Robert Aickman
Encyclopedia
Robert Fordyce Aickman was an English
conservationist
and writer of fiction and nonfiction. As a writer, he is best known for his supernatural fiction
, which he described as "strange stories".
(1857–1915), known for his occult thriller The Beetle (1897), a book as popular in its time as Bram Stoker
's Dracula
.
He originally received his training in architecture
, the profession of his father, William Arthur Aickman. In the opening lines of his autobiographical work The Attempted Rescue (1966), Aickman described his father as "the oddest man I have ever known".
Aickman is probably best remembered for his co-founding of the Inland Waterways Association
, a group devoted to restoring and preserving England's inland canal system. (One of the association's co-founders, L. T. C. Rolt
, also produced a volume of supernatural tales, entitled Sleep No More (London: Constable, 1948).) Aickman was married to Edith Ray Gregorson from 1941 to 1957.
With a keen interest in the theatre, ballet, and music, Aickman also served as a chairman of the London Opera Society and was active in the London Opera Club, the Ballet Minerva, and the Mikron Theatre Company in London.
Aickman died of cancer
on 26 February 1981 after refusing to have conventional treatment. His obituary appeared in The Times
on 28 February.
Cold Hand in Mine and Painted Devils featured dust jacket
drawings by acclaimed gothic illustrator Edward Gorey
. August Derleth
proposed that Arkham House
should publish a book of Aickman's best stories, but was unable to meet the author's demands and withdrew the proposal. The original collections of short stories are quite scarce, though copies of the U.S. edition of Cold Hand in Mine are very plentiful.
Aickman's published novels were The Late Breakfasters
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1964) and The Model: A Novel of the Fantastic (New York: Arbor House, 1987). The latter was a novella
which had remained unpublished in his lifetime. Aickman had hoped to have had the latter work illustrated by Edward Gorey. Another novel, entitled Go Back at Once, remains unpublished. S.T. Joshi is at work on this and it may be published.
A previously unpublished short story, "The Fully Conducted Tour", appeared in the Tartarus Press periodical Wormwood in 2005.
for short fiction for his story "Pages from a Young Girl's Journal". This story had originally appeared in February 1973 in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
; it was reprinted in Cold Hand in Mine.
In 1981, the year of his death, Aickman was awarded the British Fantasy Award
for his story "The Stains", which had first appeared in the anthology New Terrors (London: Pan, 1980), edited by Ramsey Campbell
. It subsequently appeared posthumously in Night Voices.
s The Attempted Rescue (London: Victor Gollancz, 1966) and The River Runs Uphill: A Story of Success and Failure (Burton-on-Trent: Pearson, 1986). In 2001, Tartarus Press
reissued the former volume in a new edition with a foreword by the writer and Aickman enthusiast Jeremy Dyson
of the British comedy quartet The League of Gentlemen
.
For a time, Aickman served as theatre critic for The Nineteenth Century and After. His reviews remain, to date, uncollected in book form. He also wrote two books relating to his conservation activities, Know Your Waterways and The Story of Our Inland Waterways (both 1955).
, Ohio
.
's Robert Aickman: An Introduction (Gothic Press, 2003). Crawford has also compiled an online database of works about Aickman. David Bolton's Race Against Time: How Britain's Waterways Were Saved (Methuen, 1990) contains a great deal of material about Aickman, including several photographs of him, and the final chapter is devoted to him. Elizabeth Jane Howard
's autobiography Slipstream (Macmillan, 2002) gives an account of her relationship with him.
Philip Challinor has brought together eight critical essays on Aickman's stories in the chapbook, Akin to Poetry (Gothic Press, 2010.) A critical essay on Aickman's fiction appears in S.T. Joshi's book The Modern Weird Tale (2001). Articles, essays and papers by other authors have appeared on the website Robert Aickman: An Appreciation, and in the journals Studies in Weird Fiction (published by Necronomicon Press
), All Hallows (published by the Ghost Story Society
), Studies in the Fantastic, Supernatural Tales and Wormwood.
drama
series Nightfall
on 31 October 1980.
