Empire again. In 1218 the Mongol and Dongxia armies jointly intruded to Goryeo to subdue the Khitan remnants. Goryeo also joineČd the campaign and the Khitans were exterminated. The Mongol army úretreated after establishing the "sibling" relationship with Goryeo. Mongol officers with Dongxia delegates came to Goryeo to exact tribute.
In 1222 Puxian Wannu revolted to the Mongol Empire yet again while Genghis Khan made an expedition toward the west. Since Goryeo rejected his demand for opening of trading posts on the border, he invaded Goryeo many times. In 1233 Ögedei's son Güyük
attacked Dongxia with large force and captured Puxian Wannu. The Jin Dynasty was overthrown in the next year.
Warlord
A warlord is a person with power who has both military and civil control over a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority. The term can also mean one who espouses the ideal that war is necessary, and has the means and authority to engage in war...
who established the short-lived kingdom of Eastern Xia in 13th century China .
He originally served the dying Jin Dynasty under pressure from the Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire , initially named as Greater Mongol State was a great empire during the 13th and 14th centuries...
. While the Mongols
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
under Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan , born Temujin and occasionally known by his temple name Taizu , was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death....
invaded Jin, a Khitan
Khitan people
thumb|250px|Khitans [[Eagle hunting|using eagles to hunt]], painted during the Chinese [[Song Dynasty]].The Khitan people , or Khitai, Kitan, or Kidan, were a nomadic Mongolic people, originally located at Mongolia and Manchuria from the 4th century...
chief Yelü Liuge (耶律留哥) revolted against the dynasty in Liaodong in 1211 and made contact with the Mongol Empire in the next year. In 1214 Jin dispatched Puxian Wannu to Liaodong, but he was defeated around Kaiyuan
Kaiyuan
Kaiyuan may refer to:Places* Kaiyuan, Liaoning , a county-level city in Liaoning, China* Kaiyuan, Yunnan , a county-level city in Yunnan* Kaiyuan Subdistrict, Xiamen , a subdistrict in Siming District, Xiamen, Fujian...
. While Mukhali
Mukhali
Mukhali was an important companion of Genghis Khan born of the Jalair clan in 1170. He served Genghis' enemy in his early days but was captured...
of the Mongol Empire invaded Northern China, Puxian Wannu rebelled against Jin and founded the Dazhen (大眞) kingdom in Dongjing (Liaoyang
Liaoyang
Liaoyang is a city in China, Liaoning province, located in the middle of the Liaodong Peninsula. The city is situated on the T'ai-tzu River and forms with Anshan a built up area of 2,057,200 inhabitants in 2010....
) in 1215. He adopted the title of Tianwang
Tian Wang
Tian Wang , translatable as either "heavenly prince" or "heavenly king," was a Chinese regal title that was most frequently used during the Sixteen Kingdoms era, among the kingdoms founded by members of the Wu Hu tribes, often used as an intermediate stage from claiming a prince/king title to an...
(天王 lit. Heavenly King) and named his era
Chinese era name
A Chinese era name is the regnal year, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers . Some emperors have several era names, one after another, where each beginning of a new era resets the numbering of the year back...
Tiantai (天泰).
As a result of an internal strife in the so-called bogus Liao (为辽国/偽遼國), Yelü Liuge was expelled and sought support from Genghis. The Khitans got a counterattack from Jin and fled to Goryeo without permission. Puxian Wannu capitulated to Mukhali's army and sent his son Tege (帖哥/鐵哥 Tiěgē) as a hostage in 1216. However, he revolted soon after that and fled to an island while the Mongol army invaded Liaoxi and Liaodong.
In 1217 he moved from Dongjing to the Tumen River
Tumen River
The Tumen River is a 521 km-long river that serves as part of the boundary between China, North Korea, and Russia, rising in Mount Baekdu and flowing into the Sea of Japan....
basin possibly to avoid both Mongol and Jin oppressions. He again named his kingdom Dongxia (东夏/東夏), put the capital around Yanji
Yanji
Yanji , also known as Yeon'gil from its Korean name , is the seat of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, eastern Jilin province, Northeast China. Its population is approximately 400,000 of which a large section is ethnic Korean...
and called it Nanjing (南京 literally: southern capital). His domain spread north to Laoyeling mountains, south to Hamgyŏngnamdo, North Korea, east to the Sea of Japan and west to the Zhangguangcailing mountains. That covers borderlands of China, Russia and North Korea.
The name of the kingdom is controversial. Chinese documents call it Dongxia but Goryeo almost always called it Dongzhen (东夏/東眞). Yanai Wataru insisted that 夏 (Xià) was a misinterpretation of 眞 (Zhèn). In the meanwhile Ikeuchi Hiroshi claimed that Dongzhen was an abbreviated form of Dong Nüzhen 东女眞/東女眞 (Eastern Jurchen) and was just an alias.
He seems to have submitted to the Mongol Empire again. In 1218 the Mongol and Dongxia armies jointly intruded to Goryeo to subdue the Khitan remnants. Goryeo also joineČd the campaign and the Khitans were exterminated. The Mongol army úretreated after establishing the "sibling" relationship with Goryeo. Mongol officers with Dongxia delegates came to Goryeo to exact tribute.
In 1222 Puxian Wannu revolted to the Mongol Empire yet again while Genghis Khan made an expedition toward the west. Since Goryeo rejected his demand for opening of trading posts on the border, he invaded Goryeo many times. In 1233 Ögedei's son Güyük
Güyük Khan
Güyük was the third Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. As the eldest son of Ögedei Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan, he reigned from 1246 to 1248...
attacked Dongxia with large force and captured Puxian Wannu. The Jin Dynasty was overthrown in the next year.