Quarter Sawing
Encyclopedia
"History of Quarter Sawn Wood"
Henry W. Maley (1860-1908)is known as the Father of Quarter Sawed Oak. He was the owner of an Edinburgh, Indiana saw mill. In 1881, he accidentally discovered the method of sawing, while filling an order for a cabinet maker. He turned the large log, cutting it on the bias to get it to fit. When the wood order arrived in Indianapolis, the consignor believed it was a new kind of oak. He appreciated the pattern of the wood, using it for tabletops. He then ordered more. It soon became popular with furniture and desk manufacturers because it resists warping and twisting. For that reason, it later became popular for use in pianos, although poplar and ash were used. Henry Maley shared the method with others. His home is on the National Registry, and is currently a bed and breakfast known as the Edinburgh Bed and Breakfast at the1870 Toner-Maley House, where his exquisite woodwork can be viewed today.
Quarter sawing is a method of sawing logs. The resulting board
s are called quartersawn
.
Any time that boards are cut from a log they are cut along the length (axis) of the log. This can be done in three ways: flat- or plain-sawing (most common) quarter-sawing (less common) or rift sawing
(very rare.)
In flat sawing the log is passed through the blade cutting off plank after plank without changing the orientation of the blade or log. The resulting planks have different annual ring orientations when viewed from the end. The annual rings in the first and last, the most outside, planks curve in long arcs almost parallel to the faces. The annual rings in the planks that are cut as the saw moves toward or away from the center of the log are short arcs that approach the faces at increasingly steeper angles, while the center planks have annual rings that are nearly perpendicular to the faces.
Quarter-sawing gets its name from the fact that the log is first quartered lengthwise, resulting in wedges with a right angle ending at approximately the center of the original log. Each quarter is then cut separately by tipping it up on its point and sawing boards successively along the axis. That results in boards with the annual rings mostly perpendicular to the faces. Quarter sawing yields boards with straight striped grain lines, greater stability than flatsawn wood, and a distinctive ray and fleck figure. It also yields narrower boards, because the log is first quartered, and is more wasteful.
Quartersawn boards can also be produced by cutting a board from one flat face of the quarter, flipping the wedge onto the other flat face to cut the next board, and so on.
Quartersawn boards have two advantages. They are more resistant against warping with changes in moisture. Shrinkage still occurs, but is less troublesome. In string instruments, the neck and fretboards are usually made from quartersawn wood since they must remain stable throughout the life of the instrument, to keep the tone as invariable as possible. In acoustic guitar
s, quartersawn wood is also often used for the sides which must be steam bent to produce compound curves. This is partly for structural reasons, but also for the aesthetics of highly figured timbers being highlighted when sawn this way.
The second advantage of quartersawn wood is the decorative pattern on the board, although this depends on the timber species. Flat sawn wood (especially oak) will often display a prominent wavy grain (sometimes called a cathedral-window pattern) caused by the saw cutting at a tangent to a growth ring; since in quartersawn wood the saw cuts across the growth rings, the visible grain is much straighter; it is this evenness of the grain that gives quartersawn wood its greater stability.
In addition to the grain, quartersawn wood (particularly oak) will also often display a pattern of medullary rays
, seen as subtle wavy ribbon-like patterns across the straight grain. Medullary rays grow in a radial fashion in the living tree, so while flat-sawing would cut across the rays, quarter-sawing puts them on the face of the board. This ray pattern has made quartersawn wood especially desirable for furniture and decorative panelling.
Quartersawn oak was a key feature of the decorative style of the American Arts and Crafts movement
, particularly the work of Gustav Stickley
, who said "The quartersawing method of cutting... renders quartersawn oak structurally stronger, also finer in grain, and, as shown before, less liable to warp and check than when sawn in any other way." Cheaper copies of Stickley's furniture were sometimes made with the less-expensive ash
stained to resemble oak, but it can be identified by its lack of rays.
Quarter sawing is sometimes confused with the much less common "rift sawing
." In quartersawn wood, only the center board of the quarter-log is cut with the growth rings truly perpendicular to the surface of the board. The smaller boards cut from either side have grain increasingly skewed. Riftsawn wood has every board cut along a radius of the original log, so each board has a perpendicular grain, with the growth rings oriented at right angles to the surface of the board. However, since this produces a great deal of waste (in the form of wedge-shaped scraps from between the boards) rift-sawing is very seldom used. Quartersawn wood is thus seen as an acceptable compromise between economical but less-stable flatsawn wood (which, especially in oak, will often display the distinct "cathedral window" grain) and the expensively-wasteful riftsawn
wood, which has the straightest grain and thus the greatest stability.
Henry W. Maley (1860-1908)is known as the Father of Quarter Sawed Oak. He was the owner of an Edinburgh, Indiana saw mill. In 1881, he accidentally discovered the method of sawing, while filling an order for a cabinet maker. He turned the large log, cutting it on the bias to get it to fit. When the wood order arrived in Indianapolis, the consignor believed it was a new kind of oak. He appreciated the pattern of the wood, using it for tabletops. He then ordered more. It soon became popular with furniture and desk manufacturers because it resists warping and twisting. For that reason, it later became popular for use in pianos, although poplar and ash were used. Henry Maley shared the method with others. His home is on the National Registry, and is currently a bed and breakfast known as the Edinburgh Bed and Breakfast at the1870 Toner-Maley House, where his exquisite woodwork can be viewed today.
Quarter sawing is a method of sawing logs. The resulting board
Board
-Flat surface:* Lumber, or other rigid material, milled or sawn flat** See :Category:Engineered wood** Cutting board** Sounding board, of a musical instrument* Cardboard* Paperboard*Corrugated fiberboard*Fiberboard*Particle board, also known as chipboard...
s are called quartersawn
Quartersawn
thumb|250px|quarter sawn surface, showing ray fleck In speaking of wood, the term quartermortersawn is properly used for wood that is cut exactly radially , or to put it differently, at right angles to the growth rings...
