Salem Communications
Encyclopedia
Salem Communications is a U.S.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 radio broadcaster, Internet content provider, and magazine and book publisher specializing in evangelical Christian and conservative political talk radio. It owns 99 commercial radio stations, 65 of which are in the top 25 markets. Salem is the fifth largest U.S. radio station owner after Clear Channel
Clear Channel Communications
Clear Channel Communications, Inc. is an American media conglomerate company headquartered in San Antonio, Texas. It was founded in 1972 by Lowry Mays and Red McCombs, and was taken private by Bain Capital LLC and Thomas H. Lee Partners LP in a leveraged buyout in 2008...

, Cumulus
Cumulus Media
Cumulus Media, Inc. is the second largest Owner and Operator of AM and FM radio stations in the United States, behind Clear Channel Communications, operating 570 stations in 150 markets as of September 16, 2011. The company also owns Cumulus Media Networks...

, Citadel
Citadel Broadcasting
Citadel Broadcasting Corporation was a Las Vegas, Nevada-based broadcast holding company. Citadel owned 243 radio stations across the United States and was the third-largest radio station owner in the country...

, and Entercom
Entercom Communications
Entercom Communications Corporation is the fourth-largest broadcasting company in the United States. As of November 2009, Entercom operates 110 radio stations in 23 markets across the United States....

. The company focuses on acquiring radio station
Radio station
Radio broadcasting is a one-way wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both...

s with powerful transmitter
Transmitter
In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating...

s, unlike most Christian broadcasters who tend to purchase many low-power translators. Salem owns more AM than FM stations, and covers one-third of the U.S population.

Salem Communications was founded by Stuart Epperson
Stuart Epperson
Stuart W. Epperson is co-founder and chairman of Salem Communications, and a member of the conservative Council for National Policy .In 1984 and 1986, Epperson was the Republican nominee for the fifth Congressional district of North Carolina. In both races, Epperson was defeated by the incumbent...

 and Edward Atsinger III and, unlike many Christian broadcasters, is a for-profit corporation. Also unlike their non-profit counterparts, Salem stations transmit high-powered signals in commercial radio bands.

Salem's CFO approximates that the company's income is as follows:
  • 50% Teaching and talk stations
  • 25% Christian contemporary music stations
  • 15% Secular news/talk stations
  • 10% Magazines and websites

Company information

Salem is based at 4880 Santa Rosa Road in Camarillo, California
Camarillo, California
Camarillo is a city in Ventura County, California, United States. The population was 65,201 at the 2010 census, up from 57,084 at the 2000 census. The Ventura Freeway Camarillo is a city in Ventura County, California, United States. The population was 65,201 at the 2010 census, up from 57,084 at...

, northwest of Los Angeles in neighboring Ventura County. In addition to Contemporary Christian music and talk radio, Salem's station formats include oldies
Oldies
Oldies is a term commonly used to describe a radio format that concentrates on music from a period of about 15 to 55 years before the present day....

, country
Country music
Country music is a popular American musical style that began in the rural Southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from Western cowboy and folk music...

, and a Spanish
Spanish language
Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...

 music station in Portland, Oregon
Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Pacific Northwest, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States...

. It sold its sports
Sports radio
Sports radio is a radio format devoted entirely to discussion and broadcasting of sporting events. A popular format with an almost exclusively male demographic in most areas, sports radio is characterized by an often-boisterous on-air style and extensive debate and analysis by both hosts and...

 station in Cleveland
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately west of the Pennsylvania border...

 in December of 2006.

Many of Salem's stations are licensed to one of a number of subsidiaries
Subsidiary
A subsidiary company, subsidiary, or daughter company is a company that is completely or partly owned and wholly controlled by another company that owns more than half of the subsidiary's stock. The subsidiary can be a company, corporation, or limited liability company. In some cases it is a...

