Raupenschlepper, Ost
Encyclopedia
Raupenschlepper Ost, literally "Caterpillar Tractor East", is more commonly abbreviated to RSO. This fully tracked, lightweight vehicle was conceived in response to the poor performance of wheeled and half-tracked vehicles in the mud and snow during the Wehrmacht
's first winter on the Soviet Front
. The RSO may have been inspired by very similar full-tracked small tractors in use in other armies, mostly originated from the pre-war light to medium series of Vickers artillery tractors.
responded by proposing a small, fully tracked vehicle based upon its 1.5-tonne truck (Steyr 1500A light truck) already in use in the army. The vehicle was introduced in 1942 as the Raupenschlepper Ost (RSO). It was initially designed as a prime mover and artillery supply vehicle but eventually served in a wide variety of roles. Immediately after the vehicle reached Eastern front, the combat units started using it for general transport duties. In this respect it gave outstanding service due to its reliability, its ease of maintenance and its capability to take over a variety of roles - in every kind of terrain - that other vehicles lacked. Soon the orders for this carrier surpassed Steyr's production ability, and more manufacturers became necessary in order to meet the demand.
The original version had a pressed-steel cab with a truck-like configuration similar to the wheeled trucks. The next two versions - RSO/02 and 03 - had a simpler, soft-top, slab-sided metal cab. All models had wooden, drop-side cargo beds typical of light truck
s of the era. It had an impressive ground clearance for its size of 55 cm and was originally powered by a gasoline Steyr V8 cylinder engine of 3.5 l giving 85 hp, which in the RSO/03 Magirus-produced vehicles was replaced by a superb (although of lower power -66 hp-) Deutz
diesel air-cooled engine. The later also utilized a Cletrac-type final drive (instead of the automotive-type differential unit used previously) along with many other improvements. The engine was mounted on the floor of the driving cab with the drive taken through a single plate clutch to the transmission. The transmission had four forward gears and one reverse. The suspension consisted of four large pressed-steel disk wheels on each side mounted in pairs with elliptic springs. Steering involved upright steering levers to four hydraulic brakes on the sprockets and idlers. A spring-loaded pintle
was fitted at the rear, and towing hooks were fitted in the front. It had a speed of about 30 km/h.
By 1943, the complaints of the infantry anti-tank units at the front that it was almost impossible to move their guns using trucks at daylight under enemy fire, leading to enormous losses of equipment when an emergency relocation (at the time more of a euphemism for withdrawal) was necessary found their way to the top. This led OKW to consider an older proposition to fit the 7.5 cm PaK 40
/1 anti-tank gun -by then the standard Pak- on top of a RSO chassis and Hitler after seeing the blueprints ordered a limited production run for combat testing even before the test vehicles were completed. The project was carried out by Steyr. The suspension of the RSO remained unchanged, but the front driver's compartment was replaced with a low, lightly armoured superstructure. The result was a lightweight, cheap to produce and highly mobile infantry anti-tank weapon though more exposed compared to the conventional panzerjager
s of which construction cost many times an RSO/PaK 40. Despite that the vehicle was intended to be used by the infantry anti-tank units, all pre-production vehicles were finally issued to armoured units (Panzer Jager Abteilungen 743 and 744, and 18th Panzergrenadier
Division) due to the urgent need for replacements, where their low speed and light armour inevitably gave problems of cooperation with the other fighting vehicles in use by these units. Although badly used they gave a good account of action and the German Army Group South where the units issued for combat testing declared the vehicle useful and consequently large scale production was authorised. In the event and despite a decision taken for Steyr to shift its entire production line into RSO/Pak 40, no specific order ever reached industry and only the approximately 60 pre-production vehicles were ever manufactured. While the first vehicles were rolled out from the production line, Steyr started testing an improved version incorporating wider chassis and tracks which further improved cross-country performance and lowered the center of gravity, an issue in a vehicle of such a high ground clearance. None of the improved version ever reached the front and in October 1943 Steyr was ordered by the Ministry of Munitions to totally cease production of any type of tracked vehicles. By then a new up-gunned version of the widened chassis had been designed and was planned to enter production in 1944 using its more powerful and less noisy V8 petrol engine to carry the 88mm Pak 43 L70 gun, by far the most powerful anti-tank weapon of its era designated PzJag K43, but it is doubtful if any had been constructed by the end of the war.
Approximately 23,000 RSO of all versions were produced by Steyr (2,600 pcs), Klockner-Deutz-Magirus (12,500 pcs), Wanderer-Auto-Union (5,600 pcs) and Graf & Stift (4,500 pcs), strangely but purely coincidentally the same number as the proposed gun-to-be-mounted Pak 40.
Wehrmacht
The Wehrmacht – from , to defend and , the might/power) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer , the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe .-Origin and use of the term:...
's first winter on the Soviet Front
Eastern Front (World War II)
The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of World War II between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland, and some other Allies which encompassed Northern, Southern and Eastern Europe from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945...
. The RSO may have been inspired by very similar full-tracked small tractors in use in other armies, mostly originated from the pre-war light to medium series of Vickers artillery tractors.
