Roger E. Billings
Encyclopedia
Roger Evan Billings is an American
businessman, inventor
and developer
of high-tech
products. Billings is best known for his pioneering work in the computer industry
and as a developer of hydrogen energy
technologies.
Billings is the author of two books on hydrogen energy technology, Hydrogen from Coal: A Cost Estimation Guidebook (1983) and Hydrogen World View (1991), and the co-author of a technical networking book, WideBand Networking (2000). He has also authored numerous technical papers on hydrogen energy and on computer networking.
and a scholarship to Brigham Young University. Billings generated interest in hydrogen
technology by demonstrating a number of working prototypes, including cars, buses, forklifts, tractors, and a hydrogen-powered home.
In 1971, as an undergraduate at Brigham Young University
(BYU), Billings received a research grant from the Ford Motor Company and his own lab to continue his studies of the hydrogen-fueled automobile. In the summer of 1972, Billings headed a team from Brigham Young University that won first prize for low emissions at the Urban Vehicle Design Competition held at the General Motors
Proving Grounds in Ann Arbor, Michigan
. Their winning entry was a hydrogen powered Volkswagen
.
Between 1966 and 1982, Billings successfully converted 18 vehicles of various types to run on hydrogen. After the initial family car-sized vehicles, Billings turned to larger means of transportation. Billings’ hydrogen powered buses – converted to hydrogen first in 1976 and running in Provo, Utah, then in Riverside, California – were successful demonstrations of hydrogen as a fuel for mass transit vehicles. The Postal Jeep project in 1977 demonstrated the potential use of hydrogen as a practical and advantageous fuel for fleet vehicles.
In 1975, Billings and his team built the “Hydrogen Homestead” prototype, a home which included hydrogen-run heat pump, water heater, oven, range, fireplace log, outdoor grill, a car and tractor. The Homestead project resulted in the development of some innovative hydrogen applications and demonstrated that hydrogen was compatible with existing home appliances.
Originally part of the Hydrogen Homestead Project, the hydrogen-fueled Cadillac Seville featured a dual-fuel system, hydrogen and gasoline, which could be switched back and forth. This made the vehicle practical for everyday use at a time when hydrogen availability was not abundant. Its improved metal hydride storage system operated at a lower temperature than previous units, allowing a cost saving on construction material. The Cadillac was featured in the 1977 inaugural parade for President Jimmy Carter
.
In 1991 Billings developed the first automobile to be powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. The vehicle converted hydrogen into water and electricity and was more efficient than the internal combustion vehicles Billings had converted during his earlier years. The improved efficiency of the fuel cell made the commercial application of hydrogen cars more feasible.
Billings demonstrated this next-level innovation in the practical development of hydrogen as a fuel for transportation—the hydrogen fuel cell car. The Philadelphia unveiling of the car — LaserCel 1 — is the first reported functional fuel cell application in a small transportation vehicle.
Billings was touted in the press for his contributions in developing hydrogen energy. The Enterprise business journal called Billings “The Father of Hydrogen Technology.” (Bentley, 1975) An Omni Magazine report on his work in 1982 dubbed him “The Hydrogen Man” (Rose, 1982), and an article in the July 21, 2003 issue of Time Magazine
referred to him as "Dr. Hydrogen". (Barlett, Steele 2003).
He established the Billings Computer Corporation in 1977, which manufactured one of the first Personal Computers, the Billings Computer. The same year, Billings Computer Corporation paid the New Mexico start-up company, Microsoft, $330,000 to acquire usage rights for EBasic and to fund the development of Fortran and Cobol compilers. In 1982 Time Magazine featured a photo of the young Bill Gates in his office with the Billings Computer on his desk.
In 1978, Billings Computer Corporation hired BYU professor Alan Ashton to help develop the Billings Word Processor which was an award winning program offered for the Billings MicroSystem which provided a user friendly and intuitive interface. After the launch of the IBM PC in 1981, Alan Ashton released an enhanced word processor named Word Perfect.
Later, Billings founded Caldisk Inc. which was instrumental in the development the "double-sided floppy drive". Caldisk was later acquired by World Computer Corporation.
Billings invented a method of sharing data on a computer network known as Functionally Structured Distribution (FSD). This method was the forerunner of today’s client-server computing (U.S. Pat. 4714989 – Filed Oct 20, 1986).