.
Any time that boards are cut from a log they are cut along the length (axis) of the log. This can be done in three ways: flat- or plain-sawing (most common) quarter-sawing (less common) or rift sawing
Rift sawing
thumb|250px|Schematic Riftsawn log using a common techniqueRift sawing is a technique of cutting boards from logs. Each board is cut along a radius of the original log, so that the saw cuts at right angles to the tree's growth ring. This produces lumber of great stability...
(very rare.)
In flat sawing the log is passed through the blade cutting off plank after plank without changing the orientation of the blade or log. The resulting planks have different annual ring orientations when viewed from the end. The annual rings in the first and last, the most outside, planks curve in long arcs almost parallel to the faces. The annual rings in the planks that are cut as the saw moves toward or away from the center of the log are short arcs that approach the faces at increasingly steeper angles, while the center planks have annual rings that are nearly perpendicular to the faces.
Quarter-sawing gets its name from the fact that the log is first quartered lengthwise, resulting in wedges with a right angle ending at approximately the center of the original log. Each quarter is then cut separately by tipping it up on its point and sawing boards successively along the axis. That results in boards with the annual rings mostly perpendicular to the faces. Quarter sawing yields boards with straight striped grain lines, greater stability than flatsawn wood, and a distinctive ray and fleck figure. It also yields narrower boards, because the log is first quartered, and is more wasteful.
Quartersawn boards can also be produced by cutting a board from one flat face of the quarter, flipping the wedge onto the other flat face to cut the next board, and so on.
Quartersawn boards have two advantages. They are more resistant against warping with changes in moisture. Shrinkage still occurs, but is less troublesome. In string instruments, the neck and fretboards are usually made from quartersawn wood since they must remain stable throughout the life of the instrument, to keep the tone as invariable as possible. In acoustic guitar
Acoustic guitar
An acoustic guitar is a guitar that uses only an acoustic sound board. The air in this cavity resonates with the vibrational modes of the string and at low frequencies, which depend on the size of the box, the chamber acts like a Helmholtz resonator, increasing or decreasing the volume of the sound...
s, quartersawn wood is also often used for the sides which must be steam bent to produce compound curves. This is partly for structural reasons, but also for the aesthetics of highly figured timbers being highlighted when sawn this way.
The second advantage of quartersawn wood is the decorative pattern on the board, although this depends on the timber species. Flat sawn wood (especially oak) will often display a prominent wavy grain (sometimes called a cathedral-window pattern) caused by the saw cutting at a tangent to a growth ring; since in quartersawn wood the saw cuts across the growth rings, the visible grain is much straighter; it is this evenness of the grain that gives quartersawn wood its greater stability.
In addition to the grain, quartersawn wood (particularly oak) will also often display a pattern of medullary rays
Medullary ray (botany)
In botany, Medullary rays refer to a characteristic found in woods. In this context the term refers to radial sheets or ribbons extending vertically through the tree across and perpendicular to the growth rings. Also called pith rays or wood rays, these formations of primarily parenchyma cells...
, seen as subtle wavy ribbon-like patterns across the straight grain. Medullary rays grow in a radial fashion in the living tree, so while flat-sawing would cut across the rays, quarter-sawing puts them on the face of the board. This ray pattern has made quartersawn wood especially desirable for furniture and decorative panelling.
Quartersawn oak was a key feature of the decorative style of the American Arts and Crafts movement
Arts and Crafts movement
Arts and Crafts was an international design philosophy that originated in England and flourished between 1860 and 1910 , continuing its influence until the 1930s...
, particularly the work of Gustav Stickley
Gustav Stickley
Gustav Stickley was a manufacturer of furniture and the leading proselytizer for the American Arts and Crafts movement, an extension of the British Arts and Crafts movement.-Biography:...
, who said "The quartersawing method of cutting... renders quartersawn oak structurally stronger, also finer in grain, and, as shown before, less liable to warp and check than when sawn in any other way." Cheaper copies of Stickley's furniture were sometimes made with the less-expensive ash
Ash tree
Fraxinus is a genus flowering plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae. It contains 45-65 species of usually medium to large trees, mostly deciduous though a few subtropical species are evergreen. The tree's common English name, ash, goes back to the Old English æsc, while the generic name...
stained to resemble oak, but it can be identified by its lack of rays.
Quarter sawing is sometimes confused with the much less common "rift sawing
Rift sawing
thumb|250px|Schematic Riftsawn log using a common techniqueRift sawing is a technique of cutting boards from logs. Each board is cut along a radius of the original log, so that the saw cuts at right angles to the tree's growth ring. This produces lumber of great stability...
." In quartersawn wood, only the center board of the quarter-log is cut with the growth rings truly perpendicular to the surface of the board. The smaller boards cut from either side have grain increasingly skewed. Riftsawn wood has every board cut along a radius of the original log, so each board has a perpendicular grain, with the growth rings oriented at right angles to the surface of the board. However, since this produces a great deal of waste (in the form of wedge-shaped scraps from between the boards) rift-sawing is very seldom used. Quartersawn wood is thus seen as an acceptable compromise between economical but less-stable flatsawn wood (which, especially in oak, will often display the distinct "cathedral window" grain) and the expensively-wasteful riftsawn
Rift sawing
thumb|250px|Schematic Riftsawn log using a common techniqueRift sawing is a technique of cutting boards from logs. Each board is cut along a radius of the original log, so that the saw cuts at right angles to the tree's growth ring. This produces lumber of great stability...
wood, which has the straightest grain and thus the greatest stability.