Sailing/Yachting

Sailing

Sailing is the propulsion of a vehicle and the control of its movement with large foils called sails. By changing the rigging, rudder, and sometimes the keel or centre board, a sailor manages the force of the wind on the sails in order to move the boat relative to its surrounding medium and...

is a Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1^st Olympiad

Olympiad

An Olympiad is a period of four years, associated with the Olympic Games of Classical Greece. In the Hellenistic period, beginning with Ephorus, Olympiads were used as calendar epoch....

 (1896 Olympics in Athens

Athens

Athens , is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, as its recorded history spans around 3,400 years. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state...

 ). With the exception of 1904

1904 Summer Olympics

The 1904 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the III Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States from 1 July 1904, to November 23, 1904, at what is now known as Francis Field on the campus of Washington University...

 and possible 1916

1916 Summer Olympics

The anticipated 1916 Summer Olympics, which were to be officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were to have been held in Berlin, Germany. However, due to the outbreak of World War I, the games were cancelled.-History:...

 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.
The Sailing program of 1996 consisted of a total of ten sailing classes (disciplines). For each class, with the exception of the Soling, eleven races were scheduled from July 22 to August 2 1996 of the coast of Savannah at the Wassaw Sound

Wassaw Sound

Wassaw Sound is a bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the coast of Georgia, United States near Savannah where which the Wilmington River flows.-American Civil War naval battle:...

 (an area of the Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about , it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area...

). For the Soling ten fleetraces were scheduled followed by a series of matchraces for the top 6 boats of the fleetrace result. The sailing was done on the various types of course configurations.

Venue

According to the IOC statutes the contests in all sport disciplines must be held either in, or as close as possible to the city which the IOC has chosen. An exception was made for the Olympic yachting events, which customarily must be staged on the open sea. On account of this principle, the city of Savannah

Savannah, Georgia

Savannah is the largest city and the county seat of Chatham County, in the U.S. state of Georgia. Established in 1733, the city of Savannah was the colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia. Today Savannah is an industrial center and an important...

 was chosen for the organization of the sailing events. Spectators were given the opportunity to board boats that will sail out to the courses to provide a close look at the competition. About 1000 spectators per day made use of the opportunity.

The sailing events were held of the coast of Savannah at the Wassaw Sound and the Atlantic Ocean. The venue used three locations:

• Satellite Olympic Village in Savannah
• Olympic marina on Wilmington Island. The Stars and Solings, were towed between the Olympic marina and their race areas.
• Day marina, a temporary barge
  Barge
  A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Some barges are not self-propelled and need to be towed by tugboats or pushed by towboats...
  
   system (14,000 m²) near the north side of Wassaw Sound at the mouth of the Wilmington River. The day marina was used as a forward launch area for the dinghies and windsurf boards.

Separate course areas were used for the following pairs of classes:

• Mistral one-design (men and women)
• Europe and Laser
• Finn and Star
• 470 (men and women)
• Tornado and Soling (fleetracing)
• Soling (matchracing)

Overview

Continents	Countries	Classes	Boats	Male	Female
6	78	10	312	361	100

Continents

• Africa
  Africa
  Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
  
  
• Asia
  Asia
  Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
  
  
• Australian continent
  Australia (continent)
  Australia is the world's smallest continent, comprising the mainland of Australia and proximate islands including Tasmania, New Guinea, the Aru Islands and Raja Ampat Islands...
  
  
• Europe
  Europe
  Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
  
  
• North America
  North America
  North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
  
  
• South America
  South America
  South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
  
  

Countries

>

Classes (equipment)