In 1985, Billings sold the Billings Energy Corporation and joined with Dr. Geoffrey K. Pardoe, Chairman, General Technology Systems in London
; Dr. Alexei A. Tupolev of the Tupolev Design Bureau in Moscow
; Willis Hawkins, President of Lockheed Corporation in California; and Olof Tegström, Founder and President of Tebetron in Sweden
, to establish the "International Academy of Science", a not-for-profit organization for the advancement of applied science and scientific education. The International Academy of Science (Academy) operates the International Institute of Science and Technology—a Graduate School University that offers the Doctor of Research and Master of Research Degrees. Courses offered by the Academy have recently received accreditation, and its online math courses are being utilized by public and private school districts throughout the U.S. (about 300,000 students).
The International Academy of Science is host to the Science Information System (SIS), an Internet-accessible repository of scientific information, which includes three major components: the Scientific Community Registry, the Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, and the Journal of Science. The Journal of Science is a peer-reviewed, electronic publication forum that allows members of the scientific community to expeditiously publish reports of their research.
In 1994, Roger Billings founded the WideBand Corporation
, one of the first companies to develop a gigabit data rate networking product. WideBand
came up with a pre-standard design that could operate over standard Category 5 cable
. Later, when IEEE established the 802.3ab
workgroup to create a gigabit data rate networking standard, Billings served as a member of the Steering Committee of the Ethernet Alliance
and also contributed technical presentations in the development of the standard. WideBand Corporation began to manufacture a standards-based Gigabit Ethernet
product that could operate over conventional cabling, instead of requiring users to rewire their premises to Category 5e
or better cable. WideBand Corporation
, of which Roger Billings is President, manufactures high performance networking products in its U.S.-based Gallatin, Missouri
factory for government, education, and industry.
Billings established fs[ix] Corporation in 1995 to manufacture a commercial line of computer storage products based on the fs[ix] network operating system. fs[ix] Servers ship with the software pre-installed, which allows them to be tuned for specific hardware installations, increasing storage and retrieval performance. fs[ix] Servers are primarily used to handle large data storage needs such as Hollywood animations, military applications, and substantial library projects.
In 2001, Billings created the Acellus Learning System in answer to the widespread academic failure of students in the United States compared to their international counterparts. Acellus (sometimes called the science of learning because of its ability to study the learning process and make course and delivery adjustments based on feedback) was designed to leverage teachers by using video to deliver lessons, simulating a one-on-one teacher/student experience. The computer-based Acellus System uses student feedback to customize course material to individual students’ needs and allows them to work at their own pace. The Acellus tool is also used by industry and by the military to deliver job and operations training courses.
In 2007, Billings launched GoldKey, a computer security product to protect data on computers and computer networks. GoldKey is a USB device that locks access to a local computer, encrypts data stored on the computer's hard drive, and secures communications over the Internet. GoldKey utilizes strong AES
encryption to protect user data by providing a method of dual authentication—a user provides a password but must also possess the device to be able to access sensitive data ("something you know and something you have"). (Conventional security systems authenticate users by requesting a password ["something you know"].)
In March 2010 GoldKey Security Corp added secure storage capability to its GoldKeys. This new technology, called GoldKey Secure Storage, targets cloud computing installations and provides secure storage units called KryptoVaults for enterprise-class encryption of user data stored in the cloud.
After his university studies, Billings was selected by Bill Lear
, the creator of the Lear Jet
, to be his protégé. Lear moved Billings and his young family into the Lear home in Reno, Nevada
, where, for nearly a year he shared his knowledge of high-tech entrepreneurship.
he played the French horn, was a varsity cheerleader, and a yearbook
photographer, among other activities. His scientific aspirations led him to enter school and regional Science Fairs all three years of high school. He tied for first place for his project on treating seeds with high frequency sound waves the first year, he took second place for his voice-controlled amplifier for laser
communications the second year, and he achieved first place as a senior in high school for his hydrogen
-burning engine
.
After high school, Billings established his own company (Energy Research Corp, later Billings Energy Corp) in his hometown of Provo, Utah
, in 1972, which he later moved to Independence, Missouri (1979), to take advantage of the steady supply of byproduct hydrogen near Kansas City
, as well as to be in closer proximity to the hydrogen city he was planning to build in the state of Iowa.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
businessman, inventor
Invention
An invention is a novel composition, device, or process. An invention may be derived from a pre-existing model or idea, or it could be independently conceived, in which case it may be a radical breakthrough. In addition, there is cultural invention, which is an innovative set of useful social...
and developer
Research and development
The phrase research and development , according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers to "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of...
of high-tech
High tech
High tech is technology that is at the cutting edge: the most advanced technology currently available. It is often used in reference to micro-electronics, rather than other technologies. The adjective form is hyphenated: high-tech or high-technology...
products. Billings is best known for his pioneering work in the computer industry
Computer
A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem...
and as a developer of hydrogen energy
Hydrogen economy
The hydrogen economy is a proposed system of delivering energy using hydrogen. The term hydrogen economy was coined by John Bockris during a talk he gave in 1970 at General Motors Technical Center....
technologies.