, organized by geographical area and media cluster as the company has acquired new stations and their previous licensees. The list of Salem's licensees include:
  • ATEP Radio, Inc.
  • Bison Media, Inc.
  • Caron Broadcasting, Inc.
    • KFIS
      KFIS
      KFIS is a commercial broadcast radio station located in the Portland, Oregon area. The studio is in southeast Portland near Clackamas; the transmitter is atop Portland's Tualatin Mountains.- External links :*...

    • KTIE
      KTIE
      KTIE is a conservative talk radio station located in San Bernardino, California, broadcasting to the Riverside-San Bernardino, California area...

    • WFFH
      WFFH
      WFFH and WFFI are radio stations simulcasting a Contemporary Christian format as "FM 94 The Fish", the "fish" referring to the traditional Christian symbol. Licensed to Smyrna, Tennessee and Kingston Springs, Tennessee respectively, the stations serve the Nashville area...

    • WFFI
      WFFI
      WFFI is a commercial Contemporary Christian music-format FM radio station broadcasting to the Nashville, Tennessee market on a frequency of 93.7 mHz as "FM 94 The Fish", the "fish" referring to the traditional Christian symbol. It is co-programmed with WFFH so as to provide maximum coverage of the...

    • WGUL
      WGUL
      WGUL is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format. Licensed to Dunedin, Florida, USA, it serves the Tampa Bay area. The station is currently owned by Salem Communications and features only syndicated conservative weekday programing from Salem's talk radio network, as well as the...

    • WHKW
      WHKW
      WHKW is an AM radio station in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, operating on 1220 kHz. The station is owned by Salem Communications and carries religious programming from the company's radio network. The bulk of WHKW's programming is simulcast on WHKZ in Warren, Ohio.The 1220 frequency in Cleveland was the...

    • WKAT
      WKAT
      WKAT 1360 is a Spanish talk radio station based in the South Florida area of Miami and Fort Lauderdale.The previous format was conservative talk radio with a lineup that resembled other outlets owned by Salem Communications: Michael Medved, Laura Ingraham, Hugh Hewitt, Michael Savage, and William...

    • WLQV
      WLQV
      WLQV is a radio station serving the Detroit, Michigan market. The station's fifty-thousand watt daytime signal enables it to be heard from Michigan's Thumb area down to Northwest Ohio, and from Lansing, Michigan to Chatham, Ontario, Canada. WLQV has a Christian talk format.-WJBK:WLQV first signed...

    • WLSS
      WLSS
      WLSS is a radio station serving the Sarasota, Florida area with a News/Talk format. It broadcasts on AM frequency 930 kHz and is under ownership of Salem Communications....

    • WMCU
      WMCU
      The callsign WMCU was previously used for these stations:*WKCP 89.7 MHz, a radio station in Miami, Florida, United States that held the WMCU call sign up through 2007...

  • CCM Communications, Inc.
  • Common Ground Broadcasting, Inc.
  • Golden Gate Broadcasting Company, Inc.
  • Inland Radio, Inc.
  • Inspiration Media, Inc.
  • Inspiration Media of Texas, Inc.
  • Kingdom Direct, Inc.
  • New England Continental Media, Inc.
  • New Inspiration Broadcasting Company, Inc.
    • KCBQ
      KCBQ
      KCBQ is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format and is owned by Salem Communications. The station offers Conservative talk programming such as Mike Gallagher, Dennis Prager and Michael Medved...

    • KDAR
      KDAR
      KDAR is a Christian radio station based in Oxnard, California, USA. It is owned by Salem Communications. As with other stations of the format, KDAR plays condensed church services, Biblical teaching programs, and some Contemporary Christian music, or CCM.KDAR also operates a broadcast booster to...

    • KFAX
      KFAX
      KFAX is a radio station licensed to transmit from San Francisco, California and heard in the Bay Area. , the station is owned by Salem Communications, and programs a Christian-oriented talk-radio format.- As KJBS :...

    • KFIA
      KFIA
      KFIA is a radio station broadcasting a Christian radio format. Licensed to Carmichael, California, USA, the station serves the Sacramento area. The station is currently owned by New Inspiration Broadcasting Company, Inc. which is a part of Salem Communications . The station features programing...

