Schistosoma spindale
Encyclopedia
Schistosoma spindale is a species of digenetic
trematode in the family Schistosomatidae
. It causes intestinal schistosomiasis
of cattle.
The distribution of Schistosoma spindale include Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia and Laos.
The tegument
of Schistosoma spindale under scanning electron microscope
was studied in 1983.
The most important first intermediate host
is a freshwater snail
Indoplanorbis exustus
that may be the sole natural intermediate host for Schistosoma nasale (and other two Schistosoma species) on the Indian sub-continent. Other snail has been implicated in transmission
of Schistosoma spindale as its the first intermediate host and it include Lymnaea acuminata
. One snail can produce up to 7,000 cercariae in one day.
The cercariae usually infect some hairy host (low host specificity) in shallow and muddy waters.
The definitive hosts of Schistosoma spindale are (mainly) ruminants and Schistosoma spindale cause intestinal schistosomiasis
of ruminants (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia
). Surveillance for cattle schistosomiasis is generally inadequate and the literature is limited, but some idea of the problem can be gained from past small scale studies. For a diagnosis there is need to find eggs of Schistosoma spindale in feces. Surveys in Sri Lanka revealed a prevalence of Schistosoma spindale of 31.2% (of 901 cattle), whilst in Bangladesh a similarly high prevalence of 36% has been reported. More recently, in Kerala
South India, prevalences have been reported of up to 57.3% in cattle
, 50% in water buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis) and 4.7% in goat
s.
Other hosts of Schistosoma spindale include:
Schistosoma spindale has been implicated of human cercarial dermatitis in India and in Malaysia.
based on 18S ribosomal RNA
, 28S ribosomal RNA
, and partial cytochrome-c oxidase I
(COI) genes shows phylogenic relations of species in the genus Schistosoma:
Digenea
Digenea is a subclass within the Platyhelminthes consisting of parasitic flatworms with a syncytial tegument and, usually, two suckers, one ventral and one oral. Adults are particularly common in the digestive tract, but occur throughout the organ systems of all classes of vertebrates...
trematode in the family Schistosomatidae
Schistosomatidae
Schistosomatidae is a family of digenetic trematodes with complex parasitic life cycles. Immature developmental stages of schistosomes are found in molluscs and adults occur in vertebrates. The best studied group, the blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, infect and cause disease in humans...
. It causes intestinal schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematodes , a parasitic worm of the genus Schistosoma. Snails often act as an intermediary agent for the infectious diseases until a new human host is found...
of cattle.
The distribution of Schistosoma spindale include Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia and Laos.
The tegument
Tegument
Tegument may refer to:* Integumentary system* Tegument * Viral tegument...
of Schistosoma spindale under scanning electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope
A scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that images a sample by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern...
was studied in 1983.
The most important first intermediate host
Intermediate host
A secondary host or intermediate host is a host that harbors the parasite only for a short transition period, during which some developmental stage is completed. For trypanosomes, the cause of sleeping sickness, humans are the primary host, while the tsetse fly is the secondary host...
is a freshwater snail
Freshwater snail
A freshwater snail is one kind of freshwater mollusc, the other kind being freshwater clams and mussels, i.e. freshwater bivalves. Specifically a freshwater snail is a gastropod that lives in a watery non-marine habitat. The majority of freshwater gastropods have a shell, with very few exceptions....
Indoplanorbis exustus
Indoplanorbis exustus
Indoplanorbis exustus is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. The species is the sole member of its genus and is widely distributed across the tropics. It serves as an important intermediate host for...
that may be the sole natural intermediate host for Schistosoma nasale (and other two Schistosoma species) on the Indian sub-continent. Other snail has been implicated in transmission
Transmission (medicine)
In medicine and biology, transmission is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected...
of Schistosoma spindale as its the first intermediate host and it include Lymnaea acuminata
Lymnaea acuminata
Lymnaea acuminata is a species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lymnaeidae.- Parasites :Lymnaea acuminata is the first intermediate host for trematodes Schistosoma nasale and for Schistosoma spindale....