Class	Type	Event	Sailors	Trapeze Trapeze (sailing) In sailing, the trapeze refers to a wire that comes from a point high on the mast, usually where the shrouds are fixed, to a hook on the crew member's harness at approximately waist level...	Mainsail Mainsail A mainsail is a sail located behind the main mast of a sailing vessel.On a square rigged vessel, it is the lowest and largest sail on the main mast....	Jibb/Genoa Jib A jib is a triangular staysail set ahead of the foremast of a sailing vessel. Its tack is fixed to the bowsprit, to the bow, or to the deck between the bowsprit and the foremost mast...	Spinnaker Spinnaker A spinnaker is a special type of sail that is designed specifically for sailing off the wind from a reaching course to a downwind, i.e. with the wind 90°–180° off the bow. The spinnaker fills with wind and balloons out in front of the boat when it is deployed, called flying. It is constructed of...	First OG	Olympics so far
Mistral One Design Class Mistral One Design Class The Mistral One Design Class was chosen by the International Sailing Federation , the governing body of sailing, as the windsurfing equipment for use at the Olympic Regatta in Savannah 1996, Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004. No other windsurfing class has been selected for three Olympic Regattas in...	Surfboard Surfboard A surfboard is an elongated platform used in the sport of surfing. Surfboards are relatively light, but are strong enough to support an individual standing on them while riding a breaking wave...		1	0	+	-	-	1996	1
Mistral One Design Class Mistral One Design Class The Mistral One Design Class was chosen by the International Sailing Federation , the governing body of sailing, as the windsurfing equipment for use at the Olympic Regatta in Savannah 1996, Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004. No other windsurfing class has been selected for three Olympic Regattas in...	Surfboard Surfboard A surfboard is an elongated platform used in the sport of surfing. Surfboards are relatively light, but are strong enough to support an individual standing on them while riding a breaking wave...		1	0	+	-	-	1996	1
Europe Europe (dinghy) The Europe is a one-person dinghy designed in Belgium in 1960 by Alois Roland as a class legal Moth dinghy. The design later changed into its own one-design class....	Dinghy Dinghy A dinghy is a type of small boat, often carried or towed for use as a ship's boat by a larger vessel. It is a loanword from either Bengali or Urdu. The term can also refer to small racing yachts or recreational open sailing boats. Utility dinghies are usually rowboats or have an outboard motor,...		1	0	+	-	-	1992	2
Laser Laser (dinghy) The International Laser Class sailboat, also called Laser Standard and the Laser One is a popular one-design class of small sailing dinghy. According the Laser Class Rules the boat may be sailed by either one or two people, though it is rarely sailed by two. The design, by Bruce Kirby, emphasizes...	Dinghy		1	0	+	-	-	1996	1
Finn Finn (dinghy) The Finn dinghy is the men's single-handed, cat-rigged Olympic class for sailing. It was designed by Swedish canoe designer, Rickard Sarby, in 1949 for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki...	Dinghy		1	0	+	-	-	1952	12
470 470 (dinghy) The 470 is a double-handed monohull planing dinghy with a centreboard, Bermuda rig, and centre sheeting. The name is the overall length of the boat in centimetres . The hull is fibreglass with integral buoyancy tanks. The 470 is equipped with spinnaker and trapeze, making teamwork necessary to...	Dinghy		2	1	+	+	+	1976	6
470 470 (dinghy) The 470 is a double-handed monohull planing dinghy with a centreboard, Bermuda rig, and centre sheeting. The name is the overall length of the boat in centimetres . The hull is fibreglass with integral buoyancy tanks. The 470 is equipped with spinnaker and trapeze, making teamwork necessary to...	Dinghy		2	1	+	+	+	1976	6
Tornado Tornado (sailboat) The Tornado is an two person multihull class recognised as an International Class by the International Sailing Federation. It was used for the Olympic Catamaran discpline for over 30 years.-Background:...	Multihull Multihull A multihull is a ship, vessel, craft or boat with more than one hull.-Description:Multihulls include: Proas, which have two differently shaped or sized hulls with lateral symmetry; catamarans, which have two hulls with longitudinal symmetry; and trimarans, which have a main hull in the center and...		2	1	+	+	-	1976	6
Star Star (sailboat) The International Star is a 6.9 m one-design racing keelboat for two people.The boat must weigh at least 671 kg with a maximum total sail area of 26.5 m . It is sloop-rigged, with a mainsail larger in proportional size than any other boat of its length...	Keelboat Keelboat Keelboat has two distinct meanings related to two different types of boats: one a riverine cargo-capable working boat, and the other a classification for small- to mid-sized recreational sailing yachts.-Historical keel-boats:...		2	0	+	+	-	1932	14
Soling Soling A Soling is a class of open keelboat designed by Jan Linge of Norway in 1965. In 1968, it was chosen from among many other boats to be the men's triple-handed boat for the 1972 Olympics...	Keelboat		3	0	+	+	+	1996	7

