Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive
Encyclopedia
At the end of World War II, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society was renamed the Max Planck Society
, and the institutes associated with the Kaiser Wilhelm Society were renamed "Max Planck" institutes. The records that were archived under the former Kaiser Wilhelm Society and its institutes were placed in the Max Planck Society Archives. What happened to the records in this archive?
Research materials related to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
, including personnel, photographs, etc. are very difficult to come by. Indeed, information, including photographs of now-deceased researchers, are effectively "classified" (unavailable). This article illuminates why these research materials are difficult to access.
Archive has become the repository for records of the former Kaiser Wilhelm Society and its associated institutes, created during the Second and Third Reichs. After World War II, people such as Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer (the last Director of the KWI-A), sought to protect records and photographs from what he perceived to be "the enemies" of Germany. (A written statement to this effect by Verschauer himself, made during the closing days of the Third Reich, exists.) In fact, some of these records were hidden by Verschauer in his own home. Thus, before the Third Reich fell attempts were already being made to hide records. The following statements by an unbiased historian show that records were removed and destroyed, apparently not collected (to avoid their being in the record), or not made available to the public.
Aside from making many of the records of the Second and Third Reichs inaccessible, inasmuch as the records are also related to the Holocaust, these actions also amount to Holocaust denial. In addition, withholding and destroying historic German documents is an insult to the people of Germany, especially those citizens that opposed National Socialism (and were murdered in Nazi concentration camps). The Max Planck Society and its affiliates is supported by German taxes, thus such censorship is a violation of German state laws.
has created a "scientific" form of historiography based upon the idea on "continuity
". This idea of continuity allows the historian to examine the present in comparison with the past, or alternatively, to examine the past, to understand the present and future. Using this scientific form of continuity, it is possible to examine historical events such as the Holocaust and show that the Holocaust is NOT an aberration, as anti-Semitism has a long history. Similarly, the long history of anti-Semitism is likely to continue.
Dawidowicz then examines how the historians of various countries deal with the Holocaust. Various methods of dealing with the Holocaust are treated:
Thus Dawidowicz shows that one way to deal with the problem in historiography is to deny continuity. A major way to accomplish this denial of historical fact is to censor the facts, to refuse to collect documents, etc. Dawidowicz focuses upon the Holocaust, but the problem of continuity applies to more than the Holocaust and the period of National Socialism in Germany as well as the genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples in German South West Africa (and other colonial histories).
One must bear in mind that to apply Dawidowicz' theory of historical continuity (over time), technically predicate functions over a time variable are required. This implies an understanding of a synchronic/diasynchronic view (sometimes subsumed under "Historical Materialism
".)
Gretchen E. Schafft has been repeatedly referenced, noting how much resistance she encountered while trying to exhume the record of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes. These forms of censorship have been mentioned above in this article, but the problem is obviously more extensive, insofar as it applies not just to information about gypsies and Jews, and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, but applies to the history of all countries. For example, in "The angel of death has descended violently among them", historian Casper Erichsen recounts the censorship he encountered at the Namibian National Archives from Head Archivist Brigitte Lau, when researching information about the Herero and Namaqua Genocide
.
What does the above discussion -- true or not -- have to do with difficulty in accessing materials at the Max Planck Society Archive? Let us examine the following. Any normal, thoughtful person has thought processes that can travel back and forth in time. Suppose one wanted to censor the history of National Socialism in Germany during the Third Reich. One might then think 'What ideas prior to the Third Reich should be censored in turn?' One might find a precedent to the actions of Facism in what transpired in German Southwest Africa. This in turn might imply a necessity to censor the ways in which German Southwest Africa led to ideas during the Third Reich. Thus, finally, the realization in the present time, that aspects of the history of German Southwest Africa must be censored, in order to censor the origins of Nazi racism. Not only does this require thought (as a function of time), but also the 'dialectic' of moving back and forth in time. A use of Temporal (or Chronological) Modal logic or Tense Modal logics.
Invoking Lucy Dawidowicz's idea of continuity, one would suspect a relationship might exist between the revisionism found in Brigitte Lau's view of the history of German South West Africa and what happened a few years later, during the rise of National Socialism. Indeed, there is a clear and undeniable link:
Bear in mind that people such as Eugen Fischer
worked in both German South West Africa (during the Second Reich) as well as at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Germany during the Third Reich. He studied the skulls of the Rehoboth bastards in both German Southwest Africa during the Second Reich, as well as at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
, during the Third Reich -- later to become a part of the Max Planck Society, with its censored archive (as noted by Gretchen E. Schafft).