In 1987, HTV West produced a six-episode anthology series for television called Night Voices, of which four were based upon stories by Aickman: "The Hospice", "The Inner Room", "Hand In Glove" and "The Trains".
A 1997 adaptation of "The Swords",directed by Tony Scott
appeared as the first episode of the cable original horror anthology series The Hunger
.
Jeremy Dyson has adapted Aickman's work into drama in a number of forms. A musical staging of his short story "The Same Dog", for which Dyson co-wrote the libretto
with Joby Talbot
, premiered in 2000 at the Barbican Concert Hall. In 2000, with his League collaborator Mark Gatiss
, Dyson adapted Aickman's short story "Ringing the Changes" into a BBC Radio Four radio play. This aired exactly twenty years after the CBC adaptation, on Halloween
, 2000. Dyson also directed a 2002 short film based on Aickman's story "The Cicerones" with Gatiss as the principal actor.
English people
The English are a nation and ethnic group native to England, who speak English. The English identity is of early mediaeval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn. England is now a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of English people in England are British Citizens...
conservationist
Conservationist
Conservationists are proponents or advocates of conservation. They advocate for the protection of all the species in an ecosystem with a strong focus on the natural environment...
and writer of fiction and nonfiction. As a writer, he is best known for his supernatural fiction
Supernatural fiction
Supernatural fiction is a literary genre exploiting or requiring as plot devices or themes some contradictions of the commonplace natural world and materialist assumptions about it....
, which he described as "strange stories".
Life
Aickman, born in London, England, was the grandson of the prolific Victorian novelist Richard MarshRichard Marsh (author)
Richard Marsh was the pseudonym of the British author born Richard Bernard Heldmann. He is best known for his supernatural thriller The Beetle: A Mystery, which was published in the same year as Bram Stoker's Dracula and was initially even more popular...
(1857–1915), known for his occult thriller The Beetle (1897), a book as popular in its time as Bram Stoker
Bram Stoker
Abraham "Bram" Stoker was an Irish novelist and short story writer, best known today for his 1897 Gothic novel Dracula...
's Dracula
Dracula
Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker.Famous for introducing the character of the vampire Count Dracula, the novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to relocate from Transylvania to England, and the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and women led by Professor...
.
He originally received his training in architecture
Architecture
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art...
, the profession of his father, William Arthur Aickman. In the opening lines of his autobiographical work The Attempted Rescue (1966), Aickman described his father as "the oddest man I have ever known".
Aickman is probably best remembered for his co-founding of the Inland Waterways Association
Inland Waterways Association
The Inland Waterways Association was formed in 1946 as a registered charity in the United Kingdom to campaign for the conservation, use, maintenance, restoration and sensitive development of British Canals and river navigations....
, a group devoted to restoring and preserving England's inland canal system. (One of the association's co-founders, L. T. C. Rolt
L. T. C. Rolt
Lionel Thomas Caswall Rolt was a prolific English writer and the biographer of major civil engineering figures including Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Thomas Telford...
, also produced a volume of supernatural tales, entitled Sleep No More (London: Constable, 1948).) Aickman was married to Edith Ray Gregorson from 1941 to 1957.
With a keen interest in the theatre, ballet, and music, Aickman also served as a chairman of the London Opera Society and was active in the London Opera Club, the Ballet Minerva, and the Mikron Theatre Company in London.
Aickman died of cancer
Cancer
Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...
on 26 February 1981 after refusing to have conventional treatment. His obituary appeared in The Times
The Times
The Times is a British daily national newspaper, first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register . The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary since 1981 of News International...
on 28 February.
Fiction
As a writer, Aickman is best known for the 48 "strange stories" which were published in eight volumes, one of them posthumous. The American collection Painted Devils consists of revised versions of stories which had previously appeared in other books.Cold Hand in Mine and Painted Devils featured dust jacket
Dust jacket
The dust jacket of a book is the detachable outer cover, usually made of paper and printed with text and illustrations. This outer cover has folded flaps that hold it to the front and back book covers...
drawings by acclaimed gothic illustrator Edward Gorey
Edward Gorey
Edward St. John Gorey was an American writer and artist noted for his macabre illustrated books.-Early life:...
