Repatriation of indentured Indians from Fiji
Encyclopedia
Commencing 3 May 1892, ships sailed with some regularity carrying repatriated indentured Indians returning to Calcutta and Madras, India from Fiji.
10. After ten years continuous residence every Emigrant who was above the age of twelve on introduction to the Colony and who during that period has completed an industrial residence of five years, shall be entitled to a free-return passage if he claims it within two years after the completion of the ten years’ continuous residence. If the Emigrant was under twelve years of age when he was introduced into the colony, he will be entitled to a free return passage if he claims it before he reaches 24 years of age and fulfills the other conditions as to residence. A child of an Emigrant born within the colony will be entitled to a free return passage until he reaches the age of twelve, and must be accompanied on the voyage by his parents or guardian.
Due to the high cost involved in returning after only 5 years of servitude, of the indentured immigrants returning to India, most left Fiji under the free-return passage option 10–12 years after arrival. As the first ship carrying indentured Indians to Fiji "the Leonidas" arrived in 1879, the first ship to take Indians back "the British Peer" set sail just over 12 years after in 1892.
After 1951 return voyages by ship ceased and arrangements were made for flights from Sydney to Bombay, the first of which departed in July 1955. Ship charters were however organised for the Fiji to Sydney leg of the journey.
M - Men,
W - Women,
B - Boys,
G - Girls,
I - Infants,
T - Total
Conditions of return
According to Clause 10 of each labourer's indenture agreement:10. After ten years continuous residence every Emigrant who was above the age of twelve on introduction to the Colony and who during that period has completed an industrial residence of five years, shall be entitled to a free-return passage if he claims it within two years after the completion of the ten years’ continuous residence. If the Emigrant was under twelve years of age when he was introduced into the colony, he will be entitled to a free return passage if he claims it before he reaches 24 years of age and fulfills the other conditions as to residence. A child of an Emigrant born within the colony will be entitled to a free return passage until he reaches the age of twelve, and must be accompanied on the voyage by his parents or guardian.
Due to the high cost involved in returning after only 5 years of servitude, of the indentured immigrants returning to India, most left Fiji under the free-return passage option 10–12 years after arrival. As the first ship carrying indentured Indians to Fiji "the Leonidas" arrived in 1879, the first ship to take Indians back "the British Peer" set sail just over 12 years after in 1892.
Repatriation
Given the steady influx of ships carrying indentured Indians to Fiji up until 1916, repatriate Indians generally boarded these same ships on their return voyage 10–15 days after arrival. The total number of repatriates under the Fiji indenture system is recorded as 39,261, while the number of arrivals is said to have been 60,553. As a proportion this works out to be 64.8% which appears quite high. However, this figure includes children born in Fiji so the actual percentage is significantly lower.After 1951 return voyages by ship ceased and arrangements were made for flights from Sydney to Bombay, the first of which departed in July 1955. Ship charters were however organised for the Fiji to Sydney leg of the journey.
List of ship charters
Name of Ship | Date of Departure | Calcutta Departures | Madras Departures | Total Departures |
---|---|---|---|---|
British Peer | 3 May 1892 | 260M 111W 35B 43G 15I 464T | n/a | 464 |
Hereford | 25 June 1892 | 24T | n/a | 24 |
Moy | 28 April 1893 | 317M 133F 34B 31G 17I 529T | n/a | 529 |