Men's Events

Mistral One Design	Nikolaos Kaklamanakis Nikolaos Kaklamanakis Nikolaos "Nikos" Kaklamanakis is the Greek Gold-medal winner who lit the Olympic torch in the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens....	Carlos Mauricio Espinola Carlos Espínola (sailor) Carlos Mauricio Espínola is an Argentine windsurfer.Nicknamed Camau, Espínola started training at the Club Náutico de La Totora in his home province, to obtain his first achievement of importance, a silver medal, during the Pan American Games held in 1991 in La Habana...	Gal Fridman Gal Fridman Gal Fridman is an Israeli windsurfer and Olympic gold medalist.He was born in Karkur, Israel, and lives in nearby kibbutz Sdot Yam.Fridman won a bronze medal in the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics, and a gold medal in the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics...
Finn:	Mateusz Kusznierewicz Mateusz Kusznierewicz Mateusz Kusznierewicz is a Polish sailor, specialising in the Finn and Star classes.His first sailing success came in 1985, where he won the Puchar Spójni at the Zalew Zegrzyński in Warsaw...	Sebastien Godefroid Sébastien Godefroid Sébastien Godefroid is a Belgian sailor.He won the silver medal in sailing at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He also competed at the 2000, 2004 and 2008 Olympics, but has not won another medal.-References:...	Roy Heiner Roy Heiner Roy Heiner is a Dutch competitive sailor and Olympic medalist.He won a bronze medal in the Finn class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.-References:...
470:	Yevhen Braslavets Yevhen Braslavets Yevhen Braslavets is a Ukrainian sailor and Olympic champion.He won a gold medal in the 470 Class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, together with Ihor Matviyenko.-References:... Ihor Matviyenko Ihor Matviyenko Ihor Matviyenko is a Ukrainian sailor and Olympic champion.He won a gold medal in the 470 Class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, together with Yevhen Braslavets.-References:...	John Merricks John Merricks John Merricks was an English sailor. He represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where he received the silver medal in the 470 class along with his sailing partner, Ian Walker.... Ian Walker Ian Walker (sailor) Ian Walker is one of Britain’s most successful sailors, with two Olympic silver medals to his name. Walker also coached Shirley Robertson and her Yngling Team to gold at the 2004 Athens Olympics...	Hugo Rocha Hugo Rocha Vitor Hugo Simão do Vale Rocha is a Portuguese competitive sailor and Olympic medalist.He won a bronze medal in the 470 class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, along with his partner Nuno Barreto.-References:... Nuno Barreto Nuno Barreto Nuno Barreto is a Portuguese competitive sailor and Olympic medalist.He won a bronze medal in the 470 class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, along with his partner Hugo Rocha.-References:...

Women's Events

Mistral One Design	Lai Shan Lee	Barbara Kendall Barbara Kendall Barbara Kendall, MBE is a boardsailor from New Zealand. Kendall was raised at Bucklands Beach and attended Macleans College...	Alessandra Sensini Alessandra Sensini Alessandra Sensini is an Italian windsurfer. She is a 4-time Olympian, winning a gold medal and two additional bronze medals. She also won 3 gold and 2 silver medals at World Championships, as well as 3 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze medals at European Championships...
Europe:	Kristine Roug Kristine Roug Kristine Roug is a Danish sailor and Olympic champion.She won a gold medal in the Europe Class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.Kristine sailed the Europe dinghy between 1990 and 2000...	Margriet Matthijsse Margriet Matthijsse Margriet Matthijsse is a Dutch sailor and Olympic champion.She received a silver medal in the Europe Class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, and again a silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney....	Courtenay Becker-Dey Courtenay Becker-Dey Courtenay Becker-Dey is an American competitive sailor and Olympic medalist. She won a bronze medal in the Europe class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.-References:...
470:	Theresa Zabell Theresa Zabell Theresa Zabell Lucas is a Spanish sailor who won gold medal both in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, and in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. A member of Real Club de Mediterráneo Málaga she competes in the 470 class.-References:*...   Begona Via Dufresne	Yumiko Shige Yumiko Shige is a Japanese sailor. She won a silver medal in the 470 class at the 1996 Summer Olympics with Alicia Kinoshita.-References:...   Alicia Kinoshita Alicia Kinoshita is a Japanese sailor. She won a silver medal in the 470 class at the 1996 Summer Olympics with Yumiko Shige.-References:...	Ruslana Taran Ruslana Taran Ruslana Oleksiïvna Taran is a Ukrainian sailor.- References :* at sports-reference.com...   Olena Pakholchik

