Racehorse injuries
Encyclopedia
Racehorse injuries and fatalities are an unfortunate side effect of training and competition. All sports and exercises carry a risk of injury. Even walking can cause injury. In 2008, Peter Pan Stakes
winner Casino Drive
got a stone bruise while walking on Belmont Park's
horse paths the week before the Belmont Stakes
.
The big problem with equine injuries is that they so often result in death. A 2005 study by the United States Department of Agriculture found that injuries are the second leading cause of death in horses, second only to old age. Nureyev's
recovery from a broken leg while retired at stud in 1987 typifies the struggle horses have after being injured.
Two years after Secretariat's
recordbreaking US Triple Crown
took the sport to a new level of popularity, the breakdown and death of Ruffian
brought on a new era of safety concerns. Racehorses had been breaking down for centuries, but never before in an event so widely seen as the great match race between Ruffian and Foolish Pleasure
at Belmont Park
with 18 million viewers. The horse racing
industry has been trying to adapt to the increased safety concerns ever since. "I personally think that in a very real way, we're almost held to a higher standard because of the horses — they don't make the decision to do this. And I think that's fair," said Nick Nicholson, the president and chief executive of Keeneland
.
winner, Joe Cotton
had to be euthanized
after breaking his leg while tripping over two other horses who had fallen in front of him in an 1888 race. Accidents and disputes were so bad in 1732 England, soon after nobility first started racing Thoroughbred
s, that participants were ending up in court. The "Sport of Kings" has been described as an exercise in controlled chaos. The jockeys can be daredevils and the racehorses can be unpredictable. As a response to the chaos, stewardship of racing began to evolve in 1751 when the first set of recorded racing rules were printed and in 1752 when Britain's Jockey Club started to become racing's first regulatory authority.
Injuries, unlike accidents, do not happen by chance. The science of injury prevention has demonstrated that injuries and the events leading up to injuries are not random. Like disease, they follow a distinct pattern. Studying these patterns has made it possible to learn to predict and prevent injuries from occurring. Injuries, whether unintentional or intentional, can be considered any physical damage or harm caused to the body resulting in impairment or destruction of health. Injuries lead to death, disability, and financial loss. In 1990, apprentice jockey Benny Narvaez was paralyzed from the chest down after his horse threw him while jumping over another horse who had broken down directly in front of him during a race at Tampa Bay Downs. A jury found that Tampa Bay Downs was responsible for Narvaez's injury because the track veterinarian failed to perform an adequate pre-race examination on the horse that broke down.
by NBC
helped generate millions in revenue and much needed publicity for Thoroughbred racing in the mid to late 1980s. Since the inaugural running of the event in 1984, though, there has been an injury in virtually every Cup renewal. That national publicity backfired when horse racing increasingly came under attack from animal rights groups in the early 1990s. The shocking breakdown of Go for Wand
in the 1990 Breeders' Cup Distaff horrified everyone when the champion two-year-old and three-year-old filly
got back up after breaking her ankle and crossed the finish line on three legs. Then, in the 1992 Breeders' Cup Sprint, the five-year-old European horse Mr Brooks fractured his cannon bone and fell on top of his jockey, Lester Piggott. Piggott had told fellow European jockey Walter Swinburn before the race that the horse did not warm up well. Mr Brooks had also been reluctant to go in the starting gate before the race. There was so much controversy over the handling of Mr Brooks that the Breeder's Cup implemented rigid pre-race inspections in 1993. The resulting media pressure from the deaths of Go for Wand and Mr Brooks prompted racing industries around the world to make a concerted effort at determining the extent of the problem and the causes.
* Rate statistics are based on occurrences per 1,000 starts.
As evidenced by the death of 2006 Kentucky Derby
winner Barbaro
, not all racehorse fatalities are the direct result of injury. It wasn't the break in Barbaro's leg that necessitated his destruction, but the hoof disease laminitis
. Barbaro's team of doctors, led by Dr. Dean Richardson, were able to repair his broken leg, but not the excrutiatingly painful laminitis that followed. Support limb laminitis, which is the specific type Barbaro had, is caused by over-stressing the good leg during recovery from an injury in the opposite limb. A 1986 survey done by the Morris Animal Foundation found that laminitis was the fourth leading cause of death among horses. AAEP members ranked laminitis as the most important disease needing further research in 2009.
After the death of Barbaro
in 2006, the North American Thoroughbred industry came to realize that individual studies weren't adequate tools for evaluating ongoing efforts in injury prevention. The idea for an equine injury database came from the first Welfare and Safety of the Racehorse Summit in 2006. The database has three objectives: 1) to identify the frequency, type, and outcome of horse racing injuries using a standardized format that will generate valid composite statistics; 2) identify markers for horses at increased risk of injury; and 3) to serve as a data source for research directed at improving safety and preventing injuries. The Equine Injury Database (EID) was launched in 2008 following a one year pilot project where injury reports were submitted by racetracks in a hard copy form. InCompass Solutions, Inc. and The Jockey Club Technology Services, Inc., subsidiaries of The Jockey Club, underwrote the costs of the Database.
At a rate of 2.00 fatalities per 1,000 starts, two Thoroughbred racehorses die (on average) every day in North America. That incidence rate is also higher than it was in 1992, when it was 1.60 fatalities per 1,000 starts. Neither of those rates include training fatalities either. In states that track training fatalities, training accounts for nearly a third of the total fatalities. That would mean three Thoroughbred racehorses die every day from both training and racing combined.
Skeletal fractures account for 87% of fatal injuries. When a horse’s leg hits the ground at racing speed on a straightaway, it bears a load that is three times its weight (with the exception of harness racing
). When negotiating a turn, centrifugal force increases the load to between 5 and 10 times body weight. When a horse hits the ground, the repetitive impact produces microscopic cracks and crevices inside bone so tiny they are undetectable by standard X-rays. If the horse isn't given enough time for healthy bone tissue to repair the damage with a process called remodeling
, the cumulative stress can progress silently to the point where overload causes bones to break. The American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) recommends a period of rest of at least 10 days between races for all horses to provide an opportunity to refresh and diminish the volume of persistent cyclic loading.
