Sardinella
Encyclopedia
Sardinella
Sardinella is a genus of fishes in the family Clupeidae
. This genus currently contains 21 recognized species. These fish are generally coastal, schooling fish, and abundant in warmer waters. They can be found nearly anywhere in the tropic and subtropic oceans of the World. Many species are distinguished by their locations around the globe but may also be distinguished according to very specific body features. It is extremely common for species within this genera to be mistaken for one another. Some of the common traits of Sardinella include that they are marine pelagic and form into large schools. Young Sardinella are oftentimes found in lagoons and estuaries, while it is more common to find adult Sardinella in deeper waters somewhat further off the coast. Sardinella can be distinguished by their 7-14 striae of the frontal parietal. They also have a distinctly paddle shaped supra maxilla, this feature is a common identifier of Sardinella versus other genus and specific shapes of this feature may also distinguish between Sardinella species. Sardinella have paired predorsal scales and also have enlarged fin rays which help distinguish them from close relatives.
Region
Sardinella can be found in both sides of the Atlantic, throughout the Mediterranean, along with the tropical and sub tropical Indian and West Pacific Oceans. This includes the coasts of the southern asian continent as well.
Distinguishing Sardinella from close relative Harengula
Harengula represents the ancestral type from which Sardinella evolved. This is seen in the complete transverse grooves of the Harengula scales in comparison to the interrupted scale grooves of Sardinella. These two genii are closely related to and nearly indistinguishable from one another. A little over 50 years ago these two genii had been distinguished by differences in scale groove pattern and in the size of the last two anal rays which are enlarged in the sardinella relative to the harengula. Each scale of Sardinella has one continuous transverse groove before a set of interrupted grooves in comparison to the harengula that has a set of fully continuous transverse grooves. Also the shape of the expanded portion of the second supramaxillary bone has been discovered to differentiate between the two genii very effectively. It forms the posterodorsal part of the upper jaw. In Sardinella this bone can range from rectangular to almond shaped to nearly circular. Most importantly “the anterior point at the point of the dorsal crest lies directly over the ventral crest”. The anal fin of the Harengula also appears to be less derived than the more modern Sardinella genus. In Sardinella the posterior anal rays have enlarged and elongated which in all likelihood is an evolutionary advancement.
Sardinella and Harengula distinguished from other close relatives
Sardinella and Harengula can distinguished from other Clupeidae through a combination of shared derived characters. They both have a terminal mouth, no median notch in the upper jaw, no radiating grooves in their smooth operculum, they never have more than 24 rays on the anal fin. Both of these genii also have no scutes on their predorsal ridge, along with a very unique dermal fold on the anterior edge of the cleithrum. In Sardinella the shape of the second supramaxillary bone is a common distinguishing trait between species.
Sardinella is a genus of fishes in the family Clupeidae
Clupeidae
Clupeidae is the family of the herrings, shads, sardines, hilsa and menhadens. It includes many of the most important food fishes in the world.-Description and biology:...
. This genus currently contains 21 recognized species. These fish are generally coastal, schooling fish, and abundant in warmer waters. They can be found nearly anywhere in the tropic and subtropic oceans of the World. Many species are distinguished by their locations around the globe but may also be distinguished according to very specific body features. It is extremely common for species within this genera to be mistaken for one another. Some of the common traits of Sardinella include that they are marine pelagic and form into large schools. Young Sardinella are oftentimes found in lagoons and estuaries, while it is more common to find adult Sardinella in deeper waters somewhat further off the coast. Sardinella can be distinguished by their 7-14 striae of the frontal parietal. They also have a distinctly paddle shaped supra maxilla, this feature is a common identifier of Sardinella versus other genus and specific shapes of this feature may also distinguish between Sardinella species. Sardinella have paired predorsal scales and also have enlarged fin rays which help distinguish them from close relatives.
Region
Sardinella can be found in both sides of the Atlantic, throughout the Mediterranean, along with the tropical and sub tropical Indian and West Pacific Oceans. This includes the coasts of the southern asian continent as well.
Distinguishing Sardinella from close relative Harengula
Harengula represents the ancestral type from which Sardinella evolved. This is seen in the complete transverse grooves of the Harengula scales in comparison to the interrupted scale grooves of Sardinella. These two genii are closely related to and nearly indistinguishable from one another. A little over 50 years ago these two genii had been distinguished by differences in scale groove pattern and in the size of the last two anal rays which are enlarged in the sardinella relative to the harengula. Each scale of Sardinella has one continuous transverse groove before a set of interrupted grooves in comparison to the harengula that has a set of fully continuous transverse grooves. Also the shape of the expanded portion of the second supramaxillary bone has been discovered to differentiate between the two genii very effectively. It forms the posterodorsal part of the upper jaw. In Sardinella this bone can range from rectangular to almond shaped to nearly circular. Most importantly “the anterior point at the point of the dorsal crest lies directly over the ventral crest”. The anal fin of the Harengula also appears to be less derived than the more modern Sardinella genus. In Sardinella the posterior anal rays have enlarged and elongated which in all likelihood is an evolutionary advancement.
