and commentator on public affairs. Starting as a leftist minister in the 1920s indebted to theological liberalism
, he shifted to the new Neo-Orthodox theology in the 1930s, explaining how the sin of pride created evil
in the world. He attacked utopianism as ineffectual for dealing with reality, writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (1944):
- "Man's capacity for justice makes democracy possible; but man's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary."
His realism deepened after 1945 and led him to support United States' efforts to confront Soviet communism around the world.
This insinuation of the interests of the self into even the most ideal enterprises and most universal objectives, envisaged in moments of highest rationality, makes hypocrisy an inevitable by product of all virtuous endeavor.
Man is endowed by nature with organic relations to his fellow men; and natural impulse prompts him to consider the needs of others even when they compete with his own.
[R]eason tends to check selfish impulses and to grant the satisfaction of legitimate impulses in others.
The measure of our rationality determines the degree of vividness with which we appreciate the needs of other life, the extent to which we become conscious of the real character of our own motives and impulses, the ability to harmonize conflicting impulses in our own life and in society, and the capacity to choose adequate means for approved ends.
While it is possible for intelligence to increase the range of benevolent impulse, and thus prompt a human being to consider the needs and rights of other than those to whom he is bound by organic and physical relationship, there are definite limits in the capacity of ordinary mortals which makes it impossible for them to grant to others what they claim for themselves.
Reason is not the sole basis of moral virtue in man. His social impulses are more deeply rooted than his rational life.
The will-to-live becomes the will-to-power.
The individual or the group which organizes any society, however social its intentions or pretensions, arrogates an inordinate portion of social privilege to itself.
The society in which each man lives is at once the basis for, and the nemesis of, that fulness of life which each man seeks.
Human beings are endowed by nature with both selfish and unselfish impulses.