Quartz crisis
Encyclopedia
The Quartz Crisis, also known as the Quartz Revolution is a term used in the watchmaking industry to refer to the economic upheavals caused by the advent of quartz watches in the 1970s and early 1980s, which largely replaced mechanical watch
es. It caused a decline of the Swiss watchmaking industry, which chose to remain focused on traditional mechanical watches, while the majority of world watch production shifted to Asian companies who embraced the new technology.
During World War II, Swiss neutrality permitted the watch industry to continue making consumer time keeping apparatus while the major nations of the world shifted timing apparatus production to timing devices for military ordnance. As a result, the Swiss watch Industry enjoyed a well-protected monopoly. The industry prospered in the absence of any real competition. Thus, prior to the 1970s, the Swiss watch industry had 50% of the world watch market.
In 1954, Swiss engineer Max Hetzel developed an electronic wristwatch that used an electrically charged tuning fork powered by a 1.35 volt battery. The tuning fork resonated at precisely 360 Hz and it powered the hands of the watch through an electro-mechanical gear train. This watch was called the Accutron and was marketed by Bulova
, starting in 1960. Bulova did not however have the first battery powered wristwatch.
In the early 1950s a joint venture between the Elgin Watch Company
in the United States and Lip of France to produce an electromechanical watch - one powered by a small battery rather than an unwinding spring laid the groundwork for the quartz watch. And although the Lip-Elgin enterprise produced only prototypes, in 1957 the first battery-driven watch in production was the American-made Hamilton 500
.
Nonetheless, the Accutron was a powerful catalyst, as by that time the Swiss watch manufacturing industry was a mature industry with a centuries-old global market and deeply entrenched patterns of manufacturing, marketing and sales.
In 1962, the Centre Electronique Horloger (CEH), was established in Neuchâtel to develop a Swiss-made quartz wristwatch; while simultaneously in Japan, Seiko
was also working on an electric watch and developing quartz technology.
and a consortium of Switzerland’s top firms competed to develop the first quartz watch. One of the first successes was a portable quartz clock called the Seiko Crystal Chronometer QC-951. This portable clock was used as a backup timer for marathon events in the 1964 Summer Olympics
in Tokyo. In 1966 prototypes of the world’s first quartz pocketwatch were unveiled by Seiko and Longines
in the Neuchâtel Observatory’s 1966 competition.
On 25 December 1969, Seiko unveiled the quartz Astron
, the world’s first quartz watch. The first Swiss quartz analog watch -- the Ebauches SA Beta 21 containing the Beta 1 movement -- arrived at the 1970 Basel Fair.
On 6 May 1970, Hamilton introduced the Pulsar
- the world’s first electronic digital watch.
Despite these dramatic advancements the Swiss hesitated in embracing quartz watches. At the time Swiss mechanical watches dominated world markets. In addition, excellence in watchmaking was a large component of Swiss national identity. From their position of market strength, and with a national watch industry organized broadly and deeply to foster mechanical watches, many in Switzerland thought that moving into electronic watches was unnecessary. Others, outside of Switzerland, however, saw the advantage and further developed the technology, and by 1978 quartz watches overtook mechanical watches in popularity, plunging the Swiss watch industry into crisis while at the same time strengthening both the Japanese and American watch industries. This period of time was marked by a lack of innovation in Switzerland at the same time that the watch making industries of other nations were taking full advantage of emerging technologies, specifically, quartz watch technology, hence the term Quartz Crisis.
As a result of the economic turmoil that ensued, many once profitable and famous Swiss watch houses became insolvent and/or disappeared. The period of time completely upset the Swiss watch industry both economically and psychologically. During the 1970s and early 1980s, technological upheavals i.e. the appearance of the quartz technology, and an otherwise difficult economic situation resulted in a reduction in the size of the Swiss watch industry. Between 1970 and 1988 Swiss watch employment fell from 90,000 to 28,000.