Bucked shins is an inflammatory condition of the cannon bones. Bucked shins is a result of strain and excessive concussion to the cannon bone. The concussion comes from the rigorous training regimen that 2 year-olds often face and inability of the bone to adapt fast enough. 70% of young Thoroughbred racehorses in training develop the problem, usually in the first six months. As horses become older the cannon bone becomes stiffer and thus rarely will bucked shins occur again. Approximately 12% of horses that develop bucked shins go on to have stress or saucer fractures later. Bucked shins force 7% of racehorses to retire.
Splints
are new bone formation (exostoses) along the involved splint bone. In the young horse the interosseous ligament which attaches the splint bones to the cannon can become damaged or torn from the concussive and rotational forces of exercise. This will cause heat, pain and swelling in the area between the splint and the cannon. In an attempt to stabilise this damaged attachment, new bone will be laid down around the ligament resulting in the formation of a bony lump known as a splint. It is the size and position of this bony lump that determines whether a splint is likely to cause long-term lameness. The lump can interfere with the knee joint or the suspensory ligament, which runs down the back of the cannon bone. Splints force 7% of racehorses to retire.
Luxations are joint dislocations and account for 8% of fatal injuries. Fetlock
luxations account for 91% of all fatal luxation injuries. Due to the construction of the fetlock joint, luxation will result in either a complete rupture of the flexor tendons and suspensory ligament or a lateral disarticulation. The joint capsule may also be completely ruptured and the articular portion of the bones exposed to view.
An osselet
is inflammation (arthritis
) of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock) of the equine front leg. Osselets are a result of trauma, such as hard, heavy, or fast use, a slip or fall, or a direct blow to the joint. When the fetlock suffers trauma, enzymes and other agents from the joint lining are released that destroy tissue inside the joint. As the condition worsens, so does the horse's lameness, and the interior structures of the joints become more and more irritated. Osselets force 16% of racehorses to retire.
Carpitis is inflammation (arthritis) of the carpal joint (knee). Carpitis is caused by overextension of the carpus. Knee injuries, the second most common non-fatal career ending injury, force 16% of racehorses to retire.
A ruptured tendon usually refers to the complete separation of a tendon. Tendon separation results in a complete loss of the tendon fibers, a marked increase in tendon cross-sectional area, and loss of support in the limb. A totally ruptured superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) will cause a visible drop in the angle of the fetlock. Catastrophic ruptured tendons account for as much as 3% of all tendon injuries.
Tendinitis
is inflammation of a tendon. Tendons connect muscles to bone and normally have an elastic property so that they can stretch. Tendinitis occurs when the tendon is overstretched or overloaded, which causes straining (tearing) of individual or multiple fibers and the formation of a lesion. A lesion is strained tendon fibers with associated hemorrhage (bleeding) and edema (fluid retention). Often strained tendons go undetected or may be subclinical before the clinical signs of tendonitis are observed. Tendinitis is characterized by heat, swelling, and pain. Racehorses often experience tendinitis when transitioning from sedentary activity to conditioning work. Thus young horses and those returning to exercise from lay-off are those most expected to suffer from tendinitis. The incidence of tendon injuries is approximately 30% among Thoroughbred racehorses in training, mostly in the SDFT of the forelimbs. Horsemen frequently refer to tendonitis as bowed tendon due to the bowed appearance of the SDFT. Bowed tendons force 25% of racehorses to retire and are the most common non-fatal career ending injury. Racehorses are so often retired after tendinitis because as many as 70% will not be able to return to their previous level of performance and more than 66% of them will have a recurrence of injury.
Tendinosis
is chronic degeneration of a tendon without inflammation. It is caused by repetitive microtrauma and aging. Tendinosis is characterized by painful thickening and structural changes of the tendon. Tendinosis predisposes horses for Tendinitis and catastrophic ruptured tendons.
Desmitis is inflammation of a ligament. Ligaments connect bone to bone and, depending on individual function, are either compliant or noncompliant. Ligaments have less elasticity than tendons and can therefore be injured easily. Desmitis occurs most often when a horse overstrides, which causes a sprain (tear). Some occurrences of Desmitis may be difficult to detect because the ligament is deep within tissue. An injury to the collateral ligament of the fetlock predisposes the horse to fetlock luxation, the second most common fatal injury.
consists of the nostrils, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), diaphragm, and lungs.
Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
(EIPH) is bleeding in the lungs. There are many theories regarding the causes of EIPH. The most widely accepted theory is that the high blood pressure from heavy exercise coupled with vacuum-like effects that occur during a deep inhalation causes the capillaries to rupture. The prevalence of EIPH varies with the method used to detect it and the frequency with which horses are examined. Almost all Thoroughbred racehorses in active training have some degree of EIPH, as many as 93% according to The Merck Veterinary Manual. When examined after each of three races, 87% of Standardbred racehorses had evidence of EIPH on at least one occasion. That suggests that EIPH is as common in Standardbred racehorses as it is in Thoroughbred racehorses. Higher degrees of EIPH undoubtedly result in poor performance and, on rare occasions, death.
Epistaxis is EIPH characterized by blood appearing at the nostrils. Epistaxis is observed in approximately 5% of horses with EIPH. There are slight differences in the definition of a "bleeder" in various racing jurisdictions throughout the world. Some jurisdictions define bleeding as the appearance of blood at both nostrils, while other jurisdictions only require the appearance of blood at one nostril. There are also various regulations for each incident of bleeding throughout the world.
Hoof cracks are separations or breaks in the wall of a hoof. The most common type of hoof cracks are quarter cracks, which occur at the quarter, the thinnest and most delicate part of the hoof wall. Injury to the site may be the result of common things such as hard racetracks and uneven surfaces. Quarter cracks originate from the coronet and run down the hoof wall, rather than a sand crack that begins at the ground surface and runs up the hoof wall. Hoof cracks force 2% of racehorses to retire.
. Nottingham was the first to discontinue jumps racing in 1996, followed by Windsor in 1998 and Wolverhampton in 2002. Lingfield and Kempton have considered discontinuing jumps racing as well.
The Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association
(TOBA) statistics on racing related career ending injuries show that high grade races have a much lower rate of injury than low grade races. While this could be attributed to many factors, including the quality of the horse, economics, or medications, the trainer still must make the decision to run a horse or not to run a horse. Because leading trainers consistently get the best horses, injury rates by race grade should correspond to injury rates by trainer. John Gaines even said that trainers are so important, transcendent trainers like Ben Jones, Hirsch Jacobs, Woody Stephens, Bob Baffert, and Wayne Lukas are worth as much as a great stallion or a great broodmare. High grade races are considered stakes, allowance, and maiden special weight races. Low grade races are considered claiming and maiden claiming races.