Sardinella and Harengula distinguished from other close relatives
Sardinella and Harengula can distinguished from other Clupeidae through a combination of shared derived characters. They both have a terminal mouth, no median notch in the upper jaw, no radiating grooves in their smooth operculum, they never have more than 24 rays on the anal fin. Both of these genii also have no scutes on their predorsal ridge, along with a very unique dermal fold on the anterior edge of the cleithrum. In Sardinella the shape of the second supramaxillary bone is a common distinguishing trait between species.
Species
- Sardinella albella (ValenciennesAchille ValenciennesAchille Valenciennes was a French zoologist.Valenciennes was born in Paris, and studied under Georges Cuvier. Valenciennes' study of parasitic worms in humans made an important contribution to the study of parasitology...
, 1847) (White Sardinella) - Sardinella atricauda (Günther, 1868) (Bleeker's Blacktip Sardinella)
- Sardinella aurita ValenciennesAchille ValenciennesAchille Valenciennes was a French zoologist.Valenciennes was born in Paris, and studied under Georges Cuvier. Valenciennes' study of parasitic worms in humans made an important contribution to the study of parasitology...
, 1847 (Round Sardinella) - Sardinella brachysoma BleekerPieter BleekerPieter Bleeker was a Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia – Atlas Ichthyologique des Orientales Neerlandaises – which was published 1862–1877....
, 1852 (Deepbody Sardinella) - Sardinella fijiense (FowlerHenry Weed FowlerHenry Weed Fowler was an American zoologist born in Holmesburg, Pennsylvania.He studied at Stanford University under David Starr Jordan...
& BeanTarleton Hoffman BeanTarleton Hoffman Bean was an American ichthyologist, born at Bainbridge, Pennsylvania on 8 October 1846. He died in Albany, New York on 28 December 1916.-FAMILY AND EDUCATION :...
, 1923) (Fiji Sardinella) - Sardinella fimbriata (ValenciennesAchille ValenciennesAchille Valenciennes was a French zoologist.Valenciennes was born in Paris, and studied under Georges Cuvier. Valenciennes' study of parasitic worms in humans made an important contribution to the study of parasitology...
, 1847) (Fringescale Sardinella) - Sardinella gibbosa (BleekerPieter BleekerPieter Bleeker was a Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia – Atlas Ichthyologique des Orientales Neerlandaises – which was published 1862–1877....
, 1849) (Goldstripe Sardinella) - Sardinella hualiensis (K. Y. Chu & C. F. Tsai, 1958) (Taiwan Sardinella)
- Sardinella janeiro (C. H. EigenmannCarl H. EigenmannCarl H. Eigenmann was an ichthyologist who, along with his wife Rosa Smith Eigenmann, described many of the fishes of North America and South America for the first time....
, 1894) (Brazilian Sardinella) - Sardinella jussieu (Lacépède, 1803) (Mauritian Sardinella)
- Sardinella lemuru BleekerPieter BleekerPieter Bleeker was a Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia – Atlas Ichthyologique des Orientales Neerlandaises – which was published 1862–1877....
, 1853 (Bali Sardinella) - Sardinella longiceps ValenciennesAchille ValenciennesAchille Valenciennes was a French zoologist.Valenciennes was born in Paris, and studied under Georges Cuvier. Valenciennes' study of parasitic worms in humans made an important contribution to the study of parasitology...
, 1847 (Indian Oil Sardine) - Sardinella maderensis (R. T. LoweRichard Thomas LoweRichard Thomas Lowe was a British botanist, ichthyologist, malacologist, and clergyman. In 1825 he graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge and in the same year took holy orders. He became a clergyman in the Madeira Islands in 1832, where he was a part-time naturalist, extensively studying the...
, 1838) (Madeiran Sardinella) - Sardinella marquesensis Berry & Whitehead, 1968 (Marquesan Sardinella)
- Sardinella melanura (CuvierGeorges CuvierGeorges Chrétien Léopold Dagobert Cuvier or Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier , known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist...
, 1829) (Blacktip Sardinella) - Sardinella neglecta Wongratana, 1983 (East African Sardinella)
- Sardinella richardsoni Wongratana, 1983 (Richardson's Sardinella)
- Sardinella rouxi (PollMax PollMax Fernand Leon Poll was a Belgian ichthyologist who specialised in Cichlidae.In the years 1946 and 1947 he organised an expedition to Lake Tanganyika....
, 1953) (Yellowtail Sardinella) - Sardinella sindensis (F. DayFrancis DayFrancis Day CIE was Inspector-General of Fisheries in India and Burma and an ichthyologist.He was born on 2 March 1829 Maresfield, Sussex, UK third son of William and Ann Day. He became the medical officer in the Madras Presidency, East India Company services in 1852.Francis Day was created a...
, 1878) (Sind Sardinella) - Sardinella tawilisSardinella tawilisSardinella tawilis is a freshwater sardine found exclusively in the Philippines. It is unique in that it is the only member of the family Clupeidae that is known to exist entirely in freshwater. Locally, they are known in Filipino as tawilis.-Anatomy and Morphology:S...
(HerreAlbert William HerreAlbert William Christian Theodore Herre was an American ichthyologist and lichenologist.Herre was born in 1868 in Toledo, Ohio....
, 1927) (Freshwater Sardinella) - Sardinella zunasi (BleekerPieter BleekerPieter Bleeker was a Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia – Atlas Ichthyologique des Orientales Neerlandaises – which was published 1862–1877....
, 1854) (Japanese Sardinella)