Diasychronic phenomena are dynamic, and are viewed as being subject to change over time.
While "time" is the most common parameter, location, place or position are sometimes also used. For example, Lusotropicalism
is a theory of race that is diasychronic in that it constructs a theory of racism that is based on location (the Tropics). Thus, making use of standard First-order logic
or Predicate logic
:
When dealing with a proposition, as usual, the proposition is either true or false. When dealing with a predicate function as different instances of time or location are used, the predicate functions may vary in truth.
Thus, p(t) becomes
and p(l), with location l = Brazil, becomes
and p(t,l), with time t =18th and location l =Cayenne, becomes
To do a comparative temporal analysis of slavery in Demararra, one might consider p(t, Demararra), or
Thus, comparative studies in slavery comparing different times or comparative studies in slavery in different locations would require a diasynchronic view.
Max Planck Society
The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes publicly funded by the federal and the 16 state governments of Germany....
, and the institutes associated with the Kaiser Wilhelm Society were renamed "Max Planck" institutes. The records that were archived under the former Kaiser Wilhelm Society and its institutes were placed in the Max Planck Society Archives. What happened to the records in this archive?
Research materials related to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics was founded in 1927. The Rockefeller Foundation supported both the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Psychiatry and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics...
, including personnel, photographs, etc. are very difficult to come by. Indeed, information, including photographs of now-deceased researchers, are effectively "classified" (unavailable). This article illuminates why these research materials are difficult to access.
A common goal of all researchers is to piece together who ordered the killings to commence in any given case. If in the twentieth century these mass murders were usually state-sponsored or at least officially sanctioned, who made decisions? What were their motives? These questions are particularly relevant if we want to hold leaders responsible for genocides or other grave human rights abuses before international courts. The problem for historians and jurists is that leaders and their agents try, usually with considerable success, to cover up their crimes and to destroy the evidence. Moreover, some states continue to deny crimes, including cases of mass murder and even genocide, committed by their predecessors. They also limit access to their archives and even persecute or threaten researchers. When scholars are finally granted access to their archives, they often find that evidence has been 'laundered' or destroyed. So reconstructing the decision-making process is often no easy task.
Accessing German Research Society (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) records
The Max Planck SocietyMax Planck Society
The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes publicly funded by the federal and the 16 state governments of Germany....
Archive has become the repository for records of the former Kaiser Wilhelm Society and its associated institutes, created during the Second and Third Reichs. After World War II, people such as Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer (the last Director of the KWI-A), sought to protect records and photographs from what he perceived to be "the enemies" of Germany. (A written statement to this effect by Verschauer himself, made during the closing days of the Third Reich, exists.) In fact, some of these records were hidden by Verschauer in his own home. Thus, before the Third Reich fell attempts were already being made to hide records. The following statements by an unbiased historian show that records were removed and destroyed, apparently not collected (to avoid their being in the record), or not made available to the public.
Aside from making many of the records of the Second and Third Reichs inaccessible, inasmuch as the records are also related to the Holocaust, these actions also amount to Holocaust denial. In addition, withholding and destroying historic German documents is an insult to the people of Germany, especially those citizens that opposed National Socialism (and were murdered in Nazi concentration camps). The Max Planck Society and its affiliates is supported by German taxes, thus such censorship is a violation of German state laws.
"When the war came to an end, information about what had actually transpired in the camps and occupied territories became public knowledge only over a period of years, and much remains undiscovered and not discussed. The role of anthropologists in the Third Reich was perhaps better known among the populace than reported in the literature, as the following anecdotes illustrate."
"In the 1980s, Benno Müller-Hill tried to gain access to the German Research Society (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, or DFG) records, a primary source of funding of anthropological and other scientific projects in the Third Reich. 'As I tried to get the DFG records in 1981, I was told by the staff that the DFG in the Third Reich was not called the DFG and that access to the files was not granted: the files on the DFG were not available on principle. He was told that he would be sued if he persisted."
"[...] a variety of German laws prohibited access to certain files and documents for fifty years following the war, thus they became available only in 1995. These were primarily files dealing with individuals. [...] many of the documents and much of the information needed to create a history of the era were destroyed, often intentionally."