North American racing is run on all three types of tracks and provides the best basis for a comparison on how track composition affects injuries and fatalities. The EID was finally able to provide statistics on racing related fatalities in March 2010. The TOBA leaked statistics on racing related career ending injuries three months later in June. The EID was able to supplement its March data with a release of a second year of statistics in December. Dr. Tim Parkin, a veterinarian and epidemiologist from the University of Glasgow who has been involved in the EID for more than a year, said that the addition of a second year of information enabled them to statistically validate the data. Not included in EID or TOBA statistics are training or non-race injuries.
The following tables show that the prevalence of Thoroughbred fatalities or career-ending injuries is greater on dirt tracks than it is on either turf or synthetic tracks.
2009-2010 EID Stats
† Approximations based on standard distribution of races per surface.
2008-2009 TOBA Stats
The TOBA statistics on racing related career ending injuries show that moisture has the opposite affect on dirt and turf tracks. Moisture causes more injuries on dirt tracks, while it reduces injuries on turf tracks. This table does not include data from tracks rated "Good" because that term applies to both dirt and turf.
2008-2009 TOBA Stats
Moisture can cause even bigger problems when combined with freezing temperatures. At Philadelphia Park Racetrack in Bensalem, a rash of breakdowns in the first two months of 2004 was blamed on the winter weather and track problems caused by thawing frost. In that short stretch of time, 12 horses were euthanized following races, and another one was destroyed after sustaining a training injury. The TOBA statistics on racing related career ending injuries show that cold weather racing causes almost twice as many injuries as warm weather racing (February's rate of 3.16 is 1.67 times larger than July's rate of 1.90). This graph is a plot of injury rates for different tracks based on when their racing seasons begin and end during the calendar year. To eliminate as many conflicting variables as possible, only North American tracks in temperate climates that race on dirt/turf and that run graded stakes races were used. The tracks were Aqueduct
, Belmont
, Churchill Downs
, Colonial Downs
, Hawthorne
, Laurel Park, Monmouth
, and Saratoga
.
Without better data, it is difficult to determine the effect moisture and freezing temperatures have on synthetic tracks. Golden Gate Fields has a relatively high career ending injury rate for a synthetic track and their racing season takes place during winter months, but the coldest temperatures average about 50 degrees Fahrenheit (18 degrees above freezing) in that part of California during that time of year. In Great Britain the fatal injury rate on turf is less than it is on synthetics, which is opposite of North American racing. Freezing temperatures could be the reason because winter racing on the flat only takes place on synthetic tracks in Great Britain. That could result in an increase of the fatality rate on synthetics, but not turf. This anecdotal evidence seems to indicate that synthetic tracks are negatively effected by moisture and freezing temperatures just like dirt and turf.
started tracking in 1950.
Those who argue the Thoroughbred is unsound also point to the fact that horse races are run over shorter distances today. Monmouth Park Racetrack
general manager Bob Kulina said long distance races disappeared across America because not enough horses entered to race. A prime example of a race that reduced its distance to keep drawing horses is the Jockey Club Gold Cup
.
Horse conformation, which is a visible outcome of breeding practices, clearly plays a significant role in injury.
Peter Pan Stakes
The Peter Pan Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually during the second week of May at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. A Grade II event, it is open to three-year-olds willing to race nine furlongs on the dirt....
winner Casino Drive
Casino Drive
Casino Drive is an American thoroughbred racehorse. He was sired by 2003 United States Horse of the Year Mineshaft, out of the great broodmare Better Than Honour, making him a half-brother to 2006 Belmont Stakes winner Jazil, and a three-quarter brother to 2007 Belmont Stakes winner, Rags to...
got a stone bruise while walking on Belmont Park's
Belmont Park
Belmont Park is a major thoroughbred horse-racing facility located in Elmont in the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, on Long Island adjoining New York City. It first opened on May 4, 1905...
horse paths the week before the Belmont Stakes
Belmont Stakes
The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held every June at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. It is a 1.5-mile horse race, open to three year old Thoroughbreds. Colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 pounds ; fillies carry 121 pounds...
.
The big problem with equine injuries is that they so often result in death. A 2005 study by the United States Department of Agriculture found that injuries are the second leading cause of death in horses, second only to old age. Nureyev's
Nureyev (horse)
Nureyev was a Kentucky-bred Thoroughbred racehorse and champion sire. As a racehorse he was best known as the disqualified "winner" of the 2000 Guineas in 1980.-Background:...
recovery from a broken leg while retired at stud in 1987 typifies the struggle horses have after being injured.
Two years after Secretariat's
Secretariat (horse)
Secretariat was an American Thoroughbred racehorse, that in 1973 became the first U.S. Triple Crown champion in 25 years, setting new race records in two of the three events in the Series—the Kentucky Derby , and the Belmont Stakes —records that still stand today.Secretariat was sired by Bold...
recordbreaking US Triple Crown
United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing
In the United States, the "Triple Crown" is usually the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, a series of three Thoroughbred horse races for three-year-old horses run in May and early June of each year consisting of the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes.While Daily Racing Form...
took the sport to a new level of popularity, the breakdown and death of Ruffian
Ruffian (horse)
Ruffian was an American champion thoroughbred racehorse. Ruffian is considered by many to be the greatest female racehorse in history. Ruffian is among the greatest U.S. racehorses of all time. Her story was told in 2007 film Ruffian.- Career :An almost coal black filly of 16 and a half hands,...
brought on a new era of safety concerns. Racehorses had been breaking down for centuries, but never before in an event so widely seen as the great match race between Ruffian and Foolish Pleasure
Foolish Pleasure
Foolish Pleasure is an American bay thoroughbred race horse who was born in Williston, Florida. He was one of the top three three-year-old colts of his time....
at Belmont Park
Belmont Park
Belmont Park is a major thoroughbred horse-racing facility located in Elmont in the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, on Long Island adjoining New York City. It first opened on May 4, 1905...
with 18 million viewers. The horse racing
Horse racing
Horse racing is an equestrian sport that has a long history. Archaeological records indicate that horse racing occurred in ancient Babylon, Syria, and Egypt. Both chariot and mounted horse racing were events in the ancient Greek Olympics by 648 BC...
industry has been trying to adapt to the increased safety concerns ever since. "I personally think that in a very real way, we're almost held to a higher standard because of the horses — they don't make the decision to do this. And I think that's fair," said Nick Nicholson, the president and chief executive of Keeneland
Keeneland
Keeneland is a Thoroughbred horse racing facility and sales complex in Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Operated by the Keeneland Association, Inc., it is also known for its reference library on the sport, which contains more than 10,000 volumes, an extensive videocassette collection, and a substantial...