. August Derleth
August Derleth
August William Derleth was an American writer and anthologist. Though best remembered as the first publisher of the writings of H. P...
proposed that Arkham House
Arkham House
Arkham House is a publishing house specializing in weird fiction founded in Sauk City, Wisconsin in 1939 by August Derleth and Donald Wandrei to preserve in hardcover the best fiction of H.P. Lovecraft. The company's name is derived from Lovecraft's fictional New England city, Arkham. Arkham House...
should publish a book of Aickman's best stories, but was unable to meet the author's demands and withdrew the proposal. The original collections of short stories are quite scarce, though copies of the U.S. edition of Cold Hand in Mine are very plentiful.
Aickman's published novels were The Late Breakfasters
The Late Breakfasters
The Late Breakfasters is a novel by Robert Aickman, first published in the UK in 1964 by Victor Gollancz. It was reprinted only once by Chivers in 1978, and never appeared in paperback. Either edition is very scarce on the second-hand book market. It is the only novel published by the author in his...
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1964) and The Model: A Novel of the Fantastic (New York: Arbor House, 1987). The latter was a novella
Novella
A novella is a written, fictional, prose narrative usually longer than a novelette but shorter than a novel. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Nebula Awards for science fiction define the novella as having a word count between 17,500 and 40,000...
which had remained unpublished in his lifetime. Aickman had hoped to have had the latter work illustrated by Edward Gorey. Another novel, entitled Go Back at Once, remains unpublished. S.T. Joshi is at work on this and it may be published.
A previously unpublished short story, "The Fully Conducted Tour", appeared in the Tartarus Press periodical Wormwood in 2005.
Awards
In 1975, Aickman received the World Fantasy AwardWorld Fantasy Award
The World Fantasy Awards are annual, international awards given to authors and artists who have demonstrated outstanding achievement in the field of fantasy...
for short fiction for his story "Pages from a Young Girl's Journal". This story had originally appeared in February 1973 in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction is a digest-size American fantasy and science fiction magazine first published in 1949 by Mystery House and then by Fantasy House. Both were subsidiaries of Lawrence Spivak's Mercury Publications, which took over as publisher in 1958. Spilogale, Inc...
; it was reprinted in Cold Hand in Mine.
In 1981, the year of his death, Aickman was awarded the British Fantasy Award
British Fantasy Award
The British Fantasy Awards are administered annually by the British Fantasy Society and were first awarded in 1971. The membership of the BFS vote to determine recommendations, short-lists and winners of the awards...
for his story "The Stains", which had first appeared in the anthology New Terrors (London: Pan, 1980), edited by Ramsey Campbell
Ramsey Campbell
John Ramsey Campbell is an English horror fiction author.Since he first came to prominence in the mid-1960s, critics have cited Campbell as one of the leading writers in his field: T. E. D. Klein has written that "Campbell reigns supreme in the field today", while S. T...
. It subsequently appeared posthumously in Night Voices.
Nonfiction
Aickman's autobiographical writing consists of the two memoirMemoir
A memoir , is a literary genre, forming a subclass of autobiography – although the terms 'memoir' and 'autobiography' are almost interchangeable. Memoir is autobiographical writing, but not all autobiographical writing follows the criteria for memoir set out below...
s The Attempted Rescue (London: Victor Gollancz, 1966) and The River Runs Uphill: A Story of Success and Failure (Burton-on-Trent: Pearson, 1986). In 2001, Tartarus Press
Tartarus Press
Tartarus Press is a small, international award-winning, independent small press run by R.B. Russell and Rosalie Parker. It has two distinct specialities....
reissued the former volume in a new edition with a foreword by the writer and Aickman enthusiast Jeremy Dyson
Jeremy Dyson
Jeremy Dyson is an English screenwriter and, along with Mark Gatiss, Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith, a participant in The League of Gentlemen.-Early life:...
of the British comedy quartet The League of Gentlemen
The League of Gentlemen (comedy)
The League of Gentlemen are a quartet of British dark comedy writers/performers, formed in 1995 by Jeremy Dyson, Mark Gatiss, Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith...