    • KFSH-FM
      KFSH-FM
      KFSH-FM is a radio station in the Los Angeles metropolitan area broadcasting on the FM dial at 95.9 mHz with a contemporary Christian music format full time. It is owned by Salem Communications and is known as "The Fish"...

    • KGBN
      KGBN
      KGBN is a Korean, brokered time AM radio station licensed to Anaheim, California, and broadcasting at a frequency of 1190 kHz. From 1997 to 2010 it was owned by Salem Communications as a sister station to KFSH and KRLA...

    • KKFS
      KKFS
      KKFS is a radio station in Sacramento, California, United States. It currently plays Contemporary Christian music. The station is owned by Salem Communications, who also owns KFIA, KTKZ and KSAC-FM.-Beginnings:...

    • KPRZ
      KPRZ
      1210 KPRZ is owned and operated by Salem Communications and offers Christian talk such as David Jeremiah and Christian music on Saturday nights for the San Diego market. It is licensed to San Marcos, California. The three broadcast antennas are near the area in the city, which recently became a...

    • KRLA
      KRLA
      KRLA is a radio station broadcasting a News/Talk format. Licensed to Glendale, California, USA, it serves the Southern California area. The station is currently owned by Salem Communications.- KIEV :...

    • KTKZ
      KTKZ
      KTKZ is a conservative talk radio station based in Sacramento, California, United States. The on-air lineup is similar to those on other Salem stations throughout the country....

  • Oasis Radio, Inc.
  • Oneplace, Ltd.
  • Pennsylvania Media Associates, Inc.
    • KGBI-FM
      KGBI-FM
      KGBI-FM is a radio station broadcasting a Contemporary Christian format. Licensed to Omaha, Nebraska, USA, the station serves the Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska area. The station is currently owned by Pennsylvania Media Associates, Inc...

    • KOTK
      KOTK
      KOTK is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish religion format. Licensed to Omaha, Nebraska, USA, the station serves the Omaha area. The station is currently owned by Pennsylvania Media Associates, Inc...

    • WDTK
      WDTK
      WDTK, known on the air as NewsTalk 1400, is a conservative-oriented news/talk radio station broadcasting at 1400 kHz on the AM dial in Detroit, Michigan, United States...

    • WEZE
      WEZE
      WEZE is an AM radio station in Boston, Massachusetts on 590 kHz. The station is owned by Salem Communications and airs Religious programming.- History :...

    • WFIL
      WFIL
      WFIL is a radio station and a former television station serving the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its transmitter is located in Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania....

    • WGKA
      WGKA
      WGKA AM, "Talk 920", is a radio station based in Atlanta, Georgia which broadcasts a syndicated talk radio format. It is owned by Salem Communications and has many of the same hosts, such as William Bennett, Hugh Hewitt, Michael Medved, Dennis Prager, and Mike Gallagher, heard on other Salem-owned...

    • WHIM
      WHIM (AM)
      WVCG , was originally on 1070, and was Miami's first all-Classical music station. The station upgraded its power to 50,000 watts in the 1960s and moved up the dial to 1080...

    • WNTP
      WNTP
      WNTP 990 is a politically conservative talk radio station which serves the Philadelphia area. It is owned by Salem Communications, along with a number of similar channels in various markets. Some of those whose programs are run by WNTP include Michael Medved, Dennis Prager, Dennis Miller, Michael...

    • WORD-FM
      WORD-FM
      WORD-FM is a Christian talk radio station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Owned by Salem Communications, the station broadcasts on 101.5 MHz, with an ERP of 48 kW. Its transmitter is located in Reserve Township, Pennsylvania.- History :...

    • WPIT
      WPIT
      WPIT is a hybrid conservative talk/religious radio station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The station is licensed to Pennsylvania Media Associates, Inc which is wholly owned by Salem Communications Holding Corporation which is in turn owned by Salem Communications Corporation...

    • WTLN
      WTLN
      WTLN is a radio station broadcasting a Religious format. Licensed to Orlando, Florida, USA, it serves the greater Orlando area. The station is currently owned by Salem Communications.Programming on WTLN is repeated on WHIM AM 1520 in Apopka....