.
Classification
The racing industry will always be faced with the unavoidable and inevitable accident when horses get bumped or tangled in traffic, trip, or take a bad step. 1885 Kentucky DerbyKentucky Derby
The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter mile at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry...
winner, Joe Cotton
Joe Cotton (horse)
Joe Cotton was an American Thoroughbred racehorse that is best known as the winner of the 1885 Kentucky Derby. He was by King Alfonso who was the sire of the 1880 winner Fonso...
had to be euthanized
Animal euthanasia
Animal euthanasia is the act of putting to death painlessly or allowing to die, as by withholding extreme medical measures, an animal suffering from an incurable, especially a painful, disease or condition. Euthanasia methods are designed to cause minimal pain and distress...
after breaking his leg while tripping over two other horses who had fallen in front of him in an 1888 race. Accidents and disputes were so bad in 1732 England, soon after nobility first started racing Thoroughbred
Thoroughbred
The Thoroughbred is a horse breed best known for its use in horse racing. Although the word thoroughbred is sometimes used to refer to any breed of purebred horse, it technically refers only to the Thoroughbred breed...
s, that participants were ending up in court. The "Sport of Kings" has been described as an exercise in controlled chaos. The jockeys can be daredevils and the racehorses can be unpredictable. As a response to the chaos, stewardship of racing began to evolve in 1751 when the first set of recorded racing rules were printed and in 1752 when Britain's Jockey Club started to become racing's first regulatory authority.
Injuries, unlike accidents, do not happen by chance. The science of injury prevention has demonstrated that injuries and the events leading up to injuries are not random. Like disease, they follow a distinct pattern. Studying these patterns has made it possible to learn to predict and prevent injuries from occurring. Injuries, whether unintentional or intentional, can be considered any physical damage or harm caused to the body resulting in impairment or destruction of health. Injuries lead to death, disability, and financial loss. In 1990, apprentice jockey Benny Narvaez was paralyzed from the chest down after his horse threw him while jumping over another horse who had broken down directly in front of him during a race at Tampa Bay Downs. A jury found that Tampa Bay Downs was responsible for Narvaez's injury because the track veterinarian failed to perform an adequate pre-race examination on the horse that broke down.
International Thoroughbred Fatality Rates
National television coverage of the Breeders' CupBreeders' Cup
The Breeders' Cup World Championships is an annual series of Thoroughbred horse races, most but not all Grade I, operated by Breeders' Cup Limited, a company formed in 1982. From its inception in 1984 through 2006, it was a single-day event; starting in 2007, it expanded to two days. The location...
by NBC
NBC
The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcasting television network and former radio network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Rockefeller Center with additional major offices near Los Angeles and in Chicago...
helped generate millions in revenue and much needed publicity for Thoroughbred racing in the mid to late 1980s. Since the inaugural running of the event in 1984, though, there has been an injury in virtually every Cup renewal. That national publicity backfired when horse racing increasingly came under attack from animal rights groups in the early 1990s. The shocking breakdown of Go for Wand
Go For Wand
Go For Wand was a champion American thoroughbred racehorse.Sired by Canadian Hall of Famer Deputy Minister, out of Obeah . Go For Wand was foaled and raised at Jane du Pont Lunger's Christiana Stables...
in the 1990 Breeders' Cup Distaff horrified everyone when the champion two-year-old and three-year-old filly
Filly
A filly is a young female horse too young to be called a mare. There are several specific definitions in use.*In most cases filly is a female horse under the age of four years old....
got back up after breaking her ankle and crossed the finish line on three legs. Then, in the 1992 Breeders' Cup Sprint, the five-year-old European horse Mr Brooks fractured his cannon bone and fell on top of his jockey, Lester Piggott. Piggott had told fellow European jockey Walter Swinburn before the race that the horse did not warm up well. Mr Brooks had also been reluctant to go in the starting gate before the race. There was so much controversy over the handling of Mr Brooks that the Breeder's Cup implemented rigid pre-race inspections in 1993. The resulting media pressure from the deaths of Go for Wand and Mr Brooks prompted racing industries around the world to make a concerted effort at determining the extent of the problem and the causes.
| Country |
Fatal Injury Rate* |
Time Period |
| Hong Kong | 0.70 | 1993-1994 |
| Australia | 0.89 | 1988-1995 |
| South Africa | 1.40 | 1988-1993 |
| United States | 1.60 | 1992 |
| Great Britain | 2.28 | 1990-1999 |
| Japan | 3.20 | 1985-1994 |
* Rate statistics are based on occurrences per 1,000 starts.
As evidenced by the death of 2006 Kentucky Derby
Kentucky Derby
The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter mile at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry...
winner Barbaro
Barbaro
Barbaro was an American thoroughbred who decisively won the 2006 Kentucky Derby, but shattered his leg two weeks later in the 2006 Preakness Stakes, ending his racing career and eventually leading to his death....
, not all racehorse fatalities are the direct result of injury. It wasn't the break in Barbaro's leg that necessitated his destruction, but the hoof disease laminitis
Laminitis
Laminitis is a disease that affects the feet of ungulates. It is best known in horses and cattle. Symptoms include lameness, and increased temperature in the hooves...
. Barbaro's team of doctors, led by Dr. Dean Richardson, were able to repair his broken leg, but not the excrutiatingly painful laminitis that followed. Support limb laminitis, which is the specific type Barbaro had, is caused by over-stressing the good leg during recovery from an injury in the opposite limb. A 1986 survey done by the Morris Animal Foundation found that laminitis was the fourth leading cause of death among horses. AAEP members ranked laminitis as the most important disease needing further research in 2009.
After the death of Barbaro
Barbaro
Barbaro was an American thoroughbred who decisively won the 2006 Kentucky Derby, but shattered his leg two weeks later in the 2006 Preakness Stakes, ending his racing career and eventually leading to his death....
in 2006, the North American Thoroughbred industry came to realize that individual studies weren't adequate tools for evaluating ongoing efforts in injury prevention. The idea for an equine injury database came from the first Welfare and Safety of the Racehorse Summit in 2006. The database has three objectives: 1) to identify the frequency, type, and outcome of horse racing injuries using a standardized format that will generate valid composite statistics; 2) identify markers for horses at increased risk of injury; and 3) to serve as a data source for research directed at improving safety and preventing injuries. The Equine Injury Database (EID) was launched in 2008 following a one year pilot project where injury reports were submitted by racetracks in a hard copy form. InCompass Solutions, Inc. and The Jockey Club Technology Services, Inc., subsidiaries of The Jockey Club, underwrote the costs of the Database.
| Country |
Fatal Injury Rate |
Time Period |
| U.S./Canada | 2.00 | 2009-2010 |
At a rate of 2.00 fatalities per 1,000 starts, two Thoroughbred racehorses die (on average) every day in North America. That incidence rate is also higher than it was in 1992, when it was 1.60 fatalities per 1,000 starts. Neither of those rates include training fatalities either. In states that track training fatalities, training accounts for nearly a third of the total fatalities. That would mean three Thoroughbred racehorses die every day from both training and racing combined.
Biological Systems & Associated Injuries
Injuries are a consequence of demand exceeding the capacity of the tissues and structures of the biological systems. The musculoskeletal system is by far the most commonly injured system.| System |
% of Fatal Injuries |
% of Non-Fatal Career Ending Injuries (NFCEI) |
| Musculoskeletal | 97% | ~81% |
| Respiratory | 1% | ~10% |
| Integumentary | 1% | ~2% |
| Cardiovascular | 1% |
Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system consists of the bones, cartilage, muscles, ligaments, and tendons.Skeletal fractures account for 87% of fatal injuries. When a horse’s leg hits the ground at racing speed on a straightaway, it bears a load that is three times its weight (with the exception of harness racing
Harness racing
Harness racing is a form of horse racing in which the horses race at a specific gait . They usually pull a two-wheeled cart called a sulky, although racing under saddle is also conducted in Europe.-Breeds:...
). When negotiating a turn, centrifugal force increases the load to between 5 and 10 times body weight. When a horse hits the ground, the repetitive impact produces microscopic cracks and crevices inside bone so tiny they are undetectable by standard X-rays. If the horse isn't given enough time for healthy bone tissue to repair the damage with a process called remodeling
Bone remodeling
Bone remodeling is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton and new bone tissue is formed...
, the cumulative stress can progress silently to the point where overload causes bones to break. The American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) recommends a period of rest of at least 10 days between races for all horses to provide an opportunity to refresh and diminish the volume of persistent cyclic loading.
Bucked shins is an inflammatory condition of the cannon bones. Bucked shins is a result of strain and excessive concussion to the cannon bone. The concussion comes from the rigorous training regimen that 2 year-olds often face and inability of the bone to adapt fast enough. 70% of young Thoroughbred racehorses in training develop the problem, usually in the first six months. As horses become older the cannon bone becomes stiffer and thus rarely will bucked shins occur again. Approximately 12% of horses that develop bucked shins go on to have stress or saucer fractures later. Bucked shins force 7% of racehorses to retire.
Splints
Splints
Splints is an ailment of the horse or pony, characterized by a hard, bony swelling, usually on the inside of a front leg, lying between the splint and cannon bone or on the splint bone itself. It may be "hot," meaning that it occurred recently and is still painful; or "cold," meaning that the...
are new bone formation (exostoses) along the involved splint bone. In the young horse the interosseous ligament which attaches the splint bones to the cannon can become damaged or torn from the concussive and rotational forces of exercise. This will cause heat, pain and swelling in the area between the splint and the cannon. In an attempt to stabilise this damaged attachment, new bone will be laid down around the ligament resulting in the formation of a bony lump known as a splint. It is the size and position of this bony lump that determines whether a splint is likely to cause long-term lameness. The lump can interfere with the knee joint or the suspensory ligament, which runs down the back of the cannon bone. Splints force 7% of racehorses to retire.
Luxations are joint dislocations and account for 8% of fatal injuries. Fetlock
Fetlock
Fetlock is the common name for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs. It is formed by the junction of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bones proximad and the proximal phalanx distad...
luxations account for 91% of all fatal luxation injuries. Due to the construction of the fetlock joint, luxation will result in either a complete rupture of the flexor tendons and suspensory ligament or a lateral disarticulation. The joint capsule may also be completely ruptured and the articular portion of the bones exposed to view.
An osselet
Osselet
-Location:Osselets usually occurs in the front legs of the horse, because there is more strain and concussion on the fetlock there than in the hind legs. The arthritis will occur at the joint between the cannon bone and large pastern bone, at the front of the fetlock.-Causes and...
is inflammation (arthritis
Arthritis
Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation of one or more joints....
) of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock) of the equine front leg. Osselets are a result of trauma, such as hard, heavy, or fast use, a slip or fall, or a direct blow to the joint. When the fetlock suffers trauma, enzymes and other agents from the joint lining are released that destroy tissue inside the joint. As the condition worsens, so does the horse's lameness, and the interior structures of the joints become more and more irritated. Osselets force 16% of racehorses to retire.
Carpitis is inflammation (arthritis) of the carpal joint (knee). Carpitis is caused by overextension of the carpus. Knee injuries, the second most common non-fatal career ending injury, force 16% of racehorses to retire.
A ruptured tendon usually refers to the complete separation of a tendon. Tendon separation results in a complete loss of the tendon fibers, a marked increase in tendon cross-sectional area, and loss of support in the limb. A totally ruptured superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) will cause a visible drop in the angle of the fetlock. Catastrophic ruptured tendons account for as much as 3% of all tendon injuries.
Tendinitis
Bowed tendon
Tendinitis/tendonitis is inflammation of a tendon. Many times, the tendon tissue is torn. A bowed tendon is a horseman's term for a tendon after a horse has sustained an injury that caused the tendon fibers to be torn, and then healed with "bowed" appearance.-Description of a Tendinitis in...
is inflammation of a tendon. Tendons connect muscles to bone and normally have an elastic property so that they can stretch. Tendinitis occurs when the tendon is overstretched or overloaded, which causes straining (tearing) of individual or multiple fibers and the formation of a lesion. A lesion is strained tendon fibers with associated hemorrhage (bleeding) and edema (fluid retention). Often strained tendons go undetected or may be subclinical before the clinical signs of tendonitis are observed. Tendinitis is characterized by heat, swelling, and pain. Racehorses often experience tendinitis when transitioning from sedentary activity to conditioning work. Thus young horses and those returning to exercise from lay-off are those most expected to suffer from tendinitis. The incidence of tendon injuries is approximately 30% among Thoroughbred racehorses in training, mostly in the SDFT of the forelimbs. Horsemen frequently refer to tendonitis as bowed tendon due to the bowed appearance of the SDFT. Bowed tendons force 25% of racehorses to retire and are the most common non-fatal career ending injury. Racehorses are so often retired after tendinitis because as many as 70% will not be able to return to their previous level of performance and more than 66% of them will have a recurrence of injury.
Tendinosis
Tendinosis
Tendinosis, sometimes called chronic tendinitis, tendinosus, chronic tendinopathy or chronic tendon injury, is damage to a tendon at a cellular level . It is thought to be caused by microtears in the connective tissue in and around the tendon, leading to an increase in tendon repair cells...
is chronic degeneration of a tendon without inflammation. It is caused by repetitive microtrauma and aging. Tendinosis is characterized by painful thickening and structural changes of the tendon. Tendinosis predisposes horses for Tendinitis and catastrophic ruptured tendons.
Desmitis is inflammation of a ligament. Ligaments connect bone to bone and, depending on individual function, are either compliant or noncompliant. Ligaments have less elasticity than tendons and can therefore be injured easily. Desmitis occurs most often when a horse overstrides, which causes a sprain (tear). Some occurrences of Desmitis may be difficult to detect because the ligament is deep within tissue. An injury to the collateral ligament of the fetlock predisposes the horse to fetlock luxation, the second most common fatal injury.
Respiratory System
The respiratory systemRespiratory system of the horse
In biology, the respiratory system of the horse is the means by which a horse circulates air around its internal organs.-Anatomy:The respiratory system begins with the nares, commonly known as the nostrils, which can expand greatly during intense exercise...
consists of the nostrils, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), diaphragm, and lungs.
Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage , also known as "bleeding" or a "bleeding attack", refers to the presence of blood in the airways of the lung in association with exercise. EIPH is common in horses undertaking intense exercise, but it has also been reported in human athletes, racing camels and...
(EIPH) is bleeding in the lungs. There are many theories regarding the causes of EIPH. The most widely accepted theory is that the high blood pressure from heavy exercise coupled with vacuum-like effects that occur during a deep inhalation causes the capillaries to rupture. The prevalence of EIPH varies with the method used to detect it and the frequency with which horses are examined. Almost all Thoroughbred racehorses in active training have some degree of EIPH, as many as 93% according to The Merck Veterinary Manual. When examined after each of three races, 87% of Standardbred racehorses had evidence of EIPH on at least one occasion. That suggests that EIPH is as common in Standardbred racehorses as it is in Thoroughbred racehorses. Higher degrees of EIPH undoubtedly result in poor performance and, on rare occasions, death.
Epistaxis is EIPH characterized by blood appearing at the nostrils. Epistaxis is observed in approximately 5% of horses with EIPH. There are slight differences in the definition of a "bleeder" in various racing jurisdictions throughout the world. Some jurisdictions define bleeding as the appearance of blood at both nostrils, while other jurisdictions only require the appearance of blood at one nostril. There are also various regulations for each incident of bleeding throughout the world.
| Country |
1st Incident |
2nd Incident |
3rd Incident |
| Australia | 3 mo. ban | retirement | |
| South Africa | 3 mo. ban | 6 mo. ban | retirement |
| Hong Kong | 3 mo. ban | 3 mo. ban or retirement | retirement |
| Japan | 1 mo. ban | 2 mo. ban | 3 mo. ban |
| Great Britain | none | none | none |
| United States | none | none | none |
Integumentary System
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hooves, hair, and glands.Hoof cracks are separations or breaks in the wall of a hoof. The most common type of hoof cracks are quarter cracks, which occur at the quarter, the thinnest and most delicate part of the hoof wall. Injury to the site may be the result of common things such as hard racetracks and uneven surfaces. Quarter cracks originate from the coronet and run down the hoof wall, rather than a sand crack that begins at the ground surface and runs up the hoof wall. Hoof cracks force 2% of racehorses to retire.
Risk Factors
The international community has identified important risk factors for injury or fatality in horse racing. These include: horse-related risk factors such as age, gender, and breeding; management-related risk factors such as training, medication, stewardship, economics, and jockeys; race-related factors such as type (flat or jump), distance, and field size; and track-related factors such as weather, surface, maintenance, and design. Injury, in particular catastrophic injury, is a multi‐factorial event that involves the complex interaction of a number of risk factors. The effect of each individual factor and its importance can be measured by evaluating its relative risk.| Factor |
Category |
Rate |
Relative Risk |
| Race Type | Jump | 8.30 | 18.86 |
| Flat | 0.44 | ||
| Medication | USA | 1.74 | 3.95 |
| AUS | 0.44 | ||
| Training | Low | 4.11 | 1.81 |
| High | 2.27 | ||
| Temperature | Cold | 3.16 | 1.67 |
| Hot | 1.90 | ||
| Surface | Dirt | 2.14 | 1.38 |
| AWT | 1.55 | ||
| Turf Moisture | Dry | 2.48 | 1.38 |
| Wet | 1.80 | ||
| Dirt Moisture | Wet | 4.42 | 1.22 |
| Dry | 3.63 |
Type
Jumps racing has long been steeped in controversy due to its high mortality rate. This brand of racing requires Thoroughbred horses to leap over a succession of fences and are generally run over longer distances. There are both hurdles (generally shorter with lower obstacles), and steeplechases (generally longer with higher obstacles). Animal welfare groups have been campaigning for around 30 years to abolish hurdle and steeplechase events in Australia. There are many aspects to the sport that pose serious risk to horses and it harms horses at a rate far above that of flat racing. In 1991, an Australian Senate Select Committee address on animal welfare concluded they had serious concerns about the welfare of horses in jumps races, and recommended that state governments across the country phase out jumps racing over a three year period. New Sout Wales and Tasmania abandoned the sport in 1997 and 2008 respectively, but Victoria and South Australia still continue. Jumps racing has never been the massive industry in Australia that it is in Britain and Ireland, but even there some tracks have discontinued National Hunt racingNational Hunt racing
National Hunt racing is the official name given to the sport of horse racing in the United Kingdom, France and Ireland in which the horses are required to jump over obstacles called hurdles or fences...
