Run (island)
Encyclopedia
Run is one of the smallest island
s of the Banda Islands
, which are a part of Indonesia
. It is about 3 km long and less than 1 km wide.
In the 17th century, Run was of great economic importance, due to the value of the spices nutmeg
and mace which are obtained from the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragans), once found exclusively in the Banda Islands
. During the history of the spice trade
, sailors of the English East India Company
of the second expedition of James Lancaster
, John Davis
and John Middleton who stayed in Bantam
on Java
, first reached the Island in 1603 and developed good contacts with the inhabitants.
On December 25, 1616, Captain Nathaniel Courthope
reached Run to defend it against the claims of the Dutch East India Company
. A contract with the inhabitants was signed accepting the English King
as sovereign of the island. As a result, Run is considered to be the first English overseas colony
. After four years of siege by the Dutch and the death of Nathaniel Courthope
in an attack in 1620, the English and their local allies departed without a struggle.
According to the Treaty of Westminster ending the First Anglo-Dutch War
of 1652–1654, Run should have been returned to England
. The first attempt in 1660 failed due to formal constraints by the Dutch; after the second in 1665 the English traders were expelled in the same year, and the Dutch destroyed the nutmeg trees.
After the second Anglo-Dutch War
of 1665–1667, England and the United Provinces
of the Netherlands agreed in the Treaty of Breda to the status quo: The English kept the island of Manhattan
, which the Duke of York (the future James II
, brother of Charles II
), had occupied in 1664, renaming the city on that island from New Amsterdam
to New York; while in return Run was formally abandoned to the Dutch. The Dutch monopoly on nutmeg and mace was destroyed by the transfer of nutmeg trees to Ceylon, Grenada
, Singapore
and other British colonies in 1817, after the capture of the main island, Bandalontor, in 1810 by Captain Cole
, leading to the decline of the Dutch supremacy in the spice trade
. There are, however, still nutmeg
trees growing on Run today.
Island
An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, cays or keys. An island in a river or lake may be called an eyot , or holm...
s of the Banda Islands
Banda Islands
The Banda Islands are a volcanic group of ten small volcanic islands in the Banda Sea, about south of Seram Island and about east of Java, and are part of the Indonesian province of Maluku. The main town and administrative centre is Bandanaira, located on the island of the same name. They rise...
, which are a part of Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
. It is about 3 km long and less than 1 km wide.
In the 17th century, Run was of great economic importance, due to the value of the spices nutmeg
Nutmeg
The nutmeg tree is any of several species of trees in genus Myristica. The most important commercial species is Myristica fragrans, an evergreen tree indigenous to the Banda Islands in the Moluccas of Indonesia...
and mace which are obtained from the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragans), once found exclusively in the Banda Islands
Banda Islands
The Banda Islands are a volcanic group of ten small volcanic islands in the Banda Sea, about south of Seram Island and about east of Java, and are part of the Indonesian province of Maluku. The main town and administrative centre is Bandanaira, located on the island of the same name. They rise...
. During the history of the spice trade
Spice trade
Civilizations of Asia were involved in spice trade from the ancient times, and the Greco-Roman world soon followed by trading along the Incense route and the Roman-India routes...
, sailors of the English East India Company
East India Company
The East India Company was an early English joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but that ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent and China...
of the second expedition of James Lancaster
James Lancaster
Sir James Lancaster was a prominent Elizabethan trader and privateer.Lancaster came from Basingstoke in Hampshire. In his early life, he was a soldier and a trader in Portugal...
, John Davis
John Davis (English explorer)
John Davis , was one of the chief English navigators and explorers under Elizabeth I, especially in Polar regions and in the Far East.-Early life:...
and John Middleton who stayed in Bantam
Bantam (city)
Bantam in Banten province near the western end of Java was a strategically important site and formerly a major trading city, with a secure harbor on the Sunda Strait through which all ocean-going traffic passed, at the mouth of Banten River that provided a navigable passage for light craft into...
on Java
Java
Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
, first reached the Island in 1603 and developed good contacts with the inhabitants.
On December 25, 1616, Captain Nathaniel Courthope
Nathaniel Courthope
Nathaniel Courthope was an English merchant navy officer involved in the wars with the Dutch over the sea....
reached Run to defend it against the claims of the Dutch East India Company
Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East India Company was a chartered company established in 1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia...
. A contract with the inhabitants was signed accepting the English King
James I of England
James VI and I was King of Scots as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on 24 March 1603...
as sovereign of the island. As a result, Run is considered to be the first English overseas colony
English colonial empire
The English colonial empire consisted of a variety of overseas territories colonized, conquered, or otherwise acquired by the former Kingdom of England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries....
. After four years of siege by the Dutch and the death of Nathaniel Courthope
Nathaniel Courthope
Nathaniel Courthope was an English merchant navy officer involved in the wars with the Dutch over the sea....
in an attack in 1620, the English and their local allies departed without a struggle.
According to the Treaty of Westminster ending the First Anglo-Dutch War
First Anglo-Dutch War
The First Anglo–Dutch War was the first of the four Anglo–Dutch Wars. It was fought entirely at sea between the navies of the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands. Caused by disputes over trade, the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping, but...
of 1652–1654, Run should have been returned to England
Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe. At its height, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and several smaller outlying islands; what today comprises the legal jurisdiction of England...
. The first attempt in 1660 failed due to formal constraints by the Dutch; after the second in 1665 the English traders were expelled in the same year, and the Dutch destroyed the nutmeg trees.
After the second Anglo-Dutch War
Second Anglo-Dutch War
The Second Anglo–Dutch War was part of a series of four Anglo–Dutch Wars fought between the English and the Dutch in the 17th and 18th centuries for control over the seas and trade routes....
of 1665–1667, England and the United Provinces
Dutch Republic
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic and ultimately...
of the Netherlands agreed in the Treaty of Breda to the status quo: The English kept the island of Manhattan
Manhattan
Manhattan is the oldest and the most densely populated of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the state of New York...
, which the Duke of York (the future James II
James II of England
James II & VII was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland...
, brother of Charles II
Charles II of England
Charles II was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.Charles II's father, King Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War...
), had occupied in 1664, renaming the city on that island from New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. It later became New York City....
to New York; while in return Run was formally abandoned to the Dutch. The Dutch monopoly on nutmeg and mace was destroyed by the transfer of nutmeg trees to Ceylon, Grenada
Grenada
Grenada is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea...
, Singapore
Singapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
and other British colonies in 1817, after the capture of the main island, Bandalontor, in 1810 by Captain Cole
Christopher Cole (Royal Navy officer)
Captain Sir Christopher Cole KCB was a prominent officer of the British Royal Navy who served in the American Revolutionary War, the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars...
, leading to the decline of the Dutch supremacy in the spice trade
Spice trade
Civilizations of Asia were involved in spice trade from the ancient times, and the Greco-Roman world soon followed by trading along the Incense route and the Roman-India routes...
. There are, however, still nutmeg
Nutmeg
The nutmeg tree is any of several species of trees in genus Myristica. The most important commercial species is Myristica fragrans, an evergreen tree indigenous to the Banda Islands in the Moluccas of Indonesia...
trees growing on Run today.