. One snail can produce up to 7,000 cercariae in one day.
The cercariae usually infect some hairy host (low host specificity) in shallow and muddy waters.
The definitive hosts of Schistosoma spindale are (mainly) ruminants and Schistosoma spindale cause intestinal schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematodes , a parasitic worm of the genus Schistosoma. Snails often act as an intermediary agent for the infectious diseases until a new human host is found...
of ruminants (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia
Ruminantia
Ruminantia includes many of the well-known large grazing or browsing mammals: among them cattle, goats, sheep, deer, and antelope. All members of the Ruminantia are ruminants: they digest food in two steps, chewing and swallowing in the normal way to begin with, and then regurgitating the...
). Surveillance for cattle schistosomiasis is generally inadequate and the literature is limited, but some idea of the problem can be gained from past small scale studies. For a diagnosis there is need to find eggs of Schistosoma spindale in feces. Surveys in Sri Lanka revealed a prevalence of Schistosoma spindale of 31.2% (of 901 cattle), whilst in Bangladesh a similarly high prevalence of 36% has been reported. More recently, in Kerala
Kerala
or Keralam is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was created on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions....
South India, prevalences have been reported of up to 57.3% in cattle
Cattle
Cattle are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius...
, 50% in water buffalo
Water buffalo
The water buffalo is a domesticated bovid widely kept in Asia, Europe and South America.Water buffalo can also refer to:*Wild water buffalo , the wild ancestor of the domestic water buffalo...
(Bubalus bubalis) and 4.7% in goat
Goat
The domestic goat is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the Bovidae family and is closely related to the sheep as both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae. There are over three hundred distinct breeds of...
s.
Other hosts of Schistosoma spindale include:
- Bandicota indica
- Rattus argentiventer
- Rattus rattus diardii
- Rattus tiomanicus jalorensis
Schistosoma spindale has been implicated of human cercarial dermatitis in India and in Malaysia.
Cladogram
A cladogramCladogram
A cladogram is a diagram used in cladistics which shows ancestral relations between organisms, to represent the evolutionary tree of life. Although traditionally such cladograms were generated largely on the basis of morphological characters, DNA and RNA sequencing data and computational...
based on 18S ribosomal RNA
18S ribosomal RNA
18S ribosomal RNA is a part of the ribosomal RNA. The S in 18S represents Svedberg units. 18S rRNA is a component of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit...
, 28S ribosomal RNA
28S ribosomal RNA
28S ribosomal RNA is the eukaryotic nuclear homologue of the prokaryotic 23S ribosomal RNA; this is the structural RNA for the large component of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells....
, and partial cytochrome-c oxidase I
Main subunit of cytochrome c oxidase
Cytochrome C and Quinol oxidase polypeptide I is main subunit of cytochrome c oxidase complex.Cytochrome c oxidase is a key enzyme in aerobic metabolism. Proton pumping heme-copper oxidases represent the terminal, energy-transfer enzymes of respiratory chains in prokaryotes and eukaryotes...
(COI) genes shows phylogenic relations of species in the genus Schistosoma:
Further reading
- Agrawal M. C. & Southgate V. R. (2000). "Schistosoma spindale and bovine schistosomosis". J Vet Parasitol 14: 95-107.
- De Bont J., Vercruysse J., Van Aken D., Southgate V. R. & Rollinson D. (1991). "Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale and their snail host Indoplanorbis exustus". Journal of helminthology 65(1): 1-7.
- Fransen J., De Bont J., Vercruysse J., Van Aken D., Southgate V. R. & Rollinson D. (1990). "Pathology of natural infections of Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906, in cattle". Journal of comparative pathology 103(4): 447-455.
- Littlewood D. T., Lockyer A. E., Webster B. L., Johnston D. A. & Le T. H. (2006). "The complete mitochondrial genomes of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma spindale and the evolutionary history of mitochondrial genome changes among parasitic flatworms". Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionMolecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics. The journal is edited by D.E. Wildman.-Indexing:The journal is indexed in:*EMBiology*Journal Citation Reports*Scopus*Web of Science...
39(2): 452-467. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.012, .