Open Events

Laser:	Robert Scheidt Robert Scheidt Robert Scheidt is a renowned Brazilian sailor, having won two gold medals and two silver medals from four Olympic Games...	Ben Ainslie Ben Ainslie Charles Benedict Ainslie, CBE is an English sailor and three-times Olympic gold medalist. He started sailing at the age of 8 and first competed at the age of 10...	Peer Moberg Peer Moberg Peer Moberg is a Norwegian sailor and Olympic medalist. He competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where he received a bronze medal in the Laser class....
Tornado:	Fernando Leon  Jose Luis Ballester José Luis Ballester (sailor) José Luis Ballester is a Spanish sailor and Olympic Champion. He competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and won a gold medal in the Tornado class.-References:...	Mitch Booth Mitch Booth Mitch Booth is a Dutch sailor. He is a two time Olympic medalist and ten time World Champion in the Tornado, Hobie, A class and Formula 18 classes....   Andrew Landenberger Andrew Landenberger Andrew Landenberger is an Australian competitive sailor and Olympic medalist. He won a silver medal in the Tornado class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, together with Mitch Booth....	Lars Grael Lars Grael Lars Schmidt Grael is a former sailor and Brazilian politician. His brother, Torben Grael, is also a sailor....   Henrique Pellicano
Star:	Torben Grael Torben Grael Torben Schmidt Grael is one of the most well known Brazilian sailors, renowned in international competitions. A descendant of Danes, he was taken sailing by his grandfather at five years old on the sailboat Aileen, of the extinct 6 meter class, which was the boat used by the silver medal winning...   Marcelo Ferreira Marcelo Ferreira Marcelo Ferreira is a Brazilian sailor and Olympic champion. He received a gold medal in the Star Class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta with Torben Grael...	Hans Wallen Hans Wallén Hans Wallén is a Swedish sailor. He won a silver medal in the star class at the 1996 Summer Olympics with Bobby Lohse.-References:* at sports-reference.com...   Bobby Lohse Bobby Lohse Bobby Lohse is a Swedish sailor. He won a silver medal in the star class at the 1996 Summer Olympics with Hans Wallén.-References:* at sports-reference.com...	Colin Beashel Colin Beashel Colin Kenneth Beashel, born 21 November 1959 in Sydney, is an Australian sailor who crewed on the winning America's Cup team Australia II in 1983 and competed at six Olympics between 1984 and 2004, winning bronze in 1996....   David Giles David Giles (sailor) David Giles was an Australian competitive sailor and Olympic medalist. He won a bronze medal in the Star class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, together with Colin Beashel.-References:...
Soling:	Jochen Schümann Jochen Schümann Jochen Schümann is a German sailor and olympic champion.He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, where he won a gold medal in the finn class....   Thomas Flach Thomas Flach Thomas Flach is a German sailor and olympic champion.He competed in the Soling class together with Jochen Schümann and Bernd Jäkel at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, where they won the gold medal. The same crew participated at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where they also received a gold...   Bernd Jäkel Bernd Jäkel Bernd Jäkel is a German sailor and Olympic champion.He competed in the Soling class together with Jochen Schümann and Thomas Flach at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, where they won the gold medal. The same crew participated at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where they also received a gold...	Georgi Shayduko Georgi Shayduko Georgi Ivanovich Shayduko is an Olympic sailor. He won silver medal in the Soling class at 1996 Summer Olympics.-External links:*...   Dmitri Shabanov Dmitri Shabanov Dmitri Shabanov is an Olympic sailor. He won the silver medal in the Soling class at the 1996 Summer Olympics.-References:...   Igor Skalin Igor Skalin Igor Anatolyevich Skalin is an Olympic sailor. He won silver medal in the Soling class at 1996 Summer Olympics.-External links:*...	Jeff Madrigali Jeff Madrigali Jeff Madrigali is an American competitive sailor and Olympic medalist. He won a bronze medal in the Soling class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, together with Jim Barton and Kent Massey.-References:...   Jim Barton Jim Barton (sailor) Jim Barton is an American competitive sailor and Olympic medalist. He won a bronze medal in the Soling class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, together with Jeff Madrigali and Kent Massey.-References:...   Kent Massey Kent Massey Kent Massey is an American competitive sailor and Olympic medalist. He won a bronze medal in the Soling class at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, together with Jim Barton and Jeff Madrigali.-References:...