Ems | 5 May 1894 | 312M 148F 38B 42G 36I 576T | n/a | 576 |
Hereford | 16 July 1894 | 277M 125F 41B 28G 21I 447T | n/a | 447 |
Virawa | 14 May 1895 | 347M 147F 38B 40G 36I 608T | n/a | 608 |
Erne | 14 May 1896 | 371M 170F 55B 50G 29I 675T | n/a | 675 |
Moy | 15 June 1898 | 273M 65F 25B 19G 13I 393T | n/a | 393 |
Avon | 10 August 1899 | 213M 66F 20B 15G 14I 328T | n/a | 328 |
Ganges | 12 September 1899 | 24M 5F 2B 2G 33T | n/a | 33 |
Elbe | 23 July 1900 | 245M 87F 28B 31G 14I 405T | n/a | 405 |
S.S Fazilka | 2 July 1901 | 298M 107F 45B 44G 33I 515T | n/a | 515 |
S.S Fazilka | 5 July 1902 | 291M 90F 44B 41G 13I 479T | n/a | 479 |
Arno | 15 September 1903 | 325M 114F 63B 52G 25I 549T | n/a | 549 |
Arno | 19 August 1904 | 211M 91F 34B 37G 20I 366T | n/a | 366 |
S.S Virawa | 26 July 1905 | 193M 64W 31B 36G 17I 341T | n/a | 341 |
S.S Fazilka | 1 May 1906 | 221M 71F 13B 12G 4I 321T | n/a | 321 |
S.S Fazilka | 10 February 1907 | 316M 96W 56B 42G 23I 533T | 34M 21F 4B 1G 3I 63T | 596 |
S.S Fazilka | 1 May 1907 | 15M 8F 2G 1I 26T | 14M 6F 1G 21T | 47 |
S.S Sangola | 30 March 1908 | 363M 115F 42B 60G 26I 606T | 51M 24F 6B 3G 3I 87T | 693 |
S.S Sangola | 11 February 1909 | 247M 59F 18B 24G 12I 60T | 30M 15F 1B 3G 5I 54T | 114 |
S.S Sangola | 16 March 1910 | 245M 63F 18B 14G 8I 351T | 12M 6F 1B 1G 20T | 371 |
S.S Santhia | 30 April 1910 | 14M 4F 18T | 13M 5F 1B 3G 1I 23T | 41 |
S.S Sutlej | 8 July 1911 | 408M 78F 30B 21G 9I 545T | 66M 24F 7B 2G 3I 102T | 647 |
S.S Sutlej | 7 October 1911 | 34M 12F 2B 2G 3I 53T | 3M 4F 1G 8T | 61 |
S.S Sutlej | 9 May 1912 | 383M 108F 47B 59G 20I 616T | 54M 34F 7B 6G 2I 103T | 719 |
S.S Ganges | 28 February 1913 | 681T | 126T | 807 |
S.S Chenab | 8 March 1914 | 675T | 264T | 801 |
S.S Chenab | 22 June 1914 | 321T | 33T | 354 |
S.S Mutlah | 13 May 1915 | 473T | 95T | 568 |
S.S Chenab | 6 September 1916 | 486 | 242T | 728 |
Ganges I | 7 June 1920 | 844T | 303T | 1,147 |
Ganges II | 30 August 1920 | 1046T | 82T | 1,128 |
S.S Ganges | 12 November 1920 | 892T | 239T | 1,131 |
S.S Torilla | 18 December 1920 | 1134T | 105T | 1,239 |
S.S Ganges | 12 February 1921 | 1444T | 149T | 1,593 |
S.S Ganges | 24 May 1921 | 1000T | 214T | 1214 |
S.S Ganges | 7 June 1920 | 695T | 241T | 936 |
S.S Ganges | 12 November 1920 | 799T | 166T | 965 |
S.S Torilla | 18 December 1920 | 1808T | 93T | 1,901 |
Ganges | 12 February 1921 | 974T | 100T | 1,074 |
Ganges | 24 May 1921 | 996T | 178T | 1,174 |
S.S Chenab | 22 November 1921 | 739T | 249T | 988 |
Sutlej | 6 June 1922 | 512T | 454T | 966 |
Chenab | 27 December 1922 | 565T | 372T | 937 |
Ganges | 6 November 1923 | 411T | 560T | 971 |
Sutlej | 20 December 1924 | 558T | 464T | 1,022 |
? | 25 January 1926 | 701T | 487T | 1,188 |
S.S Ganges | 31 January 1927 | 528T | n/a | 528 |
Ganges | 26 February 1927 | 514T | 582T | 1,096 |
S.S Sutlej | 21 April 1928 | 530T | 442T | 972 |
S.S Sutlej | 8 July 1929 | 365T | 286T | 651 |
S.S Sutlej | 16 March 1930 | 346T | 305T | 651 |
S.S Ganges | 7 September 1931 | 103T | 171T | 274 |
Ganges | 14 May 1932 | 76T | 93T | 169 |
Ganges | 30 August 1933 | 136T | 112T | 248 |
S.S Ganges | 22 August 1934 | 78T | 45T | 123 |
S.S Elephanta | 14 November 1935 | 82T | 80T | 162 |
S.S Ganges | 24 December 1936 | 105T | 66T | 171 |
S.S Ganges | 21 April 1938 | 109T | 86T | 195 |
S.S Ganges | 20 September 1939 | 56T | 65T | 121 |
M.V Orna | 3 August 1947 | 106T | 52T | 158 |
S.S Selma | 13 May 1945 | 12T | 7T | 19 |
M.V Orna | 5 March 1948 | 29T | 32T | 61 |
M.V Orna | 18 August 1948 | 70T | 50T | 120 |
M.V Orna | 8 July 1949 | 95T | 47T | 142 |
? | 28 March 1950 | 53T | 22T | 75 |
Sirsa | 17 May 1951 | 34T | 12T | 46 |
Total | 39,157 |
M - Men,
W - Women,
B - Boys,
G - Girls,
I - Infants,
T - Total
List of ship charters - Fiji to Sydney
Name of Ship | Flight Departure Date | Number of Departures |
---|---|---|
Strathmore | 25 July 1955 | 25T |
Stratheden | 29 November 1955 | 68T |
Strathnaver | 24 July 1956 | 12T |
Total | 105 |