Raino of Tusculum
Encyclopedia
Raino, also Rayno, Ranulf, or Reginulf (died after 1179), was the last count of Tusculum from an unknown date when he was first associated with his elder brother, Jonathan
, to his own death. His father, Ptolemy II
, died in 1153. His mother was Bertha, illegitimate daughter of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
.
He appears first in 1147, mortgaging Castrum Algidi to Pope Eugene III
for 200 pounds.
Pope Adrian IV
granted the fortress of Tusculum, which mortgage had bought from Oddo Frangipani, who in turn had purchased it from Oddo Colonna after Ptolemy was forced to mortgage it, to Jonathan in 1155. The Senate of Rome
, however, refused to ratify the grant of the fortress to the count. In 1167, Raino appears for the first time as sole count. Pope Alexander III
tried at that time to dissuade the citizens from attacking Tusculum, but to no avail. Raino called in the aid of Rainald of Dassel
, the archchancellor
of Italy
and archbishop of Cologne. Raino and Rainald were besieged by the Romans in the old fortress of Tusculum. Help was requested from Christian, archbishop of Mainz, then in Ancona
. With 1,300 Germans and Brabantines and the men of Robert II of Bassunvilla, Christian encamped beside Monte Porzio
outside the city.
The Romans spurned all attempts at diplomatic resolution and marched an army of 40,000 on Tusculum. This was the largest army of Romans in many centuries to march into the field. The leader may have been Oddo Frangipani. The momentous Battle of Monte Porzio
took place on May 29, 1167. The Romans were defeated and Tusculum preserved.
In 1169, Raino traded Tusculum to the Prefect John for Monte Fiascone and S. Flaviano. When John left the city, Raino tried to reenter, but was refused by the citizens, who gave the city to the pope on 8 August 1170. In 1171, Raino finally renounced the city to the papacy. The last count of Tusculum was thus removed from his office and even denied entry into his newly acquired towns. The fall of his house had been rapid and sharp.
After his Tusculuan reign, Raino continued to be active in territorial politics. He ceded Lariano
to Pope Alexander III
in exchange for Norma and Vicolo on 11 October 1179. By a treaty with Cencius and Oddone Frangipane
, he Terracina
and Circegium in exchange for Tusculanum and Monte Cavo
.
Jonathan of Tusculum
Jonathan was the count of Tusculum from the death of his father, Ptolemy II, in 1153 to his own death. His mother was Bertha, illegitimate daughter of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor....
, to his own death. His father, Ptolemy II
Ptolemy II of Tusculum
Ptolemy II was the count of Tusculum and consul of the Romans from 1126 to his death...
, died in 1153. His mother was Bertha, illegitimate daughter of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry V was King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor , the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. Henry's reign coincided with the final phase of the great Investiture Controversy, which had pitted pope against emperor...
.
He appears first in 1147, mortgaging Castrum Algidi to Pope Eugene III
Pope Eugene III
Pope Blessed Eugene III , born Bernardo da Pisa, was Pope from 1145 to 1153. He was the first Cistercian to become Pope.-Early life:...
for 200 pounds.
Pope Adrian IV
Pope Adrian IV
Pope Adrian IV , born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.Adrian IV is the only Englishman who has occupied the papal chair...
granted the fortress of Tusculum, which mortgage had bought from Oddo Frangipani, who in turn had purchased it from Oddo Colonna after Ptolemy was forced to mortgage it, to Jonathan in 1155. The Senate of Rome
Commune of Rome
The Commune of Rome was an attempt to establish a government like the old Roman Republic in opposition to the temporal power of the higher nobles and the popes beginning in 1144...
, however, refused to ratify the grant of the fortress to the count. In 1167, Raino appears for the first time as sole count. Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...
tried at that time to dissuade the citizens from attacking Tusculum, but to no avail. Raino called in the aid of Rainald of Dassel
Rainald of Dassel
Rainald of Dassel was archbishop of Cologne from 1159 to 1167 and archchancellor of Italy. He was preceded as archbishop by Friedrich II of Berg and succeeded by Philip I von Heinsberg....
, the archchancellor
Archchancellor
An archchancellor or chief chancellor was a title given to the highest dignitary of the Holy Roman Empire, and also used occasionally during the Middle Ages to denote an official who supervised the work of chancellors or notaries....
of Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
and archbishop of Cologne. Raino and Rainald were besieged by the Romans in the old fortress of Tusculum. Help was requested from Christian, archbishop of Mainz, then in Ancona
Ancona
Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche region, in central Italy, with a population of 101,909 . Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region....
. With 1,300 Germans and Brabantines and the men of Robert II of Bassunvilla, Christian encamped beside Monte Porzio
Monte Porzio
Monte Porzio is a comune in the Province of Pesaro e Urbino in the Italian region Marche, located about 40 km west of Ancona and about 30 km southeast of Pesaro....
outside the city.
The Romans spurned all attempts at diplomatic resolution and marched an army of 40,000 on Tusculum. This was the largest army of Romans in many centuries to march into the field. The leader may have been Oddo Frangipani. The momentous Battle of Monte Porzio
Battle of Monte Porzio
The Battle of Monte Porzio was fought on 29 May 1167 between the Holy Roman Empire and the Commune of Rome...
took place on May 29, 1167. The Romans were defeated and Tusculum preserved.
In 1169, Raino traded Tusculum to the Prefect John for Monte Fiascone and S. Flaviano. When John left the city, Raino tried to reenter, but was refused by the citizens, who gave the city to the pope on 8 August 1170. In 1171, Raino finally renounced the city to the papacy. The last count of Tusculum was thus removed from his office and even denied entry into his newly acquired towns. The fall of his house had been rapid and sharp.
After his Tusculuan reign, Raino continued to be active in territorial politics. He ceded Lariano
Lariano
Lariano is a comune in the Province of Rome in the Italian region Lazio, located about 35 km southeast of Rome on the Alban Hills....
to Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...
in exchange for Norma and Vicolo on 11 October 1179. By a treaty with Cencius and Oddone Frangipane
Oddone Frangipane
Oddone Frangipane was the son of Leo and grandson of Cencio II of the Frangipani family. He had another brother named Cencio. During the middle of the twelfth century, he was the most influential aristocrat in Rome. His career began sometime around 1130...
, he Terracina
Terracina
Terracina is a town and comune of the province of Latina - , Italy, 76 km SE of Rome by rail .-Ancient times:...
and Circegium in exchange for Tusculanum and Monte Cavo
Monte Cavo
Monte Cavo is the second highest mountain of the complex of the Alban Hills, near Rome, Italy. An old volcano extinguished around 10,000 years ago, it lies about from the sea, in the territory of the comuneof Rocca di Papa. It is the dominant peak of the Alban Hills...
.
Sources
- Gregorovius, FerdinandFerdinand GregoroviusFerdinand Gregorovius was a German historian who specialized in the medieval history of Rome. He is best known for Wanderjahre in Italien, his account of the walks he took through Italy in the 1850s, and the monumental Die Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter , a classic for Medieval and early...
. Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV Part 1. 1905.