.
For a time, Aickman served as theatre critic for The Nineteenth Century and After. His reviews remain, to date, uncollected in book form. He also wrote two books relating to his conservation activities, Know Your Waterways and The Story of Our Inland Waterways (both 1955).
Unpublished works
Other than Go Back At Once, mentioned above, Aickman produced a number of other unpublished works. These include the plays Allowance For Error, Duty and The Golden Round. Another book, a vast philosophical work entitled Panacea: The Synthesis of an Attitude ran to over 1000 pages in manuscript form. Copies of these items are preserved, along with all of Aickman's other remaining papers, in the Robert Aickman Collection at Bowling Green State UniversityBowling Green State University
Bowling Green State University, often referred to as Bowling Green or BGSU, is a public, coeducational research university located in Bowling Green, Ohio, United States. The institution was granted a charter in 1910 by the State of Ohio as part of the Lowry Bill, which also established Kent State...
, Ohio
Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,it is the 7th‑most populous with over 11.5 million residents, containing several major American cities and seven metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more.The state's capital is Columbus...
.
Career as editor
In addition to writing his own stories, Aickman edited the first eight volumes of the Fontana Book of Great Ghost Stories between 1964 and 1972. He selected six of his own stories for inclusion over the course of the series. The fourth and sixth volumes lack one of his tales. He also supplied an introduction for every volume except the sixth.Recent interest
The most detailed biographical and critical study is Gary William CrawfordGary William Crawford
Gary William Crawford is an American writer and small press publisher.He is the founder and editor of Gothic Press, which since 1979 has published books and periodicals in the field of Gothic literature. From 1979 to 1987, Crawford produced six issues of the journal Gothic, which features...
's Robert Aickman: An Introduction (Gothic Press, 2003). Crawford has also compiled an online database of works about Aickman. David Bolton's Race Against Time: How Britain's Waterways Were Saved (Methuen, 1990) contains a great deal of material about Aickman, including several photographs of him, and the final chapter is devoted to him. Elizabeth Jane Howard
Elizabeth Jane Howard
Elizabeth Jane Howard, CBE is an English novelist. She was previously an actress and a model.In 1951 she won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize for her first novel, The Beautiful Visit...
's autobiography Slipstream (Macmillan, 2002) gives an account of her relationship with him.
Philip Challinor has brought together eight critical essays on Aickman's stories in the chapbook, Akin to Poetry (Gothic Press, 2010.) A critical essay on Aickman's fiction appears in S.T. Joshi's book The Modern Weird Tale (2001). Articles, essays and papers by other authors have appeared on the website Robert Aickman: An Appreciation, and in the journals Studies in Weird Fiction (published by Necronomicon Press
Necronomicon Press
Necronomicon Press is an American small press publishing house specialising in fiction, poetry and literary criticism relating to the horror and fantasy genres. It is run by Marc A. Michaud....
), All Hallows (published by the Ghost Story Society
Ghost Story Society
The Ghost Story Society is a not-for-profit literary society whose members share an interest in supernatural fiction. Founded in Britain in 1988, it currently has an international membership and is administered by joint organizers Christopher Roden and Barbara Roden, owners of Ash-Tree Press, with...
), Studies in the Fantastic, Supernatural Tales and Wormwood.
Adaptations
In 1968, a television adaptation of "Ringing the Changes", retitled "The Bells of Hell", appeared on the obscure BBC 2 program Late Night Horror. A radio play version based on "Ringing the Changes" was broadcast on the CBC RadioCBC Radio
CBC Radio generally refers to the English-language radio operations of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The CBC operates a number of radio networks serving different audiences and programming niches, all of which are outlined below.-English:CBC Radio operates three English language...
drama
Radio drama
Radio drama is a dramatized, purely acoustic performance, broadcast on radio or published on audio media, such as tape or CD. With no visual component, radio drama depends on dialogue, music and sound effects to help the listener imagine the characters and story...
series Nightfall
Nightfall (CBC)
Nightfall is the title of a radio drama series produced and aired by CBC Radio from July 1980 to June 1983. While primarily a supernatural/horror series, Nightfall featured some episodes in other genres, such as science fiction, mystery, fantasy, and human drama. One episode was even adapted from...
on 31 October 1980.
