SCO and SGI
Encyclopedia
During the SCO Forum 2003, The SCO Group (SCO) showed several alleged examples of illegal copying of copyrighted code in Linux
. The open source
community quickly debunked most of the examples shown, but one example showed that code from Unix was indeed used in some of SGI
's Linux contributions. The Linux maintainers claim that the code in question was in fact already removed from Linux before the example was revealed, not because it was infringing, but because the code in question duplicated functions that were already present in Linux. SGI and other analysts also responded to this matter and claimed that the code in question was not infringing at all.
, which prohibited them from revealing the information shown to them. SCO claimed the infringements are divided into four separate categories: literal copying, obfuscation
, derivative works and non-literal transfers.
The example used by SCO to demonstrate literal copying is also known as the atemalloc example. While the name of original contributor was not revealed by SCO, quick analysis of the code in question pointed to SGI. At this time it was also revealed that the code was already removed from the Linux kernel, because it duplicated already existing functions.
Within hours, the open source community started several different analyses of the infringing code. While the results of these analyses differ slightly, they all confirm that the code in question was derived from Unix code . These analyses also pointed out that whilst the code could possibly have originated in Unix, this does not necessarily prove infringement of copyrights.
As it turned out this was a particularly bad example, because the code in question was never used in the mainstream distributions of Linux, it was only present in the IA-64 version. There are not many systems currently in the marketplace which are based on this CPU
. Combined with the limited time in which the code was present in Linux, it makes the chance of actually encountering a system running this code very slim.
, one of the creators of the original versions of Unix, acknowledged that either he or Ken Thompson
wrote the original code from which the UNIX System V code is derived:
This is very important, because the original versions of Unix did not have any copyright claim in the source code. At that time the law required these copyright claims which effectively means the early Unix code is not protected by copyright law. Additionally, both Santa Cruz Operation and The SCO Group released the source code to early versions of Unix under a 4-clause BSD-like license, allowing the use of the source code in other open source products.
Linux
Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of any Linux system is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds...
. The open source
Open source
The term open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others consider it a pragmatic methodology...
community quickly debunked most of the examples shown, but one example showed that code from Unix was indeed used in some of SGI
Silicon Graphics
Silicon Graphics, Inc. was a manufacturer of high-performance computing solutions, including computer hardware and software, founded in 1981 by Jim Clark...
's Linux contributions. The Linux maintainers claim that the code in question was in fact already removed from Linux before the example was revealed, not because it was infringing, but because the code in question duplicated functions that were already present in Linux. SGI and other analysts also responded to this matter and claimed that the code in question was not infringing at all.
Background
During the SCO Forum, held on August 17 – 19, 2003, SCO publicly showed several alleged examples of illegal copying of copyright code in Linux. Up till that point, these examples were only available to people who signed an NDANon-disclosure agreement
A non-disclosure agreement , also known as a confidentiality agreement , confidential disclosure agreement , proprietary information agreement , or secrecy agreement, is a legal contract between at least two parties that outlines confidential material, knowledge, or information that the parties...
, which prohibited them from revealing the information shown to them. SCO claimed the infringements are divided into four separate categories: literal copying, obfuscation
Obfuscation
Obfuscation is the hiding of intended meaning in communication, making communication confusing, wilfully ambiguous, and harder to interpret.- Background :Obfuscation may be used for many purposes...
, derivative works and non-literal transfers.
The example used by SCO to demonstrate literal copying is also known as the atemalloc example. While the name of original contributor was not revealed by SCO, quick analysis of the code in question pointed to SGI. At this time it was also revealed that the code was already removed from the Linux kernel, because it duplicated already existing functions.
Within hours, the open source community started several different analyses of the infringing code. While the results of these analyses differ slightly, they all confirm that the code in question was derived from Unix code . These analyses also pointed out that whilst the code could possibly have originated in Unix, this does not necessarily prove infringement of copyrights.
As it turned out this was a particularly bad example, because the code in question was never used in the mainstream distributions of Linux, it was only present in the IA-64 version. There are not many systems currently in the marketplace which are based on this CPU
Central processing unit
The central processing unit is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The CPU plays a role somewhat analogous to the brain in the computer. The term has been in...
. Combined with the limited time in which the code was present in Linux, it makes the chance of actually encountering a system running this code very slim.
The origin of the code
While it is possible that the code contributed to Linux originated from UNIX System V, its original implementation happened in the early 1970s. Comparison of the original Unix source code and the UNIX System V source did not reveal any substantial differences between the two. In fact Dennis RitchieDennis Ritchie
Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie , was an American computer scientist who "helped shape the digital era." He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the UNIX operating system...
, one of the creators of the original versions of Unix, acknowledged that either he or Ken Thompson
Ken Thompson
Kenneth Lane Thompson , commonly referred to as ken in hacker circles, is an American pioneer of computer science...
wrote the original code from which the UNIX System V code is derived:
- So: either Ken or I wrote it originally. I know that the comments that first appeared by the 6th edition were definitely written by me, since I spent some time annotating the almost comment-free earlier editions.
This is very important, because the original versions of Unix did not have any copyright claim in the source code. At that time the law required these copyright claims which effectively means the early Unix code is not protected by copyright law. Additionally, both Santa Cruz Operation and The SCO Group released the source code to early versions of Unix under a 4-clause BSD-like license, allowing the use of the source code in other open source products.
SGI responds
October 1, 2003, SGI responded to SCO’s allegations in an open letter to the Linux community. In this letter, Rich Altmaier, vice president of software, claims that these small code fragments were indeed inadvertently included in the Linux kernel:- All together, these three small code fragments comprised no more than 200 lines out of the more than one million lines of our overall contributions to Linux. Notably, it appears that most or all of the System V code fragments we found had previously been placed in the public domain, meaning it is very doubtful that the SCO Group has any proprietary claim to these code fragments in any case.