Sailing 1996

1		2	0	1	3
2		2	0	0	2
3		1	0	1	2
4		1	0	0	1
		1	0	0	1
		1	0	0	1
		1	0	0	1
		1	0	0	1
9		0	2	0	2
10		0	1	1	2
		0	1	1	2
12		0	1	0	1
		0	1	0	1
		0	1	0	1
		0	1	0	1
		0	1	0	1
		0	1	0	1
18		0	0	2	2
19		0	0	1	1
		0	0	1	1
		0	0	1	1
		0	0	1	1
		10	10	10	30

Sailing 1896–1996

1		16	19	16	51
2		16	11	2	29
3		15	10	8	33
4		10	8	8	26
5		10	8	4	22
6		9	12	9	30
7		9	2	1	15
8		6	4	1	13
9		4	4	6	14
10		4	4	2	10
11		4	1	5	10
12		3	2	7	12
13		2	4	2	8
14		2	2	3	7
15		2	2	2	6
		2	2	2	6
17		2	1	6	9
18		2	1	1	4
19		1	1	6	8
20	(EUA)	1	1	1	3
		1	1	1	3
22		1	0	1	2
		1	0	1	2
24		1	0	0	1
		1	0	0	1
		1	0	0	1
27		0	3	0	3
		0	3	0	3
29		0	2	6	8
30		0	2	2	4
31		0	1	1	2
32		0	1	0	1
		0	1	0	1
		0	1	0	1
		0	1	0	1
		0	1	0	1
		0	1	0	1
38		0	0	2	2
39		0	0	1	1
		0	0	1	1
Total	40	126	117	108	356

Wildcards

After the qualification was finished the following sailors were granted a wildcard: - Mistral One Design Men, (No show) - Mistral One Design Men, Cristian Ruata (45^th) - Mistral One Design Men, I Gusti Made Oka Sulaksana

I Gusti Made Oka Sulaksana

I Gusti Made Oka Sulaksana is an Indonesian professional sailor and windsurfer.I Gusti Made Oka Sulaksana, or Oka Sulaksana, has won two Asian Games gold medal in 1998 and 2002...

 (13^th) - Mistral One Design Men, Arun Homraruen (21^st) - Laser, Brett Chivers, (44^th) - Laser, Luca Belluzzi (56^th) - Laser, (No show) - 470 Men, Pedro Fernández & Angel Alfredo Jimenez (26^th) - 470 Men, (No show)

Incidents

• The Olympic sailing facility at Savannah was before the opening of the Olympic Games (July 10) within the within the Hurricane Bertha
  Hurricane Bertha (1996)
  Hurricane Bertha was a strong, early season major hurricane which impacted areas from the Leeward Islands to Atlantic Canada. Bertha originated from a tropical wave which moved off the eastern coast of Africa in early July. By July 3, an area of low pressure developed along the wave...
  
   warning area. Tornados, Stars and Solings were moved to the Sheraton facility. The Day Marina and the Sheraton are being evacuated; the evacuation was complete by 6 PM.
• On July 27 a Bomb explodes in Centennial Park
  Centennial Olympic Park bombing
  The Centennial Olympic Park bombing was a terrorist bombing on July 27, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia, United States during the 1996 Summer Olympics, the first of four committed by Eric Robert Rudolph...
  
   in Atlanta, two people died, and 111 were injured. The Games continued.

Measurement

• In the Soling some irregularities were found in the construction of the hull. The Soling Class rules specify the hull laminate for each part of the hull. The measurement methods in the Soling are of high standards to ensure the One Design principle. The USA boat was found correct. . The Danish team however was randomly assigned the Spanish spare boat from the pool.
• In the 470 men the team from the USA also needed to use a spare boat.

Weather conditions

The winds on a typical day in Savannah begin is as follows:

• In the morning a light breeze from the west to the Northwest at about 5 knots
• The winds diminish in the late mornings
• By midday, the sea breeze circulation begins. When the sea breeze does rise, the winds backs to the south and Southeast
• Wind speed in the afternoon average between 7 and 12 knots

Olympic weather reports were provided by the National Weather Service from the locations Atlanta and Savannah. Doppler weather radar was used from Charleston, South Carolina. From Jacksonville, Florida the weather above the offshore courses was observed.

Sailors

During the Sailing regattas at the 1996 Summer Olympics among others the following persons were competing in the various classes: