Richard E. Holmes
Encyclopedia
Richard Holmes is medical doctor and one of the five young black Mississippians who pioneered the effort to desegregate the major universities of Mississippi
as part of the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968). His was by far the most peaceful and least noticed of the efforts which had begun with the ultimately tragic efforts of Clyde Kennard
beginning in 1956 to enter what now is the University of Southern Mississippi. His was the most successful in that he completed the degree for which he enrolled.
Holmes’s strikingly peaceful and almost unnoticed enrollment in July, 1965, at previously segregated Mississippi State University
in Starkville
, Mississippi, came five years after the notorious false imprisonment of Clyde Kennard
ended his struggle with the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
and the administration of president William David McCain
to integrate the University of Southern Mississippi, and came less than three years after the fatal battle between southern segregationists and federal forces attendant on the forced enrollment of James Meredith
at the University of Mississippi
in Oxford
against the wishes of Governor Ross Barnett
and the white political establishment of Mississippi.
Born to Horace and Minnie Holmes in the North at Chicago on Feb. 17, 1944, Richard Holmes was 18 months old when he was taken to the South by his mother to a new life in Mississippi. He and three older brothers came to live in Starkville, Mississippi
, with Eliza Hunter, a family friend Holmes would consider his "grandmother." Mrs. Hunter promoted in him education, hard work, honesty, and religion, and taught that “being poor and black was no reason for failure."
Before Mrs. Hunter died in 1956 at the age of 86, she arranged for a home for Holmes with Dr. Douglas Conner, who was a local Starkville physician, community leader and civil rights activist. Conner became his godfather and life mentor, encouraging Holmes to stay in school and study hard.
When Holmes graduated in 1963 from Starkville's black-only Henderson High School, Dr. Conner sent him to Wiley College
where Holmes took pre-med courses during the two years he spent there. Wiley is a private, historically black, liberal arts college in Marshall, Texas
, which was active in the civil rights movement in Texas
. Conciliatory civil rights leaders James L. Farmer, Sr.
, and James L. Farmer, Jr.
(who was director of CORE
when Holmes was at Wiley) had been intimately connected with Wiley. Thus, as a youth with Conner, Holmes imbibed the philosophy of persistent but conservative, gradual expansion of civil rights. Then, as a student at Wiley, he had this reinforced with a need for racial reconciliation.
With this background, Holmes faced the obvious question of why he was off studying at Wiley in Texas when there was a perfectly good university in his home town where many of his family and friends still lived. And he was an almost ideal candidate for integrating Mississippi State, although he must have had some concern for his safety in view of the Kennard (falsely imprisoned and dying) and even Meredith (placed in danger of his life) experiences.
The idea of Holmes enrolling as the first black student at Mississippi State probably had several origins: himself, perhaps Dr. Conner, the local NAACP, President Dr. Dean W. Colvard
and members of the university administration, and friends and mentors at Wiley.
The idea may well not have originated with him. Dr. Conner may have developed the idea at an earlier time, or developed it with Dr. Colvard after the Meredith incident. The NAACP had sponsored such efforts before and would do so again two months later in the case of Raylawni Branch
and Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong
at the University of Southern Mississippi – but there is no indication that they were directly involved in this case.
In the higher education community across Mississippi, there were liberals (in the Mississippi context) and even surrendered segregationist, such as President William David McCain
at the University of Southern Mississippi, who now sought the best way to peacefully and quietly get this inevitable process of racial integration behind them. Probably more people in the administration of Mississippi State had this goal than at other state universities. The Colvard administration was certainly moderate if not liberal, for its time and place. In 1963, Dr. Colvard had been both liberal and courageous enough to send his regional champion basketball team to the integrated NCAA championships, rejecting the wishes of the white state political establishment. In 1965, he and his staff and faculty were definitely seeking a path to peaceful integration.
One of the editors of this article, who was on campus summer and fall of 1965, remembers hearing reports that “the administration” was recruiting the son of a local black doctor to be the first black student.
The effort was certainly well planned and coordinated. Holmes enrolled at the time of year (July) when the fewest people would be on campus, and when the state press and politicians would be least attentive. Holmes gave his enrollment a temporary and less serious appearance when he announced that he had come only for the one summer semester and would then return to Wiley. Finally, Holmes’ quiet and courteous manner combined with his cooperative, inoffensive, and almost supplicatory tone went far to prevent any potential objections. He still says "I didn't set out to be an integrationist."
He enrolled and began classes in September 1965. He remembers that the first day: ‘there were no catcalls, no racial slurs,…It was quiet and serene. Nothing happened; there was just curiosity and disbelief." He did discover that the white students refused to sit at the same table with him in the library and student cafeteria.
There was occasional heckling, but it did not seem to be personal. “Some befriended me and treated me with dignity and respect. Many just ignored me." Many, conceivably most, students were not even aware of what was going on. Bellzora Washington-Galvez, a Mexican-American transfer student from Tucson, Arizona, was one of these. When she arrived at the campus Baptist Student Union
for a Thanksgiving service in November, 1965, she mentioned to the minister that she had seen another Mexican on campus whom she might invite to the BSU, describing Holmes. "Oh no!" he replied, "that's the Negro student who's integrating us. But, I think he's Methodist.""
After a successful summer semester in terms of few problems, the Colvard administration encouraged him to return for the fall semester, which he did. Also, Dr. Conner and other black members of the community asked him to stay, and there was another young black man was considering enrollment, but only if Holmes stayed. Dr. Dean W. Colvard and the faculty were supportive. The student body, overall, treated him well, although a small number of people spoke unkindly to him without causing major problems.
He lived alone in a twin-bed room in the new and (comparatively) luxurious Evans Hall residence facility which was normally reserved for graduate students. He did struggle sometimes, because he felt isolated.
Most of his friends were attending college somewhere else, and people at school couldn't have an open friendship with him because of lingering pressure of Mississippi “closed society” on even liberal white students.
He missed the extracurricular activities he had been involved in. At Wiley he had been active in Kappa Alpha Psi
fraternity and the football program. He sometimes got nostalgic, and wished he could have continued that.
For the next two years, he worked diligently toward a bachelor's degree in liberal arts. Then, needing an income, Holmes left full-time student status in 1967 to teach school nearby in Alabama
. Continuing on part-time status with night and correspondence courses, he graduated with a B.A.
in 1969, and (after two-years in the US Army), a pre-med master's in microbiology and nutrition in 1973. He followed this with an M.D.
from Michigan State University
in 1977. After that, he took several internships in Alabama and set up his residency in Ohio.
He and wife Judie, a former school teacher from nearby Columbus, Mississippi
, have a daughter, Rikeda, son, Richard Jr.
While building a successful 23 year career as an emergency room doctor in Birmingham, Alabama
, he maintained loyalty and close interest in his alma mater.
In 1991, Mississippi State recognized Holmes's campus achievements and medical career by naming the university's cultural diversity center in his honor.
Then, he was recruited back to Mississippi State
in 2003 by Dr. Robert Collins to serve on the John C. Longest Student Health Center as a staff physician.
The gray-haired and always soft-spoken Holmes quickly became a favorite and valued member of the Mississippi State community. Mississippi State President Charles Lee noted that “The university gained from the courage and dignity (Dr. Holmes) demonstrated in 1965,…Today's students are benefiting and learning from the professionalism and compassion that are evident in his practice as a campus physician….He has been, and remains, an inspiration, a role model and a mentor."
Holmes has donated his personal and professional papers to his alma mater’s Mitchell Memorial Library, and he and Judie endowed a minority scholarship fund that also carries his name. In 2003 he gave the spring commencement speech, noting that he had the "most impressive and vivid memory of my time here as a student is the fact that the MSU student body, and the MSU family as a whole, treated me with dignity and respect." In 2005 he became a member of the Wiley College Board of Trustees.
He was named Mississippi State’s 2006 National Alumnus of the Year. In 2007 the Mississippi State Legislature officially recognized and commended him for his career and activities at Mississippi State.
Mississippi
Mississippi is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi...
as part of the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968). His was by far the most peaceful and least noticed of the efforts which had begun with the ultimately tragic efforts of Clyde Kennard
Clyde Kennard
Clyde Kennard was a Civil Rights pioneer and martyr, born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. In the 1950s, he attempted several times to enroll at Mississippi Southern College to complete his undergraduate degree started at University of Chicago...
beginning in 1956 to enter what now is the University of Southern Mississippi. His was the most successful in that he completed the degree for which he enrolled.
Mississippi State University
The Mississippi State University of Agriculture and Applied Science commonly known as Mississippi State University is a land-grant university located in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, United States, partially in the town of Starkville and partially in an unincorporated area...
in Starkville
Starkville, Mississippi
-Demographics:As of the census of 2000, there were 21,869 people, 9,462 households, and 4,721 families residing in the city. The population density was 851.4 people per square mile . There were 10,191 housing units at an average density of 396.7 per square mile...
, Mississippi, came five years after the notorious false imprisonment of Clyde Kennard
Clyde Kennard
Clyde Kennard was a Civil Rights pioneer and martyr, born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. In the 1950s, he attempted several times to enroll at Mississippi Southern College to complete his undergraduate degree started at University of Chicago...
ended his struggle with the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission was a state agency directed by the governor of Mississippi that existed from 1956 to 1977, also known as the Sov-Com...
and the administration of president William David McCain
William David McCain
William David McCain was a recognized leader of the Mississippi political establishment and a leader in its struggle in the 1950s and 1960s to maintain the segregated "southern way of life" against the forces of integration...
to integrate the University of Southern Mississippi, and came less than three years after the fatal battle between southern segregationists and federal forces attendant on the forced enrollment of James Meredith
James Meredith
James H. Meredith is an American civil rights movement figure, a writer, and a political adviser. In 1962, he was the first African American student admitted to the segregated University of Mississippi, an event that was a flashpoint in the American civil rights movement. Motivated by President...
at the University of Mississippi
University of Mississippi
The University of Mississippi, also known as Ole Miss, is a public, coeducational research university located in Oxford, Mississippi. Founded in 1844, the school is composed of the main campus in Oxford, four branch campuses located in Booneville, Grenada, Tupelo, and Southaven as well as the...
in Oxford
Oxford, Mississippi
Oxford is a city in, and the county seat of, Lafayette County, Mississippi, United States. Founded in 1835, it was named after the British university city of Oxford in hopes of having the state university located there, which it did successfully attract....
against the wishes of Governor Ross Barnett
Ross Barnett
Ross Robert Barnett was the governor of Mississippi from 1960 to 1964. He was a States' Rights Democrat.- Early life :...
and the white political establishment of Mississippi.
Starkville, Mississippi
-Demographics:As of the census of 2000, there were 21,869 people, 9,462 households, and 4,721 families residing in the city. The population density was 851.4 people per square mile . There were 10,191 housing units at an average density of 396.7 per square mile...
, with Eliza Hunter, a family friend Holmes would consider his "grandmother." Mrs. Hunter promoted in him education, hard work, honesty, and religion, and taught that “being poor and black was no reason for failure."
Before Mrs. Hunter died in 1956 at the age of 86, she arranged for a home for Holmes with Dr. Douglas Conner, who was a local Starkville physician, community leader and civil rights activist. Conner became his godfather and life mentor, encouraging Holmes to stay in school and study hard.
When Holmes graduated in 1963 from Starkville's black-only Henderson High School, Dr. Conner sent him to Wiley College
Wiley College
Wiley College is a four-year, private, historically black, liberal arts college located on the west side of Marshall, Texas. Founded in 1873 by the Methodist Episcopal Church's Bishop Isaac Wiley and certified in 1882 by the Freedman's Aid Society, it is notable as one of the oldest predominantly...
where Holmes took pre-med courses during the two years he spent there. Wiley is a private, historically black, liberal arts college in Marshall, Texas
Marshall, Texas
Marshall is a city in Harrison County in the northeastern corner of Texas. Marshall is a major cultural and educational center in East Texas and the tri-state area. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Marshall was about 23,523...
, which was active in the civil rights movement in Texas
Texas
Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
. Conciliatory civil rights leaders James L. Farmer, Sr.
James L. Farmer, Sr.
James Leonard Farmer, Sr. was an American author, theologian, educator, and the first African-American Texan to earn a doctorate. Farmer served as a deacon in the Methodist Episcopal Church and as a professor at several historically black colleges and universities in the U.S...
, and James L. Farmer, Jr.
James L. Farmer, Jr.
James Leonard Farmer, Jr. was a civil rights activist and leader in the American Civil Rights Movement. He was the initiator and organizer of the 1961 Freedom Ride, which eventually led to the desegregation of inter-state transportation in the United States.In 1942, Farmer co-founded the Committee...
Congress of Racial Equality
The Congress of Racial Equality or CORE was a U.S. civil rights organization that originally played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement...
when Holmes was at Wiley) had been intimately connected with Wiley. Thus, as a youth with Conner, Holmes imbibed the philosophy of persistent but conservative, gradual expansion of civil rights. Then, as a student at Wiley, he had this reinforced with a need for racial reconciliation.
With this background, Holmes faced the obvious question of why he was off studying at Wiley in Texas when there was a perfectly good university in his home town where many of his family and friends still lived. And he was an almost ideal candidate for integrating Mississippi State, although he must have had some concern for his safety in view of the Kennard (falsely imprisoned and dying) and even Meredith (placed in danger of his life) experiences.
The idea of Holmes enrolling as the first black student at Mississippi State probably had several origins: himself, perhaps Dr. Conner, the local NAACP, President Dr. Dean W. Colvard
Dean W. Colvard
Dean Wallace Colvard is a former president of Mississippi State University, notable for his role in a 1963 controversy surrounding the integration of that school's athletic teams....
and members of the university administration, and friends and mentors at Wiley.
The idea may well not have originated with him. Dr. Conner may have developed the idea at an earlier time, or developed it with Dr. Colvard after the Meredith incident. The NAACP had sponsored such efforts before and would do so again two months later in the case of Raylawni Branch
Raylawni Branch
Mrs. Raylawni Branch is a black Mississippi pioneer of the African-American Civil Rights Movement ,professional nursing educator and US Air Force Reserve officer...
and Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong
Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong
Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong was a black Mississippi pioneer in the African-American Civil Rights Movement . In September, 1965, she and Raylawni Branch, both local natives, integrated the University of Southern Mississippi at Hattiesburg...
at the University of Southern Mississippi – but there is no indication that they were directly involved in this case.
In the higher education community across Mississippi, there were liberals (in the Mississippi context) and even surrendered segregationist, such as President William David McCain
William David McCain
William David McCain was a recognized leader of the Mississippi political establishment and a leader in its struggle in the 1950s and 1960s to maintain the segregated "southern way of life" against the forces of integration...
at the University of Southern Mississippi, who now sought the best way to peacefully and quietly get this inevitable process of racial integration behind them. Probably more people in the administration of Mississippi State had this goal than at other state universities. The Colvard administration was certainly moderate if not liberal, for its time and place. In 1963, Dr. Colvard had been both liberal and courageous enough to send his regional champion basketball team to the integrated NCAA championships, rejecting the wishes of the white state political establishment. In 1965, he and his staff and faculty were definitely seeking a path to peaceful integration.
One of the editors of this article, who was on campus summer and fall of 1965, remembers hearing reports that “the administration” was recruiting the son of a local black doctor to be the first black student.
The effort was certainly well planned and coordinated. Holmes enrolled at the time of year (July) when the fewest people would be on campus, and when the state press and politicians would be least attentive. Holmes gave his enrollment a temporary and less serious appearance when he announced that he had come only for the one summer semester and would then return to Wiley. Finally, Holmes’ quiet and courteous manner combined with his cooperative, inoffensive, and almost supplicatory tone went far to prevent any potential objections. He still says "I didn't set out to be an integrationist."
He enrolled and began classes in September 1965. He remembers that the first day: ‘there were no catcalls, no racial slurs,…It was quiet and serene. Nothing happened; there was just curiosity and disbelief." He did discover that the white students refused to sit at the same table with him in the library and student cafeteria.
There was occasional heckling, but it did not seem to be personal. “Some befriended me and treated me with dignity and respect. Many just ignored me." Many, conceivably most, students were not even aware of what was going on. Bellzora Washington-Galvez, a Mexican-American transfer student from Tucson, Arizona, was one of these. When she arrived at the campus Baptist Student Union
Baptist Student Union
The Baptist Student Union is the traditional name of a college-level organization that can be found on many college campuses in the United States and Canada. As the term BSU became associated with other organizations, many local ministries changed their name...
for a Thanksgiving service in November, 1965, she mentioned to the minister that she had seen another Mexican on campus whom she might invite to the BSU, describing Holmes. "Oh no!" he replied, "that's the Negro student who's integrating us. But, I think he's Methodist.""