    • WWDJ
  • Radio 1210, Inc.
  • Salem Media Corporation
  • Salem Media Group, LLC
    • WFHM-FM
      WFHM-FM
      WFHM-FM — branded 95.5 The Fish — is a commercial radio station licensed to Cleveland, Ohio serving much of surrounding Northeast Ohio. The station is owned by Salem Communications and broadcasts a Christian contemporary format...

    • WFIA
      WFIA
      WFIA is a Christian Talk radio station in the Louisville, Kentucky metropolitan area. It is owned by Salem Communications.-External links:*...

    • WHKZ
      WHKZ
      WHKZ is a radio station in Warren, Ohio, USA. The station carries religious programming from the Salem Network. The bulk of WHKZ's programming is simulcast from WHKW on 1220 kHz in Cleveland, Ohio....

    • WROL
      WROL
      -External links:*...

    • WWTC
      WWTC
      WWTC is a long-standing radio station serving the Twin Cities region. Despite its up-and-down history, the station spawned two of the area's major television stations and had some very innovative and unusual periods in its history...

    • WYLL
      WYLL
      WYLL 1160 is a "Christian Talk & Teaching" radio station located in Chicago and owned by Salem Communications. The station runs features, preaching, and other religious programs. Ministries may also buy time for programming. WYLL additionally produces a couple hours of local call-in shows every...

  • Salem Media of California, Inc.
  • Salem Media of Colorado, Inc.
    • KBJD
      KBJD
      KBJD is a Spanish language Christian teaching formatted radio station owned by Salem Communications. It broadcasts from Denver, Colorado.-Technical data:KBJD is an expanded AM Band station...

    • KNUS
    • KRKS
      KRKS
      KRKS is a radio station which broadcasts Christian programming. Licensed to Denver, Colorado, the station is owned and operated by Salem Communications....

    • KRKS-FM
      KRKS-FM
      KRKS-FM is radio station that broadcasts a Christian talk format. Licensed to Lafayette, Colorado, it serves the Denver-Boulder area. The station is owned and operated by Salem Communications....

  • Salem Media of Hawaii, Inc.
    • KAIM-FM
      KAIM-FM
      KAIM-FM, "95.5 The Fish", is a Contemporary Christian radio station based in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Salem Communications outlet broadcasts at 95.5 MHz with an ERP of 100 kW.-History:...

    • KKOL-FM
    • KGU
    • KGU-FM
    • KHCM
      KHCM (AM)
      KHCM is a Chinese-Language radio station serving Honolulu, Hawaii. The Salem Communications outlet broadcasts at 880 kHz with a power level of 2 kW.-History:...

    • KHCM-FM
      KHCM-FM
      KHCM is a Country music radio station serving Honolulu, Hawaii. The Salem Communications outlet broadcasts at 97.5 MHz with an ERP of 80 kW.-History:...

    • KHNR
  • Salem Media of Illinois, LLC
    • KCRO
      KCRO
      KCRO 660 AM is an Omaha, Nebraska area Salem Communications - owned Christian radio station that can be heard during the day as far south as Missouri and Kansas and North into parts of Minnesota and South Dakota. KCRO airs national programs hosted by such people as Hank Hanegraaff, Jay Sekulow,...

    • KKHT-FM
      KKHT-FM
      KKHT-FM is a Christian talk and teaching radio station in Houston, Texas, licensed to Winnie, Texas, USA. The station is currently owned by Salem Media of Illinois, LLC and features programing from Salem Communications....

    • WORL
      WORL
      WORL is a radio station broadcasting a news talk format. Licensed to Altamonte Springs, Florida, USA, it serves the Orlando, Florida area. The station is currently owned by Salem Communications....

    • WIND
      WIND (AM)
      WIND "AM 560" is a radio station based in Chicago, Illinois, broadcasting its talk radio format on 560 kHz.Its current owner is Salem Media, a company specializing primarily in Christian radio...

  • Salem Media of Kentucky, Inc.
    • WFIA-FM
    • WGTK
      WGTK
      WGTK is a News/Talk radio formatted radio station in the Louisville, Kentucky metropolitan area. It is currently owned by Salem Communications. It was once WAVE-AM, the sister station of WAVE 3 television, and later, WLKY 's sister operation.It is an affiliate for Bill Bennett, Mike Gallagher,...

  • Salem Media of New York, LLC
    • WMCA
      WMCA
      WMCA, 570 AM, is a radio station in New York City, most known for its "Good Guys" Top 40 era in the 1960s. It is currently owned by Salem Communications and plays a Christian radio format...

    • WNYM
  • Salem Media of Ohio, Inc.
    • WRFD
  • Salem Media of Oregon, Inc.
    • KPDQ
      KPDQ (AM)
      KPDQ is a radio station broadcasting a religious radio format. Licensed to Portland, Oregon, USA, it serves the greater Portland metropolitan area. The station is currently owned by Salem Media of Oregon, Inc. and features programing from Salem Communications.-External links:...

    • KPDQ-FM
    • KRYP
  • Salem Media of Pennsylvania, Inc.
  • Salem Media of Texas, Inc.
    • KSLR
      KSLR
      KSLR is a San Antonio, Texas area Salem Communications owned Christian Talk radio station. KSLR airs national programs such as Focus on the Family with Dr. James Dobson, Jesus is Our Shepherd with Pastor Ray McMahon, Dennis Rainey, Hank Hanegraaff, Chuck Swindoll, Alistair Begg, and James...

  • Salem Media of Virginia, Inc.
    • WAVA
      WAVA
      WAVA and WAVA-FM are Religious formatted broadcast radio stations. Both stations are licensed to Arlington, Virginia and serve the Washington, D.C. Metro Area. Both WAVA and WAVA-FM, as well as sister station WWRC, are owned and operated by Salem Communications.-External links:*...

    • WAVA-FM
  • Salem Music Network, Inc.
  • Salem Radio Network Incorporated
  • Salem Radio Representatives, Inc.
  • South Texas Broadcasting, Inc.
    • KLUP
      KLUP
      KLUP is a talk radio station based in San Antonio, Texas. It is owned by Salem Communications and is a sister station to KSLR.-History:This station was a radio news network affiliate called KRNN....

    • KNTH
      KNTH
      KNTH AM is a news/talk radio station serving the Houston, Texas metropolitan area. It is owned by Salem Communications....

    • WAFS
      WAFS (AM)
      WAFS AM is a local Atlanta area AM broadcasting station that broadcasts business news talk radio programming. It broadcasts at a frequency of 1190 kHz with 25,000 Watts of power during the daytime and 2,300 Watts during critical hours using a non-directional antenna...

    • WFSH-FM
      WFSH-FM
      Called "104.7 the Fish", WFSH-FM is an FM radio station in Atlanta, Georgia broadcasting at 104.7 MHz. The station format is called "Safe For The Whole Family", a hybrid of Christian pop and clean secular music with a mainstream feel...

    • WLTA
      WLTA
      WLTA is a Christian talk radio station licensed to Alpharetta, Georgia, United States. It is owned by Salem Communications along with its sister station WNIV . WLTA programming is a full time relay of WNIV 's programming...

    • WNIV
      WNIV
      WNIV is a Christian talk radio station licensed to Atlanta in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is owned by Salem Communications along with its sister station WLTA. WLTA in Alpharetta, Georgia relays the programming of WNIV in that northern Atlanta suburb at 1400 kHz...

    • WTWD
  • SRN News Network, Inc.
  • Vista Broadcasting, Inc.

Salem Radio Network

Salem Communications syndicates a number of programs in two separate streams: mostly politically conservative secular talk, and Christian talk. This programming is distributed to stations, most of which are owned by Salem, under the name the Salem Radio Network.

Some programs are fed live, while many stations carry delayed feeds. Some stations substitute other conservative talk programs from other syndicators. Hosts such as Laura Ingraham
Laura Ingraham
Laura Anne Ingraham is an American radio host, author, and conservative political commentator. Her nationally syndicated talk show, The Laura Ingraham Show, airs throughout the United States on Talk Radio Network...

 and Dennis Miller appear on Salem-owned stations.

The satellite feed for Salem's general market programming can be heard on the CRN Digital Talk Radio Networks, on CRN3.

Web Network

Salem Web Network
Salem Web Network
Salem Web Network represents the largest faith-based audiences on the Internet and is headquartered in Richmond, Virginia with offices in Dallas and Nashville. Salem Web Network is owned and operated by Salem Communications with the goal of to "replicate Salem's leadership position in radio in the...

 is network on the WorldWide Web. Salem Web Network owns and manages over 60 websites, including
Christianity.com
Christianity.com
Christianity.com is a site owned and operated by Salem Web Network and headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. The stated focus of Christianity.com is to provide Christian content and interactive tools to help people understand Christianity. The site has a conservative, Bible-based theological tone. ...

, Crosswalk.com
Crosswalk.com
Crosswalk.com was a website acquired by Salem Web Network on October 4, 2002 for a reported $4.1 million.Crosswalk.com's slogan is "The Intersection of Faith and Life" and portrays the site's mission of "offering the fresh and compelling biblically-based content to Christians who take seriously...

, OnePlace.com
Oneplace.com
OnePlace.com is a website owned and operated by Salem Web Network and headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. The site claims to be the leading provider of online streaming for Christian ministries...

, GodTube.com, SermonSearch.com, LightSource.com, ChristianJobs.com, ChurchStaffing.com, TheFish.com, Townhall.com
Townhall.com
Townhall.com is a web-based publication primarily dedicated to conservative United States politics. It was previously operated by the Heritage Foundation, but is now owned and operated by Salem Communications...

, CrossDaily.com, and HotAir.com
Hot Air (news site)
Hot Air is a U.S. website providing news and commentary from a fiscally conservative and socially centrist point of view. It is written by Ed Morrissey, Tina Korbe and the pseudonymous Allahpundit and Jazz Shaw....

.

Publishing

Salem's flagship publication, CCM Magazine http://www.ccmmagazine.com/, has been in the Christian music industry
Christian music industry
The Christian music industry is a small part of the larger music industry, that focuses on traditional Gospel music, Southern Gospel music, Contemporary Christian music, and alternative Christian music. It is sometimes called the gospel music industry, although this designation is not a limitation...

 for more than 25 years. Salem no longer prints CCM Magazine. Other magazine publications including Homecoming http://www.gaither.com/homecomingmagazine/ from Bill and Gloria Gaither
Gloria Gaither
Gloria Gaither is a Christian songwriter, author, speaker, editor, and academic. She is the wife of Bill Gaither and also sang in the Bill Gaither Trio, one of the most influential groups in recent Christian music.-Early Years:...

, Youth Worker Journal http://www.youthworker.com/, Preaching http://www.preaching.com/ and Singing News Magazine.

Xulon Press
Xulon Press
Xulon Press bills itself as "the largest publisher of Christian books in North America", claiming more than 3,900 titles published by 2007. It has published more than 3,900 print-on-demand titles in the categories of Christian living, theology, church growth, discipleship, Bible studies, fiction,...

 is Salem's digital publisher of books targeting the Christian audience. They use print-on-demand technologies that store books electronically and print them only as they are ordered. Xulon was founded by Christian author and publisher Tom Freling.

Political activities

The founders of Salem Communications support various religious causes. Epperson was recently reported in Time
Time (magazine)
Time is an American news magazine. A European edition is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong...

magazine as one of the "25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America." In 2004 he co-chaired Americans of Faith, a religiously-based Republican electoral campaign. Both founders have served on the Council for National Policy
Council for National Policy
The Council for National Policy , is an umbrella organization and networking group for social conservative activists in the United States...

. They gave $100,000 to the Bush presidential reelection campaign and $780,000 to the 2000 "California Defense of Marriage Act" (Proposition 22) ballot measure.http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/12/higher_frequency.html

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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