. Nottingham was the first to discontinue jumps racing in 1996, followed by Windsor in 1998 and Wolverhampton in 2002. Lingfield and Kempton have considered discontinuing jumps racing as well.
| Type |
Fatal Injury Rate |
Fatal Injuries |
Starts |
| Flat | 0.44 | 316 | 719,695 |
| Jump | 8.30 | 198 | 23,857 |
Training
Catastrophic injuries are often the acute manifestation of a more chronic process. Tissues with the greatest blood supply respond most quickly to conditioning. The first tissues to respond are the horse’s heart and lungs, then his muscles, and last are tendons and bones. The heart, lungs and muscles possess an excellent blood supply. Ligaments, tendons and joint capsules are relatively poorly supplied with blood and strengthening them can take two to four times as long. Bones and hooves require the longest period of time to develop their full density and strength. A British study showed that 78% of fractures occur during training. The substantial proportion of fractures that occurred during training emphasised the importance of studying these injuries away from the racecourse and the large number of stress injuries suggested that training regimes for young Thoroughbreds could be improved to create a more robust skeleton, able to withstand injury and fatality.The Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association
Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association
The American Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association based in Lexington, Kentucky is a trade organization for Thoroughbred racehorse owners and breeders...
(TOBA) statistics on racing related career ending injuries show that high grade races have a much lower rate of injury than low grade races. While this could be attributed to many factors, including the quality of the horse, economics, or medications, the trainer still must make the decision to run a horse or not to run a horse. Because leading trainers consistently get the best horses, injury rates by race grade should correspond to injury rates by trainer. John Gaines even said that trainers are so important, transcendent trainers like Ben Jones, Hirsch Jacobs, Woody Stephens, Bob Baffert, and Wayne Lukas are worth as much as a great stallion or a great broodmare. High grade races are considered stakes, allowance, and maiden special weight races. Low grade races are considered claiming and maiden claiming races.
| Race Grade |
Career Ending Injury Rate |
Career Ending Injuries |
Starts |
| High | 2.27 | 553 | 243,854 |
| Low | 4.11 | 2,566 | 624,265 |
Medication
Dan Hartman, Chair of Racing Commissioners International (RCI), said in March 2011 that a five-year phase out of drugs and medication is reasonable to bring North American racing policies in line with what is going on in other parts of the world like Europe and Hong Kong. Hartman said that a phased approach would give horsemen and owners sufficient time to adjust to the change. Hartman went on to say that he thinks that the regulators are the only voice in North American racing for the horse. RCI was originally called National Association of State Racing Commissioners and consists of mainly North American regulators whose goal is uniform rules and practices and reciprocity in enforcing each member's official rulings. Feeling no pain, an injured horse on drugs may continue to charge down the track, endangering every horse and jockey in the race. Drugs may account for the fact that the North American fatality rate on turf is higher than it is in Australia on turf, or even Great Britain (0.38), where race day medications are not allowed.| Country |
Fatal Injury Rate |
Fatal Injuries |
Starts |
| AUS | 0.44 | 316 | 719,695 |
| USA | 1.74 | 134† | 77,003† |
Track Related
Dr. Michael Peterson of the University of Maine states that there are three components that affect a racetrack's performance as it relates to injuries: the surface of the track, weather, and maintenance.Surface
In Thoroughbred racing there are three main track surfaces: dirt, turf, and synthetic. Dirt tracks are generally a mixture of sand, silt, and clay. Turf tracks are usually Bermuda grass in warm climates and a mixture of Fescue, Bluegrass, and Rye in more temperate climates. Synthetic tracks are generally a mixture of sand, synthetic fibers, rubber and wax. Synthetics are differentiated by brand names such as Polytrack, Tapeta Footings and Cushion Track.North American racing is run on all three types of tracks and provides the best basis for a comparison on how track composition affects injuries and fatalities. The EID was finally able to provide statistics on racing related fatalities in March 2010. The TOBA leaked statistics on racing related career ending injuries three months later in June. The EID was able to supplement its March data with a release of a second year of statistics in December. Dr. Tim Parkin, a veterinarian and epidemiologist from the University of Glasgow who has been involved in the EID for more than a year, said that the addition of a second year of information enabled them to statistically validate the data. Not included in EID or TOBA statistics are training or non-race injuries.
The following tables show that the prevalence of Thoroughbred fatalities or career-ending injuries is greater on dirt tracks than it is on either turf or synthetic tracks.
2009-2010 EID Stats
| Surface |
Fatal Injury Rate |
Fatal Injuries |
Starts |
| Dirt | 2.14 | 1,179† | 551,100† |
| Turf | 1.74 | 134† | 77,003† |
| Synthetic | 1.55 | 197† | 126,829† |
| TOTALS | 2.00 | 1,510 | 754,932 |
† Approximations based on standard distribution of races per surface.
2008-2009 TOBA Stats
| Surface |
Career Ending Injury Rate |
Career Ending Injuries |
Starts |
| Dirt | 3.99 | 2,711 | 680,093 |
| Turf | 2.37 | 239 | 100,796 |
| Synthetic | 2.19 | 247 | 112,718 |
| TOTALS | 3.58 | 3,197 | 893,607 |
Weather
For both dirt and turf surfaces there is a need to understand the relationship between the water content and the surface performance. For these surfaces moisture is the single most important variable in the maintenance of the surface. As synthetic surfaces wear it is also likely that the sensitivity to moisture will increase as the wax coating is lost from the surface.The TOBA statistics on racing related career ending injuries show that moisture has the opposite affect on dirt and turf tracks. Moisture causes more injuries on dirt tracks, while it reduces injuries on turf tracks. This table does not include data from tracks rated "Good" because that term applies to both dirt and turf.