Outside of Switzerland, the crisis is often referred to as the Quartz Revolution, particularly in the United States where many American companies had gone out of business or had been bought out by foreign interests by the 1960s. When the first quartz watches were introduced in 1969, the United States promptly took a technological lead in part due to microelectronics
research for military and space programs. It was American companies like Texas Instruments
, Fairchild, and National Semiconductor
, who started the mass production of digital quartz watches and made them affordable. Though by 1978 Hong Kong exported the largest number of electronic watches worldwide. US semiconductor companies pulled out of the watch market entirely. With the sole exception of Timex
, the remaining traditional American watch companies, including Hamilton, went out of business and sold their brand names to foreign competitors.
. The Swatch would be instrumental in reviving the Swiss watch industry giving a new bill of health to all brands concerned and gave rise to what would become the Swatch Group – the largest watch
manufacturer in the world.
The Swatch was sealed in a plastic case with no possibility of repair and was made by industrial robots. It also had a low number of moving parts (51) compared to about 91 for mechanical watches. Furthermore, production was automated, which resulted in a higher profitability.
The Swatch was a huge success. In less than two years, more than 2.5 million Swatches were sold.
Mechanical watch
A mechanical watch is a watch that uses a mechanical mechanism to measure the passage of time, as opposed to modern quartz watches which function electronically. It is driven by a spring which must be wound periodically...
es. It caused a decline of the Swiss watchmaking industry, which chose to remain focused on traditional mechanical watches, while the majority of world watch production shifted to Asian companies who embraced the new technology.
Swiss hegemony
In 1954, Swiss engineer Max Hetzel developed an electronic wristwatch that used an electrically charged tuning fork powered by a 1.35 volt battery. The tuning fork resonated at precisely 360 Hz and it powered the hands of the watch through an electro-mechanical gear train. This watch was called the Accutron and was marketed by Bulova
Bulova
Bulova is a corporation making luxury watches and clocks. It has its headquarters in Woodside, Queens, New York City.Bulova was founded and incorporated as the J. Bulova Company in 1875 by Joseph Bulova , an immigrant from Bohemia...
, starting in 1960. Bulova did not however have the first battery powered wristwatch.
In the early 1950s a joint venture between the Elgin Watch Company
Elgin Watch Company
The Elgin National Watch Company, most commonly known as just the Elgin Watch company was a major US watch company.-History:The Elgin National Watch Company, was founded in August 1864 as the National Watch Company. A number of former associates of the Waltham Watch Company and Chicago watchmaker J.C...
in the United States and Lip of France to produce an electromechanical watch - one powered by a small battery rather than an unwinding spring laid the groundwork for the quartz watch. And although the Lip-Elgin enterprise produced only prototypes, in 1957 the first battery-driven watch in production was the American-made Hamilton 500
Hamilton Watch Company
The Hamilton Watch Company was originally formed to produce high quality pocket watches and wristwatches mid-range and luxury. Hamilton would become a corporate conglomerate diversified in other operations...
.
Nonetheless, the Accutron was a powerful catalyst, as by that time the Swiss watch manufacturing industry was a mature industry with a centuries-old global market and deeply entrenched patterns of manufacturing, marketing and sales.
In 1962, the Centre Electronique Horloger (CEH), was established in Neuchâtel to develop a Swiss-made quartz wristwatch; while simultaneously in Japan, Seiko
Seiko
, more commonly known simply as Seiko , is a Japanese watch company.-History and ongoing developments:The company was founded in 1881, when Kintarō Hattori opened a watch and jewelry shop called in the Ginza area of Tokyo, Japan. Eleven years later, in 1892, he began to produce clocks under the...
was also working on an electric watch and developing quartz technology.
Technological revolution
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, both SeikoSeiko
, more commonly known simply as Seiko , is a Japanese watch company.-History and ongoing developments:The company was founded in 1881, when Kintarō Hattori opened a watch and jewelry shop called in the Ginza area of Tokyo, Japan. Eleven years later, in 1892, he began to produce clocks under the...
and a consortium of Switzerland’s top firms competed to develop the first quartz watch. One of the first successes was a portable quartz clock called the Seiko Crystal Chronometer QC-951. This portable clock was used as a backup timer for marathon events in the 1964 Summer Olympics
1964 Summer Olympics
The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan in 1964. Tokyo had been awarded with the organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics, but this honor was subsequently passed to Helsinki because of Japan's...
in Tokyo. In 1966 prototypes of the world’s first quartz pocketwatch were unveiled by Seiko and Longines
Longines
Longines is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in Saint-Imier, Switzerland. The company was originally founded by Auguste Agassiz in 1832 and it currently holds the oldest registered logo for a watch company . Longines is currently owned by the Swatch Group.Longines is known for its 'Aviators' watches...
in the Neuchâtel Observatory’s 1966 competition.
On 25 December 1969, Seiko unveiled the quartz Astron
Astron (wristwatch)
The Astron wristwatch, formally known as the Seiko Quartz-Astron 35SQ, was the world's first "quartz clock" wristwatch, i.e., one based on a quartz crystal oscillator...
, the world’s first quartz watch. The first Swiss quartz analog watch -- the Ebauches SA Beta 21 containing the Beta 1 movement -- arrived at the 1970 Basel Fair.
On 6 May 1970, Hamilton introduced the Pulsar
Pulsar (watch)
Pulsar is a brand of watch and a division of Seiko Watch Corporation of America . While Pulsar was the world's first electronic digital watch, today Pulsar watches are usually analog...
- the world’s first electronic digital watch.
The rise of quartz in the 1970s
As a result of the economic turmoil that ensued, many once profitable and famous Swiss watch houses became insolvent and/or disappeared. The period of time completely upset the Swiss watch industry both economically and psychologically. During the 1970s and early 1980s, technological upheavals i.e. the appearance of the quartz technology, and an otherwise difficult economic situation resulted in a reduction in the size of the Swiss watch industry. Between 1970 and 1988 Swiss watch employment fell from 90,000 to 28,000.
Outside of Switzerland, the crisis is often referred to as the Quartz Revolution, particularly in the United States where many American companies had gone out of business or had been bought out by foreign interests by the 1960s. When the first quartz watches were introduced in 1969, the United States promptly took a technological lead in part due to microelectronics
Microelectronics
Microelectronics is a subfield of electronics. As the name suggests, microelectronics relates to the study and manufacture of very small electronic components. Usually, but not always, this means micrometre-scale or smaller,. These devices are made from semiconductors...
research for military and space programs. It was American companies like Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments Inc. , widely known as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, United States, which develops and commercializes semiconductor and computer technology...
, Fairchild, and National Semiconductor
National Semiconductor
National Semiconductor was an American semiconductor manufacturer, that specialized in analog devices and subsystems,formerly headquartered in Santa Clara, California, USA. The products of National Semiconductor included power management circuits, display drivers, audio and operational amplifiers,...
, who started the mass production of digital quartz watches and made them affordable. Though by 1978 Hong Kong exported the largest number of electronic watches worldwide. US semiconductor companies pulled out of the watch market entirely. With the sole exception of Timex
Timex Group
Timex Group B.V., or Timex Group, is a Dutch holding company headquartered in Hoofddorp, the Netherlands, and the corporate parent of several watchmaking companies around the globe including Timex Group USA, Inc., TMX Philippines, Inc., and Timex Group India Ltd...
, the remaining traditional American watch companies, including Hamilton, went out of business and sold their brand names to foreign competitors.
The renaissance and the Swatch
By 1983, the crisis reached a critical point. The Swiss watch industry, which had 1,600 watchmakers in 1970, had now declined to 600. A research consortium, the Swiss ASUAG group (Société Générale de l’Horlogerie Suisse SA), was formed to save the industry and the result was launched in March 1983 – the SwatchSwatch
Swatch is a brand name for a line of wrist watches from the Swatch Group, a Swiss conglomerate with vertical control of the production of Swiss watches and related products...
. The Swatch would be instrumental in reviving the Swiss watch industry giving a new bill of health to all brands concerned and gave rise to what would become the Swatch Group – the largest watch
Watch
A watch is a small timepiece, typically worn either on the wrist or attached on a chain and carried in a pocket, with wristwatches being the most common type of watch used today. They evolved in the 17th century from spring powered clocks, which appeared in the 15th century. The first watches were...
manufacturer in the world.
The Swatch was sealed in a plastic case with no possibility of repair and was made by industrial robots. It also had a low number of moving parts (51) compared to about 91 for mechanical watches. Furthermore, production was automated, which resulted in a higher profitability.
The Swatch was a huge success. In less than two years, more than 2.5 million Swatches were sold.