"[...] Many of the documents that were placed in archives are now missing or have never been collected. In a personal conversation in the early 1990s, the American director of the Berlin Document CenterBerlin Document CenterThe Berlin Document Center was created in Berlin, Germany, after the end of World War II. Its task was to centralize the collection of documents from the time of Nazism, which were needed for the preparation of the Nuremberg Trials against war criminals...
(BDC) told me that he felt certain that some Germans had made connections with the BDC staff for the purpose of destroying
damaging documentation."
"[...] [T]hose who use the MPGA [Max Planck Society Archives] must have all copies of materials inspected personally by the director, as I learned. When I used the archives for the first time, I was pleased to find that I could copy documents myself at a copy machine in the hallway. Having the documents in hand would be
helpful, as I was preparing to leave Berlin. Much to my surprise, the reading room supervisor told me that I could not take copies with me at that time, that first they would have to be inspected by the director. It was the rule."
"[...] On a visit to the archives of the museum's anthropology department in 2001, I was met by a staff member of the Department of Biological Anthropology with both interest and reserve. She knew of my work with the NAA-SI [National Anthropological Archives (Smithsonian)] and the documents I had archived there. After a brief meeting with the staff, I was told I could look at the literature housed in the archive only if I could name what I wanted to see; I was told that I would not be given access to the card file and could see no records of the IDO [Institute for German Work in the East] because the staff themselves were working on them and hoped to publish them. I could not have access to information about the post-war careers of the IDO members."
Historiography
The historian Lucy DawidowiczLucy Dawidowicz
Lucy Schildkret Dawidowicz was an American historian and an author of books on modern Jewish history, in particular books on the Holocaust.-Life:...
has created a "scientific" form of historiography based upon the idea on "continuity
Continuous function
In mathematics, a continuous function is a function for which, intuitively, "small" changes in the input result in "small" changes in the output. Otherwise, a function is said to be "discontinuous". A continuous function with a continuous inverse function is called "bicontinuous".Continuity of...
". This idea of continuity allows the historian to examine the present in comparison with the past, or alternatively, to examine the past, to understand the present and future. Using this scientific form of continuity, it is possible to examine historical events such as the Holocaust and show that the Holocaust is NOT an aberration, as anti-Semitism has a long history. Similarly, the long history of anti-Semitism is likely to continue.
Dawidowicz then examines how the historians of various countries deal with the Holocaust. Various methods of dealing with the Holocaust are treated:
- Discontinuous treatments of the Holocaust: American and British historians. The Holocaust was an aberration, caused by a psychotic leader such as Hitler. This brand of historiography is based upon psychology, but denies the continuity of anti-Semitism.
- German historians who recognize that discontinuity fails as a method of historiography, but the consequence of continuity imposes an acceptance and responsibility of anti-Semitism. These historians wish to protect German culture, but do not know how to deal with the problem of continuity in history.
- The historians in the USSR erase any problems dealing with the Holocaust and continuity or discontinuity. Jews effectively do not exist, thus at most, are a problem restricted to Czarist times. Continuity is not a problem, as history is always to be re-written.
- Polish historians are faced with a problem in general. Anti-Semitism permeates their social fabric that since anti-Semitism cannot be denied, Jews continue to be blamed, or Nazis are to be blamed for the Holocaust, certainly not the Polish people. When confronted with undeniable historical facts, anti-Semitism simply re-emerges. Thus the international scandal was caused by the very well-documented book "Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland", by Jan T. GrossJan T. GrossJan Tomasz Gross is a Polish-American historian and sociologist. He is the Norman B. Tomlinson '16 and '48 Professor of War and Society and Professor of History at Princeton University.- Biography :Jan T...
, Princeton University Press. The book "Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland After Auschwitz, An Essay in Historical Interpretation" (Random House, 2006), also by Jan T. Gross, discusses the Kielce pogromKielce pogromThe Kielce pogrom was an outbreak of violence against the Jewish community in the city of Kielce, Poland on July 4, 1946, perpetrated by a mob of local townsfolk and members of the official government forces of the People's Republic of Poland...
of July 4, 1946, after World War II.