After a successful summer semester in terms of few problems, the Colvard administration encouraged him to return for the fall semester, which he did. Also, Dr. Conner and other black members of the community asked him to stay, and there was another young black man was considering enrollment, but only if Holmes stayed. Dr. Dean W. Colvard and the faculty were supportive. The student body, overall, treated him well, although a small number of people spoke unkindly to him without causing major problems.
He lived alone in a twin-bed room in the new and (comparatively) luxurious Evans Hall residence facility which was normally reserved for graduate students. He did struggle sometimes, because he felt isolated.
Most of his friends were attending college somewhere else, and people at school couldn't have an open friendship with him because of lingering pressure of Mississippi “closed society” on even liberal white students.
He missed the extracurricular activities he had been involved in. At Wiley he had been active in Kappa Alpha Psi
Kappa Alpha Psi
Kappa Alpha Psi is a collegiate Greek-letter fraternity with a predominantly African American membership. Since the fraternity's founding on January 5, 1911 at Indiana University Bloomington, the fraternity has never limited membership based on color, creed or national origin...
fraternity and the football program. He sometimes got nostalgic, and wished he could have continued that.
For the next two years, he worked diligently toward a bachelor's degree in liberal arts. Then, needing an income, Holmes left full-time student status in 1967 to teach school nearby in Alabama
Alabama
Alabama is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland...
. Continuing on part-time status with night and correspondence courses, he graduated with a B.A.
Bachelor of Arts
A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
in 1969, and (after two-years in the US Army), a pre-med master's in microbiology and nutrition in 1973. He followed this with an M.D.
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Medicine is a doctoral degree for physicians. The degree is granted by medical schools...
from Michigan State University
Michigan State University
Michigan State University is a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan, USA. Founded in 1855, it was the pioneer land-grant institution and served as a model for future land-grant colleges in the United States under the 1862 Morrill Act.MSU pioneered the studies of packaging,...
in 1977. After that, he took several internships in Alabama and set up his residency in Ohio.
Columbus, Mississippi
Columbus is a city in Lowndes County, Mississippi, United States that lies above the Tombigbee River. It is approximately northeast of Jackson, north of Meridian, south of Tupelo, northwest of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and west of Birmingham, Alabama. The population was 25,944 at the 2000 census...
, have a daughter, Rikeda, son, Richard Jr.
While building a successful 23 year career as an emergency room doctor in Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham is the largest city in Alabama. The city is the county seat of Jefferson County. According to the 2010 United States Census, Birmingham had a population of 212,237. The Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Area, in estimate by the U.S...
, he maintained loyalty and close interest in his alma mater.
In 1991, Mississippi State recognized Holmes's campus achievements and medical career by naming the university's cultural diversity center in his honor.
Then, he was recruited back to Mississippi State
Mississippi State University
The Mississippi State University of Agriculture and Applied Science commonly known as Mississippi State University is a land-grant university located in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, United States, partially in the town of Starkville and partially in an unincorporated area...
in 2003 by Dr. Robert Collins to serve on the John C. Longest Student Health Center as a staff physician.
The gray-haired and always soft-spoken Holmes quickly became a favorite and valued member of the Mississippi State community. Mississippi State President Charles Lee noted that “The university gained from the courage and dignity (Dr. Holmes) demonstrated in 1965,…Today's students are benefiting and learning from the professionalism and compassion that are evident in his practice as a campus physician….He has been, and remains, an inspiration, a role model and a mentor."
Holmes has donated his personal and professional papers to his alma mater’s Mitchell Memorial Library, and he and Judie endowed a minority scholarship fund that also carries his name. In 2003 he gave the spring commencement speech, noting that he had the "most impressive and vivid memory of my time here as a student is the fact that the MSU student body, and the MSU family as a whole, treated me with dignity and respect." In 2005 he became a member of the Wiley College Board of Trustees.
He was named Mississippi State’s 2006 National Alumnus of the Year. In 2007 the Mississippi State Legislature officially recognized and commended him for his career and activities at Mississippi State.