In 1987, HTV West produced a six-episode anthology series for television called Night Voices, of which four were based upon stories by Aickman: "The Hospice", "The Inner Room", "Hand In Glove" and "The Trains".
A 1997 adaptation of "The Swords",directed by Tony Scott
Tony Scott
Anthony D. L. "Tony" Scott is an English film director. His films include Top Gun, Beverly Hills Cop II, The Last Boy Scout, True Romance, Crimson Tide, Enemy of the State, Spy Game, Man on Fire, Déjà Vu, The Taking of Pelham 123, and Unstoppable...
appeared as the first episode of the cable original horror anthology series The Hunger
The Hunger (serial)
The Hunger is a British/Canadian television horror anthology series, co-produced by Scott Free Productions, Telescene Film Group Productions and the Canadian pay-TV channel The Movie Network...
.
Jeremy Dyson has adapted Aickman's work into drama in a number of forms. A musical staging of his short story "The Same Dog", for which Dyson co-wrote the libretto
Libretto
A libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata, or musical. The term "libretto" is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as mass, requiem, and sacred cantata, or even the story line of a...
with Joby Talbot
Joby Talbot
Joby Talbot is a British composer.Born in Wimbledon, London, Talbot studied composition at Royal Holloway and Bedford New College at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama under Brian Elias and Simon Bainbridge....
, premiered in 2000 at the Barbican Concert Hall. In 2000, with his League collaborator Mark Gatiss
Mark Gatiss
Mark Gatiss is an English actor, screenwriter and novelist. He is best known as a member of the comedy team The League of Gentlemen, and has both written for and acted in the TV series Doctor Who and Sherlock....
, Dyson adapted Aickman's short story "Ringing the Changes" into a BBC Radio Four radio play. This aired exactly twenty years after the CBC adaptation, on Halloween
Halloween
Hallowe'en , also known as Halloween or All Hallows' Eve, is a yearly holiday observed around the world on October 31, the night before All Saints' Day...
, 2000. Dyson also directed a 2002 short film based on Aickman's story "The Cicerones" with Gatiss as the principal actor.
Quotes
I think that Aickman is one of those authors that you respond to on a very primal level. If you're a writer, it's a bit like being a stage magician. A stage magician produces coin, takes coin, demonstrates coin vanished... That tends to be what you do as a fiction writer, reading fiction. You'll go, "Oh look. He's setting that up."...Reading Robert Aickman is like watching a magician work, and very often I'm not even sure what the trick was. All I know is that he did it beautifully. Yes, the key vanished, but I don't know if he was holding a key in the hand to begin with. I find myself admiring everything he does from an auctorial standpoint. And I love it as a reader. He will bring on atmosphere. He will construct these perfect, dark, doomed little stories, what he called "strange stories".
- Neil GaimanNeil GaimanNeil Richard Gaiman born 10 November 1960)is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre and films. His notable works include the comic book series The Sandman and novels Stardust, American Gods, Coraline, and The Graveyard Book...
quoted in The Neil Gaiman Reader by Darrell SchweitzerDarrell SchweitzerDarrell Charles Schweitzer is an American writer, editor, and essayist in the field of speculative fiction. Much of his focus has been on dark fantasy and horror, although he does also work in science fiction and fantasy...
His literary gifts were of an extremely high order. His prose style – supple, urbane, sophisticated, restrained, yet capable of surprisingly powerful emotive effects – never falters from the beginning to the end of his work. There are few writers who are as purely pleasurable to read, regardless of their subject matter or the success or failure of their actual work, as Robert Aickman. His major literary influences (it might be better to say analogues) appear to be M. R. JamesM. R. JamesMontague Rhodes James, OM, MA, , who used the publication name M. R. James, was an English mediaeval scholar and provost of King's College, Cambridge and of Eton College . He is best remembered for his ghost stories, which are regarded as among the best in the genre...
and Walter de la MareWalter de la MareWalter John de la Mare , OM CH was an English poet, short story writer and novelist, probably best remembered for his works for children and the poem "The Listeners"....