Ost
After the Wehrmacht's first winter (1941-1942) on the Russian front, the lack of a vehicle capable of dealing with the extremely difficult terrain (as a result of the muddy periods before and after the winter) became evident. SteyrSteyr-Daimler-Puch
Steyr-Daimler-Puch was a large manufacturing conglomerate based in Steyr, Austria, which was broken up in stages between 1987 and 2001. The component parts and operations continued to exist under separate ownership and new names.-History:...
responded by proposing a small, fully tracked vehicle based upon its 1.5-tonne truck (Steyr 1500A light truck) already in use in the army. The vehicle was introduced in 1942 as the Raupenschlepper Ost (RSO). It was initially designed as a prime mover and artillery supply vehicle but eventually served in a wide variety of roles. Immediately after the vehicle reached Eastern front, the combat units started using it for general transport duties. In this respect it gave outstanding service due to its reliability, its ease of maintenance and its capability to take over a variety of roles - in every kind of terrain - that other vehicles lacked. Soon the orders for this carrier surpassed Steyr's production ability, and more manufacturers became necessary in order to meet the demand.
The original version had a pressed-steel cab with a truck-like configuration similar to the wheeled trucks. The next two versions - RSO/02 and 03 - had a simpler, soft-top, slab-sided metal cab. All models had wooden, drop-side cargo beds typical of light truck
Light truck
Light truck or light duty truck is a U.S. classification for trucks or truck-based vehicles with a payload capacity of less than 4,000 pounds...
s of the era. It had an impressive ground clearance for its size of 55 cm and was originally powered by a gasoline Steyr V8 cylinder engine of 3.5 l giving 85 hp, which in the RSO/03 Magirus-produced vehicles was replaced by a superb (although of lower power -66 hp-) Deutz
Deutz
There are multiple topics for Deutz* Deutz, Cologne, a former town, since 1888 a quarter of Cologne, Germany* Deutz AG, a diesel-engine manufacturer based in Cologne, Germany* Deutz-Fahr and Deutz-Allis, an agricultural equipment company....
diesel air-cooled engine. The later also utilized a Cletrac-type final drive (instead of the automotive-type differential unit used previously) along with many other improvements. The engine was mounted on the floor of the driving cab with the drive taken through a single plate clutch to the transmission. The transmission had four forward gears and one reverse. The suspension consisted of four large pressed-steel disk wheels on each side mounted in pairs with elliptic springs. Steering involved upright steering levers to four hydraulic brakes on the sprockets and idlers. A spring-loaded pintle
Pintle
A pintle is a pin or bolt, usually inserted into a gudgeon, which is used as part of a pivot or hinge.A pintle/gudgeon set is used in many spheres, for example: in sailing to hold the rudder onto the boat; in transportation a pincer-type device clamps through a lunette ring on the tongue of a...
was fitted at the rear, and towing hooks were fitted in the front. It had a speed of about 30 km/h.
RSO/PaK 40
PaK 40
The 7.5 cm PaK 40 was a German 7.5 centimetre anti-tank gun developed in 1939-1941 by Rheinmetall and used during the Second World War...
/1 anti-tank gun -by then the standard Pak- on top of a RSO chassis and Hitler after seeing the blueprints ordered a limited production run for combat testing even before the test vehicles were completed. The project was carried out by Steyr. The suspension of the RSO remained unchanged, but the front driver's compartment was replaced with a low, lightly armoured superstructure. The result was a lightweight, cheap to produce and highly mobile infantry anti-tank weapon though more exposed compared to the conventional panzerjager
Panzerjäger
Panzerjäger was a branch of service of the Wehrmacht during the Second World War which were the anti-tank arm-of-service who operated anti-tank artillery, and made exclusive use of the tank destroyers which were also named Panzerjäger...
s of which construction cost many times an RSO/PaK 40. Despite that the vehicle was intended to be used by the infantry anti-tank units, all pre-production vehicles were finally issued to armoured units (Panzer Jager Abteilungen 743 and 744, and 18th Panzergrenadier
Panzergrenadier
is a German term for motorised or mechanized infantry, as introduced during World War II. It is used in the armies of Austria, Chile, Germany and Switzerland.-Forerunners:...
Division) due to the urgent need for replacements, where their low speed and light armour inevitably gave problems of cooperation with the other fighting vehicles in use by these units. Although badly used they gave a good account of action and the German Army Group South where the units issued for combat testing declared the vehicle useful and consequently large scale production was authorised. In the event and despite a decision taken for Steyr to shift its entire production line into RSO/Pak 40, no specific order ever reached industry and only the approximately 60 pre-production vehicles were ever manufactured. While the first vehicles were rolled out from the production line, Steyr started testing an improved version incorporating wider chassis and tracks which further improved cross-country performance and lowered the center of gravity, an issue in a vehicle of such a high ground clearance. None of the improved version ever reached the front and in October 1943 Steyr was ordered by the Ministry of Munitions to totally cease production of any type of tracked vehicles. By then a new up-gunned version of the widened chassis had been designed and was planned to enter production in 1944 using its more powerful and less noisy V8 petrol engine to carry the 88mm Pak 43 L70 gun, by far the most powerful anti-tank weapon of its era designated PzJag K43, but it is doubtful if any had been constructed by the end of the war.
Approximately 23,000 RSO of all versions were produced by Steyr (2,600 pcs), Klockner-Deutz-Magirus (12,500 pcs), Wanderer-Auto-Union (5,600 pcs) and Graf & Stift (4,500 pcs), strangely but purely coincidentally the same number as the proposed gun-to-be-mounted Pak 40.