Billings is the author of two books on hydrogen energy technology, Hydrogen from Coal: A Cost Estimation Guidebook (1983) and Hydrogen World View (1991), and the co-author of a technical networking book, WideBand Networking (2000). He has also authored numerous technical papers on hydrogen energy and on computer networking.
Hydrogen Energy
Billings' involvement in hydrogen energy began when he converted a car to run on hydrogen in 1965 as a high school student, which won him a Gold and Silver award at the International Science FairIntel International Science and Engineering Fair
The Intel International Science and Engineering Fair is the largest pre-college scientific research event in the world, and is owned and administered by the Society for Science & the Public a 501 non-profit organization based in Washington, DC...
and a scholarship to Brigham Young University. Billings generated interest in hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly...
technology by demonstrating a number of working prototypes, including cars, buses, forklifts, tractors, and a hydrogen-powered home.
In 1971, as an undergraduate at Brigham Young University
Brigham Young University
Brigham Young University is a private university located in Provo, Utah. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , and is the United States' largest religious university and third-largest private university.Approximately 98% of the university's 34,000 students...
(BYU), Billings received a research grant from the Ford Motor Company and his own lab to continue his studies of the hydrogen-fueled automobile. In the summer of 1972, Billings headed a team from Brigham Young University that won first prize for low emissions at the Urban Vehicle Design Competition held at the General Motors
General Motors
General Motors Company , commonly known as GM, formerly incorporated as General Motors Corporation, is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and the world's second-largest automaker in 2010...
Proving Grounds in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census places the population at 113,934, making it the sixth largest city in Michigan. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 344,791 as of 2010...
. Their winning entry was a hydrogen powered Volkswagen
Volkswagen
Volkswagen is a German automobile manufacturer and is the original and biggest-selling marque of the Volkswagen Group, which now also owns the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, SEAT, and Škoda marques and the truck manufacturer Scania.Volkswagen means "people's car" in German, where it is...
.
Between 1966 and 1982, Billings successfully converted 18 vehicles of various types to run on hydrogen. After the initial family car-sized vehicles, Billings turned to larger means of transportation. Billings’ hydrogen powered buses – converted to hydrogen first in 1976 and running in Provo, Utah, then in Riverside, California – were successful demonstrations of hydrogen as a fuel for mass transit vehicles. The Postal Jeep project in 1977 demonstrated the potential use of hydrogen as a practical and advantageous fuel for fleet vehicles.
In 1975, Billings and his team built the “Hydrogen Homestead” prototype, a home which included hydrogen-run heat pump, water heater, oven, range, fireplace log, outdoor grill, a car and tractor. The Homestead project resulted in the development of some innovative hydrogen applications and demonstrated that hydrogen was compatible with existing home appliances.
Originally part of the Hydrogen Homestead Project, the hydrogen-fueled Cadillac Seville featured a dual-fuel system, hydrogen and gasoline, which could be switched back and forth. This made the vehicle practical for everyday use at a time when hydrogen availability was not abundant. Its improved metal hydride storage system operated at a lower temperature than previous units, allowing a cost saving on construction material. The Cadillac was featured in the 1977 inaugural parade for President Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office...
.
In 1991 Billings developed the first automobile to be powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. The vehicle converted hydrogen into water and electricity and was more efficient than the internal combustion vehicles Billings had converted during his earlier years. The improved efficiency of the fuel cell made the commercial application of hydrogen cars more feasible.
Billings demonstrated this next-level innovation in the practical development of hydrogen as a fuel for transportation—the hydrogen fuel cell car. The Philadelphia unveiling of the car — LaserCel 1 — is the first reported functional fuel cell application in a small transportation vehicle.
Billings was touted in the press for his contributions in developing hydrogen energy. The Enterprise business journal called Billings “The Father of Hydrogen Technology.” (Bentley, 1975) An Omni Magazine report on his work in 1982 dubbed him “The Hydrogen Man” (Rose, 1982), and an article in the July 21, 2003 issue of Time Magazine
Time
Time is a part of the measuring system used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change such as the motions of objects....
referred to him as "Dr. Hydrogen". (Barlett, Steele 2003).
Computer Networking
Billings has been involved in the development and launch of a number of computer technologies and products.He established the Billings Computer Corporation in 1977, which manufactured one of the first Personal Computers, the Billings Computer. The same year, Billings Computer Corporation paid the New Mexico start-up company, Microsoft, $330,000 to acquire usage rights for EBasic and to fund the development of Fortran and Cobol compilers. In 1982 Time Magazine featured a photo of the young Bill Gates in his office with the Billings Computer on his desk.