2008-2009 TOBA Stats
| Surface |
Condition |
Career Ending Injury Rate |
Career Ending Injuries |
Starts |
| Dirt | Dry | 3.63 | 2,415 | 664,944 |
| Dirt | Wet | 4.42 | 399 | 90,324 |
| Turf | Dry | 2.48 | 203 | 81,969 |
| Turf | Wet | 1.80 | 11 | 6,098 |
Moisture can cause even bigger problems when combined with freezing temperatures. At Philadelphia Park Racetrack in Bensalem, a rash of breakdowns in the first two months of 2004 was blamed on the winter weather and track problems caused by thawing frost. In that short stretch of time, 12 horses were euthanized following races, and another one was destroyed after sustaining a training injury. The TOBA statistics on racing related career ending injuries show that cold weather racing causes almost twice as many injuries as warm weather racing (February's rate of 3.16 is 1.67 times larger than July's rate of 1.90). This graph is a plot of injury rates for different tracks based on when their racing seasons begin and end during the calendar year. To eliminate as many conflicting variables as possible, only North American tracks in temperate climates that race on dirt/turf and that run graded stakes races were used. The tracks were Aqueduct
Aqueduct Racetrack
Aqueduct Racetrack is a thoroughbred horse-racing facility and racino in Ozone Park, Queens, New York. Its racing meets usually are from late October/early November through April.-History:...
, Belmont
Belmont Park
Belmont Park is a major thoroughbred horse-racing facility located in Elmont in the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, on Long Island adjoining New York City. It first opened on May 4, 1905...
, Churchill Downs
Churchill Downs
Churchill Downs, located in Central Avenue in south Louisville, Kentucky, United States, is a Thoroughbred racetrack most famous for hosting the Kentucky Derby annually. It officially opened in 1875, and held the first Kentucky Derby and the first Kentucky Oaks in the same year. Churchill Downs...
, Colonial Downs
Colonial Downs
Colonial Downs is a racetrack for Thoroughbred flat racing and Standardbred harness racing located in New Kent County, Virginia adjacent to Interstate 64, halfway between Richmond, Virginia and Williamsburg, Virginia.-History and information:...
, Hawthorne
Hawthorne Race Course
Hawthorne Race Course is a race track for horse racing in Stickney/Cicero, Illinois, near Chicago.The oldest continually-run family-owned racetrack in North America, in 2009 the Horseplayers Association of North America introduced a rating system for 65 Thoroughbred racetracks in North America...
, Laurel Park, Monmouth
Monmouth Park Racetrack
Monmouth Park Racetrack is an American race track for thoroughbred horse racing in Oceanport, New Jersey. It is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority and is operated under a five-year lease as a partnership with Resorts Casino Hotel in Atlantic City.Monmouth Park's marquee event...
, and Saratoga
Saratoga Race Course
Saratoga Race Course is a Thoroughbred horse racing track in Saratoga Springs, New York, United States. It opened on August 3, 1863, and is the oldest organized sporting venue of any kind in the United States. It is typically open for racing from late July through early September.-History:John...
.
Without better data, it is difficult to determine the effect moisture and freezing temperatures have on synthetic tracks. Golden Gate Fields has a relatively high career ending injury rate for a synthetic track and their racing season takes place during winter months, but the coldest temperatures average about 50 degrees Fahrenheit (18 degrees above freezing) in that part of California during that time of year. In Great Britain the fatal injury rate on turf is less than it is on synthetics, which is opposite of North American racing. Freezing temperatures could be the reason because winter racing on the flat only takes place on synthetic tracks in Great Britain. That could result in an increase of the fatality rate on synthetics, but not turf. This anecdotal evidence seems to indicate that synthetic tracks are negatively effected by moisture and freezing temperatures just like dirt and turf.
Maintenance
Current evidence indicates that consistency of each surface and limited variability among surfaces seen by each horse are more important than the exact values of each property. Consistency allows for the horse to adapt through training. Weather and the amount of traffic on a track make consistent surfaces difficult. One of the biggest challenges with a dirt track is that you can design a dirt track for a particular moisture content, but you can’t do it for all moisture contents. In the case of synthetic tracks, wax and polymers used in them will change over time, as will the length of the fibers as they break down from use. The sand in various areas of the track also wears differently. The oils in synthetic tracks also tend to seep into the base of the surface over time, which may explain why some synthetic tracks have not performed as well in their third or fourth years as they did in their first years. The Racing Surfaces Testing Laboratory is working to collect data from racetracks and correlate it with injury rates. Such information will allow track maintenance personnel to make the best decisions for any variable.Breeding
There has been a lot of debate since 2006 about how sound the Thoroughbred is today compared to the 1960s and earlier. The only real data even remotely pertaining to the subject involves the average number of starts per horse, which The Jockey ClubThe Jockey Club
The Jockey Club, formed on February 9, 1894, is the keeper of The American Stud Book. It came into existence after James R. Keene spearheaded a drive in support of racehorse trainers who had complained about the Board of Control that governed racing in New York State.-History:On its formation, The...
started tracking in 1950.
| Year |
Avg. Starts |
Starts |
Runners |
| 2010 | 6.11 | 417,192 | 68,235 |
| 2000 | 7.10 | 493,682 | 69,569 |
| 1990 | 7.94 | 712,494 | 89,716 |
| 1980 | 9.21 | 593,849 | 64,506 |
| 1970 | 10.22 | 488,326 | 47,778 |
| 1960 | 11.31 | 337,060 | 29,798 |
| 1950 | 10.91 | 244,343 | 22,388 |
Those who argue the Thoroughbred is unsound also point to the fact that horse races are run over shorter distances today. Monmouth Park Racetrack
Monmouth Park Racetrack
Monmouth Park Racetrack is an American race track for thoroughbred horse racing in Oceanport, New Jersey. It is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority and is operated under a five-year lease as a partnership with Resorts Casino Hotel in Atlantic City.Monmouth Park's marquee event...
general manager Bob Kulina said long distance races disappeared across America because not enough horses entered to race. A prime example of a race that reduced its distance to keep drawing horses is the Jockey Club Gold Cup
Jockey Club Gold Cup
The Jockey Club Gold Cup, established in 1919, is a prestigious thoroughbred flat race open to horses of either gender three-years-old and up. It is typically the main event of the fall meeting at Belmont Park, just as the Belmont Stakes is of the spring meeting and the Travers Stakes is of the...
.
| Year |
Distance |
| 2010 | 1.25 Miles |
| 2000 | 1.25 Miles |
| 1990 | 1.25 Miles |
| 1980 | 1.50 Miles |
| 1970 | 2.00 Miles |
| 1960 | 2.00 Miles |
| 1950 | 2.00 Miles |
Horse conformation, which is a visible outcome of breeding practices, clearly plays a significant role in injury.