, yet he excels the former in richness and variety of texture and the latter in the sustained intensity of all his literary work.
- S. T. JoshiS. T. JoshiSunand Tryambak Joshi — known as S. T. Joshi — is an award-winning Indian American literary critic, novelist, and a leading figure in the study of Howard Phillips Lovecraft and other authors of weird and fantastic fiction...
, The Modern Weird Tale (McFarland, 2001), p. 218
Novels
- The Late BreakfastersThe Late BreakfastersThe Late Breakfasters is a novel by Robert Aickman, first published in the UK in 1964 by Victor Gollancz. It was reprinted only once by Chivers in 1978, and never appeared in paperback. Either edition is very scarce on the second-hand book market. It is the only novel published by the author in his...
. London: Victor Gollancz 1964. - The Model. New York: Arbor House 1987.
Original collections
- We Are for the Dark: Six Ghost Stories, London: Jonathan Cape, 1951 (a collection containing three stories by Elizabeth Jane HowardElizabeth Jane HowardElizabeth Jane Howard, CBE is an English novelist. She was previously an actress and a model.In 1951 she won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize for her first novel, The Beautiful Visit...
and the following three by Aickman):- "The Trains"
- "The Insufficient Answer"
- "The View"
- Dark Entries: Curious and Macabre Ghost Stories, London: Collins, 1964
- "The School Friend"
- "Ringing the Changes"
- "Choice of Weapons"
- "The Waiting Room"
- "Bind Your Hair"
- Powers of Darkness: Macabre Stories, London: Collins, 1966
- "Your Tiny Hand is Frozen"
- "My Poor Friend"
- "The Visiting Star"
- "Larger Than Oneself"
- "A Roman Question"
- "The Wine-Dark Sea"
- Sub Rosa: Strange Tales, London: Victor Gollancz, 1968
- "Ravissante"
- "The Inner Room"
- "Never Visit Venice"
- "The Unsettled Dust"
- "The Houses of the Russians"
- "No Stronger than a Flower"
- "The Cicerones"
- "Into the Wood"
- Cold Hand in Mine: Eight Strange Stories, London: Victor Gollancz, 1975
- "The Swords"
- "The Real Road to the Church"
- "Niemandswasser"
- "Pages from a Young Girl's Journal"
- "The Hospice"
- "The Same Dog"
- "Meeting Mr Millar"
- "The Clock Watcher"
- Tales of Love and Death, London: Victor Gollancz, 1977
- "Growing Boys"
- "Marriage"
- "Le Miroir"
- "Compulsory Games"
- "Raising the Wind"
- "Residents Only"
- "Wood"
- Intrusions: Strange Tales, London: Victor Gollancz, 1980
- "Hand in Glove"
- "No Time is Passing"
- "The Fetch"
- "The Breakthrough"
- "The Next Glade"
- "Letters to the Postman"
- Night Voices: Strange Stories, London: Victor Gollancz, 1985. Reprints "The Trains" and also includes:
- "The Stains"
- "Just a Song at Twilight"
- "Laura"
- "Rosamund's Bower"
- "Mark Ingestre: The Customer's Tale"
Reprint collections
- Painted Devils: Strange Stories, New York: Scribner's, 1979 (revised stories)
- The Wine-Dark Sea, New York: Arbor House/William Morrow, 1988
- The Unsettled Dust, London: Mandarin, 1990
- The Collected Strange Stories, Carlton-in-Coverdale: Tartarus/Durtro, 1999 (two volumes)
Nonfiction
- Know Your Waterways. London: Coram Publishers, 1955.
- The Story of Our Inland Waterways. London: Pitman, 1955.
Autobiography
- The Attempted Rescue. London: Victor Gollancz 1966.
- The River Runs Uphill: A Story of Success and Failure. Burton on Trent: J M Pearson, 1986.