In 1978, Billings Computer Corporation hired BYU professor Alan Ashton to help develop the Billings Word Processor which was an award winning program offered for the Billings MicroSystem which provided a user friendly and intuitive interface. After the launch of the IBM PC in 1981, Alan Ashton released an enhanced word processor named Word Perfect.
Later, Billings founded Caldisk Inc. which was instrumental in the development the "double-sided floppy drive". Caldisk was later acquired by World Computer Corporation.
Billings invented a method of sharing data on a computer network known as Functionally Structured Distribution (FSD). This method was the forerunner of today’s client-server computing (U.S. Pat. 4714989 – Filed Oct 20, 1986).
Ventures
In 1972, Roger Billings founded the Billings Energy Corporation, his first publicly-traded company. It gained worldwide attention with the development of numerous hydrogen vehicle prototypes. Billings also developed hydride-filled hydrogen storage tanks, and a homestead that was hydrogen powered. By 1979, he was working on coal-to-gas conversion plants. (Mother Earth News 1979)In 1985, Billings sold the Billings Energy Corporation and joined with Dr. Geoffrey K. Pardoe, Chairman, General Technology Systems in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
; Dr. Alexei A. Tupolev of the Tupolev Design Bureau in Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
; Willis Hawkins, President of Lockheed Corporation in California; and Olof Tegström, Founder and President of Tebetron in Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
, to establish the "International Academy of Science", a not-for-profit organization for the advancement of applied science and scientific education. The International Academy of Science (Academy) operates the International Institute of Science and Technology—a Graduate School University that offers the Doctor of Research and Master of Research Degrees. Courses offered by the Academy have recently received accreditation, and its online math courses are being utilized by public and private school districts throughout the U.S. (about 300,000 students).
The International Academy of Science is host to the Science Information System (SIS), an Internet-accessible repository of scientific information, which includes three major components: the Scientific Community Registry, the Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, and the Journal of Science. The Journal of Science is a peer-reviewed, electronic publication forum that allows members of the scientific community to expeditiously publish reports of their research.
In 1994, Roger Billings founded the WideBand Corporation
Wideband
In communications, wideband is a relative term used to describe a wide range of frequencies in a spectrum. A system is typically described as wideband if the message bandwidth significantly exceeds the channel's coherence bandwidth....
, one of the first companies to develop a gigabit data rate networking product. WideBand
Wideband
In communications, wideband is a relative term used to describe a wide range of frequencies in a spectrum. A system is typically described as wideband if the message bandwidth significantly exceeds the channel's coherence bandwidth....
came up with a pre-standard design that could operate over standard Category 5 cable
Category 5 cable
Category 5 cable is a twisted pair cable for carrying signals. This type of cable is used in structured cabling for computer networks such as Ethernet. It is also used to carry other signals such as telephony and video. The cable is commonly connected using punch down blocks and modular connectors...
. Later, when IEEE established the 802.3ab
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.3 is a working group and a collection of IEEE standards produced by the working group defining the physical layer and data link layer's media access control of wired Ethernet. This is generally a local area network technology with some wide area network applications...
workgroup to create a gigabit data rate networking standard, Billings served as a member of the Steering Committee of the Ethernet Alliance
Ethernet Alliance
The Ethernet Alliance was incorporated in the state of California in August 2005 and officially launched in January 2006 as a global non-profit industry consortium to promote and support Ethernet...
and also contributed technical presentations in the development of the standard. WideBand Corporation began to manufacture a standards-based Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet is a term describing various technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second , as defined by the IEEE 802.3-2008 standard. It came into use beginning in 1999, gradually supplanting Fast Ethernet in wired local networks where it performed...
product that could operate over conventional cabling, instead of requiring users to rewire their premises to Category 5e
Category 5 cable
Category 5 cable is a twisted pair cable for carrying signals. This type of cable is used in structured cabling for computer networks such as Ethernet. It is also used to carry other signals such as telephony and video. The cable is commonly connected using punch down blocks and modular connectors...
or better cable. WideBand Corporation
Wideband
In communications, wideband is a relative term used to describe a wide range of frequencies in a spectrum. A system is typically described as wideband if the message bandwidth significantly exceeds the channel's coherence bandwidth....
, of which Roger Billings is President, manufactures high performance networking products in its U.S.-based Gallatin, Missouri
Gallatin, Missouri
Gallatin is a city in Daviess County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,789 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Daviess County.-History:...
factory for government, education, and industry.