Thus Dawidowicz shows that one way to deal with the problem in historiography is to deny continuity. A major way to accomplish this denial of historical fact is to censor the facts, to refuse to collect documents, etc. Dawidowicz focuses upon the Holocaust, but the problem of continuity applies to more than the Holocaust and the period of National Socialism in Germany as well as the genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples in German South West Africa (and other colonial histories).
One must bear in mind that to apply Dawidowicz' theory of historical continuity (over time), technically predicate functions over a time variable are required. This implies an understanding of a synchronic/diasynchronic view (sometimes subsumed under "Historical Materialism
Historical materialism
Historical materialism is a methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history, first articulated by Karl Marx as "the materialist conception of history". Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human society in the means by which humans...
".)
Gretchen E. Schafft has been repeatedly referenced, noting how much resistance she encountered while trying to exhume the record of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes. These forms of censorship have been mentioned above in this article, but the problem is obviously more extensive, insofar as it applies not just to information about gypsies and Jews, and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, but applies to the history of all countries. For example, in "The angel of death has descended violently among them", historian Casper Erichsen recounts the censorship he encountered at the Namibian National Archives from Head Archivist Brigitte Lau, when researching information about the Herero and Namaqua Genocide
Herero and Namaqua Genocide
The Herero and Namaqua Genocide is considered to have been the first genocide of the 20th century. It took place between 1904 and 1907 in German South-West Africa , during the scramble for Africa...
.
"The history of Namibia's concentration camps has long been overlooked and largely forgotten in the existing historiography about the 1904-08 anti-colonial wars. Most theses or histories dealing with these anti-colonial wars at best only make passing reference to concentration camps and the prisoners kept there. Illustrating this amnesia, the former Head of the National Archives of Namibia, the late Brigitte Lau, remarked in 1989 that existing records of Swakopmund and Windhoek were 'silent' about the camps thereby posing questions about their existence.
"In acknowledging that information about the camps has been scarce in the close to 100 years following their formal closing in 1908, this chapter seeks to retrace the history of the concentration camps and to answer the very basic questions about them, more specifically: when, where and what they were. The chapter goes a step further in looking at patterns in terms of treatment of prisoners and what internment in the camps entailed for these people.
"Ironically the bulk of the research for this chapter was conducted in what is today known as the Brigitte Lau Reading Room at the National Archives of Namibia and the records were not all that silent."
What does the above discussion -- true or not -- have to do with difficulty in accessing materials at the Max Planck Society Archive? Let us examine the following. Any normal, thoughtful person has thought processes that can travel back and forth in time. Suppose one wanted to censor the history of National Socialism in Germany during the Third Reich. One might then think 'What ideas prior to the Third Reich should be censored in turn?' One might find a precedent to the actions of Facism in what transpired in German Southwest Africa. This in turn might imply a necessity to censor the ways in which German Southwest Africa led to ideas during the Third Reich. Thus, finally, the realization in the present time, that aspects of the history of German Southwest Africa must be censored, in order to censor the origins of Nazi racism. Not only does this require thought (as a function of time), but also the 'dialectic' of moving back and forth in time. A use of Temporal (or Chronological) Modal logic or Tense Modal logics.
Invoking Lucy Dawidowicz's idea of continuity, one would suspect a relationship might exist between the revisionism found in Brigitte Lau's view of the history of German South West Africa and what happened a few years later, during the rise of National Socialism. Indeed, there is a clear and undeniable link:
"According to Arendt, H. (1975) The origins of totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace, 'African colonial possessions became the most fertile soil for the flowering of what later was to become the Nazi elite. Here they had seen with their own eyes how peoples could be converted into races and how, simply by taking the initiative in this process, one might push one's own people into the position of the master race. Here they were cured of the illusion that the historical process is necessarily "progressive".' "
Bear in mind that people such as Eugen Fischer
Eugen Fischer
Eugen Fischer was a German professor of medicine, anthropology and eugenics. He was director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics between 1927 and 1942...
worked in both German South West Africa (during the Second Reich) as well as at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Germany during the Third Reich. He studied the skulls of the Rehoboth bastards in both German Southwest Africa during the Second Reich, as well as at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics was founded in 1927. The Rockefeller Foundation supported both the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Psychiatry and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics...
, during the Third Reich -- later to become a part of the Max Planck Society, with its censored archive (as noted by Gretchen E. Schafft).
Synchronic vs. diasynchronic analysis
Synchronic phenomena are static, and are not viewed as changing in time (or are viewed only at one moment of time).Diasychronic phenomena are dynamic, and are viewed as being subject to change over time.