Billings established fs[ix] Corporation in 1995 to manufacture a commercial line of computer storage products based on the fs[ix] network operating system. fs[ix] Servers ship with the software pre-installed, which allows them to be tuned for specific hardware installations, increasing storage and retrieval performance. fs[ix] Servers are primarily used to handle large data storage needs such as Hollywood animations, military applications, and substantial library projects.
In 2001, Billings created the Acellus Learning System in answer to the widespread academic failure of students in the United States compared to their international counterparts. Acellus (sometimes called the science of learning because of its ability to study the learning process and make course and delivery adjustments based on feedback) was designed to leverage teachers by using video to deliver lessons, simulating a one-on-one teacher/student experience. The computer-based Acellus System uses student feedback to customize course material to individual students’ needs and allows them to work at their own pace. The Acellus tool is also used by industry and by the military to deliver job and operations training courses.
In 2007, Billings launched GoldKey, a computer security product to protect data on computers and computer networks. GoldKey is a USB device that locks access to a local computer, encrypts data stored on the computer's hard drive, and secures communications over the Internet. GoldKey utilizes strong AES
Advanced Encryption Standard
Advanced Encryption Standard is a specification for the encryption of electronic data. It has been adopted by the U.S. government and is now used worldwide. It supersedes DES...
encryption to protect user data by providing a method of dual authentication—a user provides a password but must also possess the device to be able to access sensitive data ("something you know and something you have"). (Conventional security systems authenticate users by requesting a password ["something you know"].)
In March 2010 GoldKey Security Corp added secure storage capability to its GoldKeys. This new technology, called GoldKey Secure Storage, targets cloud computing installations and provides secure storage units called KryptoVaults for enterprise-class encryption of user data stored in the cloud.
Education
Billings received his Bachelor of Science degree from BYU in 1974 with a composite major in Physics, Chemistry, and Electrical, Mechanical, and Chemical Engineering.After his university studies, Billings was selected by Bill Lear
Bill Lear
William Powell Lear was an American inventor and businessman. He is best known for founding the Lear Jet Corporation, a manufacturer of business jets...
, the creator of the Lear Jet
Lear Jet
Learjet is a manufacturer of business jets for civilian and military use. It was founded in the late 1950s by William Powell Lear as Swiss American Aviation Corporation. Learjet is now a subsidiary of Bombardier and marketed as the "Bombardier Learjet Family".-History:The Learjet started life as an...
, to be his protégé. Lear moved Billings and his young family into the Lear home in Reno, Nevada
Reno, Nevada
Reno is the county seat of Washoe County, Nevada, United States. The city has a population of about 220,500 and is the most populous Nevada city outside of the Las Vegas metropolitan area...
, where, for nearly a year he shared his knowledge of high-tech entrepreneurship.
Early life
Billings was one of two sons and four daughters born to Mr. and Mrs. Evan A. Billings. As a student at Provo High SchoolProvo High School
Provo High School is a public secondary school located in Provo, Utah. It is one of the schools in the Provo District. It is part of the Provo City School District, and is the oldest existent secondary school in the city...
he played the French horn, was a varsity cheerleader, and a yearbook
Yearbook
A yearbook, also known as an annual, is a book to record, highlight, and commemorate the past year of a school or a book published annually. Virtually all American, Australian and Canadian high schools, most colleges and many elementary and middle schools publish yearbooks...
photographer, among other activities. His scientific aspirations led him to enter school and regional Science Fairs all three years of high school. He tied for first place for his project on treating seeds with high frequency sound waves the first year, he took second place for his voice-controlled amplifier for laser
Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation...
communications the second year, and he achieved first place as a senior in high school for his hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly...
-burning engine
Engine
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to create motion...
.
After high school, Billings established his own company (Energy Research Corp, later Billings Energy Corp) in his hometown of Provo, Utah
Provo, Utah
Provo is the third largest city in the U.S. state of Utah, located about south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front. Provo is the county seat of Utah County and lies between the cities of Orem to the north and Springville to the south...
, in 1972, which he later moved to Independence, Missouri (1979), to take advantage of the steady supply of byproduct hydrogen near Kansas City
Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri and is the anchor city of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area, the second largest metropolitan area in Missouri. It encompasses in parts of Jackson, Clay, Cass, and Platte counties...
, as well as to be in closer proximity to the hydrogen city he was planning to build in the state of Iowa.
External sources
- Related Web sites
- Books
- Hydrogen from Coal: A Cost Estimation Guidebook (1983)
- Hydrogen World View (1991)
- WideBand Networking (1996)