While "time" is the most common parameter, location, place or position are sometimes also used. For example, Lusotropicalism
Lusotropicalism
Lusotropicalism or Luso-Tropicalism was first coined by Brazilian sociologist Gilberto Freyre,to describe the distinctive character of the Portuguese imperialism in several lectures, and is a belief and movement especially strong during the António de Oliveira Salazar dictatorship in Portugal ,...
is a theory of race that is diasychronic in that it constructs a theory of racism that is based on location (the Tropics). Thus, making use of standard First-order logic
First-order logic
First-order logic is a formal logical system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. It goes by many names, including: first-order predicate calculus, the lower predicate calculus, quantification theory, and predicate logic...
or Predicate logic
Predicate logic
In mathematical logic, predicate logic is the generic term for symbolic formal systems like first-order logic, second-order logic, many-sorted logic or infinitary logic. This formal system is distinguished from other systems in that its formulae contain variables which can be quantified...
:
| Object | Type of Object | Example | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | proposition | "New World slaves during the 17th century were not permitted to carry firearms in Surinam." | synchronic (static) |
| p(t) | monadic predicate function | "New World slaves during the t century were not permitted to carry firearms in Surinam." | diasynchronic (dynamic in time) |
| p(l) | monadic predicate function | "New World slaves during the 17th century were not permitted to carry firearms in l." | diasynchronic (dynamic in location) |
| p (t,l) | dyadic predicate function | "New World slaves during the t century were not permitted to carry firearms in l." | diasynchronic (dynamic in time and location) |
When dealing with a proposition, as usual, the proposition is either true or false. When dealing with a predicate function as different instances of time or location are used, the predicate functions may vary in truth.
Thus, p(t) becomes
"New World slaves during the 19th century were not permitted to carry firearms in Surinam."
and p(l), with location l = Brazil, becomes
"New World slaves during the 17th century were not permitted to carry firearms in Brazil."
and p(t,l), with time t =18th and location l =Cayenne, becomes
"New World slaves during the 18th century were not permitted to carry firearms in Cayenne."
To do a comparative temporal analysis of slavery in Demararra, one might consider p(t, Demararra), or
"New World slaves during the t century were not permitted to carry firearms in Demararra."
Thus, comparative studies in slavery comparing different times or comparative studies in slavery in different locations would require a diasynchronic view.
External references
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft website: http://www.dfg.de/en/dfg_profile/history/index.html
- Lucy S. Dawidowicz, "The Holocaust and the Historians", Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1981, pp. 43-56, 99-100
See also
- Hannah ArendtHannah ArendtHannah Arendt was a German American political theorist. She has often been described as a philosopher, although she refused that label on the grounds that philosophy is concerned with "man in the singular." She described herself instead as a political theorist because her work centers on the fact...
- Lucy DawidowiczLucy DawidowiczLucy Schildkret Dawidowicz was an American historian and an author of books on modern Jewish history, in particular books on the Holocaust.-Life:...
- First-order logicFirst-order logicFirst-order logic is a formal logical system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. It goes by many names, including: first-order predicate calculus, the lower predicate calculus, quantification theory, and predicate logic...
- Modal logicModal logicModal logic is a type of formal logic that extends classical propositional and predicate logic to include operators expressing modality. Modals — words that express modalities — qualify a statement. For example, the statement "John is happy" might be qualified by saying that John is...
- Nazi concentration campsNazi concentration campsNazi Germany maintained concentration camps throughout the territories it controlled. The first Nazi concentration camps set up in Germany were greatly expanded after the Reichstag fire of 1933, and were intended to hold political prisoners and opponents of the regime...
- Nuremberg trialsNuremberg TrialsThe Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the victorious Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany....
- Predicate logicPredicate logicIn mathematical logic, predicate logic is the generic term for symbolic formal systems like first-order logic, second-order logic, many-sorted logic or infinitary logic. This formal system is distinguished from other systems in that its formulae contain variables which can be quantified...
- Erasing The KWI-A Record
- Bridging The Second and Third Reichs in German South West Africa
- German Ost (East)German Ost (East)This article deals with German colonization of parts of Eastern Europe during the late nineteenth through twentieth centuries. For an article on the medieval migration of Germans into eastern Europe, see Ostsiedlung....