Scottish Gaelic literature
Encyclopedia
Scottish Gaelic literature refers to literature composed in the Scottish Gaelic language, a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages, along with Irish
and Manx
.
The bulk of early Gaelic verse to which Scottish origins can be ascribed was produced by the monastic community (familia) of St Columba
at Iona
. Dallán Forgaill
(fl. late 6th century) was responsible for a eulogy of Columba, Amra Choluim Chille, which takes pride of place as one of the earliest literary works produced in Irish, and Beccán mac Luigdech
(fl. 7th century) composed at least two poems in praise of the patron saint. Of the many vernacular poems written about Columba or attributed to him, only few can be claimed to be of Scottish origin. The Betha Adamnáin ("Life of Adomnán") incorporates anecdotal material which has been shown to come from Iona.
A Scottish background has been suggested for the story related in the 9/10th-century prose text Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin
, about the wanderings of the exiled Scottish king Cano mac Gartnáin. The Lebor Bretnach, an 11th-century Gaelic translation of the Historia Brittonum, has been regarded as the product of a flourishing Gaelic literary establishment at the monastery of Abernethy.
It is possible that more Middle Gaelic literature was written in medieval Scotland than is often thought, but has not survived because the Gaelic literary establishment of eastern Scotland died out before the 14th century. Some Gaelic texts written in Scotland have survived in Irish sources.
. However, according to Peter Berresford Ellis
, the only extant manuscripts preceding the Book of the Dean of Lismore
from 16th century are some notes in the Book of Deer
, one 11th century poem and the Islay Charter
of 1408, presumably due to the rest having been "destroyed by the anti-Gaelic administrators of the country".
It is clear from John Barbour (d. 1395), and a plethora of other evidence, that the Fenian Cycle
flourished in Scotland. There are allusions to Gaelic legendary characters in later Anglo-Scottish literature (oral and written).
(d. 1518?), one of the makars associated with the court of James IV
, may have written works in the language, although only examples of his poetry in Scots survive.
Mary Macleod (Mairi Nighean Alasdair Ruaidh) was a notable poetess during the 17th-century.
in 1746, and during the Highland Clearances
.
dating from the Elizabethan period was in use until the Bible was translated into Scottish Gaelic. Author David Ross notes in his 2002 history of Scotland that a Scottish Gaelic version of the Bible was published in London in 1690 by the Rev. Robert Kirk, minister of Aberfoyle; however it was not widely circulated. The first well-known translation of the Bible into Scottish Gaelic was made in 1767 when Dr James Stuart of Killin and Dugald Buchanan of Rannoch produced a translation of the New Testament. Very few European languages have made the transition to a modern literary language without an early modern translation of the Bible. The lack of a well-known translation until the late 18th century may have contributed to the decline of Scottish Gaelic.
translated the first eight books of Homer's Iliad
into Scottish Gaelic. He also composed and published his own Gaelic Attempts in Verse (1807) and Metrical Effusions (1816), and contributed greatly to the 1828 Gaelic–English Dictionary.
have been written and performed in Scottish Gaelic.
The first novel in Scottish Gaelic was John MacCormick's Dùn-Àluinn, no an t-Oighre 'na Dhìobarach
, which was serialised in the People's Journal in 1910, before publication in book form in 1912. The publication of a second Scottish Gaelic novel, An t-Ogha Mòr by Angus Robertson, followed within a year.
Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna
was a Scottish Gaelic poet who served in the First World War, and as a war poet
described the use of poison gas in his poem Òran a' Phuinnsuin ("Song of the Poison"). His poetry is part of oral literature
, as he himself never learnt to read and write in his native language.
As part of the Scottish Gaelic Renaissance
, Sorley MacLean
's work in Scottish Gaelic in the 1930s gave new value to modern literature in that language. Iain Crichton Smith
was more prolific in English but also produced much Gaelic poetry and prose, and also translated some of the work of Sorley Maclean from Gaelic to English, as well as some of his own poems originally composed in Gaelic. Much of his English language work was related to, or translated from, Gaelic equivalents.
With regard to Gaelic poetry this includes the Great Book of Gaelic An Leabhar Mòr
, a Scottish Gaelic, English
and Irish language
collaboration featuring the work of 150 poets, visual artists and calligraphers.
Gaelic prose has expanded also, particularly with the development since 2003 of the Ùr-sgeul
series, which encourages new works of Gaelic fiction from both established and new writers. Established contemporary writers in Scottish Gaelic include poets such as Aonghas MacNeacail
and Angus Peter Campbell
who, besides three Scottish Gaelic poetry collections, has also produced four Gaelic novels: An Oidhche Mus Do Sheol Sinn (2003), Là a' Deanamh Sgeil Do Là (2004), An Taigh-Samhraidh (2006) and Tilleadh Dhachaigh (2009). Other established fiction writers include Alasdair Caimbeul and his brother Tormod Caimbeul. New fiction writers include Iain F. MacLeoid, Alison Lang, Catriona Lexy Campbell, Mary Anne MacDonald and Mairi E. MacLeod.
Within Gaelic drama, two Gaelic theatre companies were recently professionally active: Fir Chlis and Tosg, which was managed by the late Simon MacKenzie
.
Most recently, the Gaelic drama group Tog-I, established by Arthur Donald, has attempted to revive the sector.
Irish language
Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people, as well as being a second language of a larger proportion of...
and Manx
Manx language
Manx , also known as Manx Gaelic, and as the Manks language, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, historically spoken by the Manx people. Only a small minority of the Island's population is fluent in the language, but a larger minority has some knowledge of it...
.
Before 1200
Goidelic was spoken in Scotland at least as early as the sixth century, when Irish settlers moved to the west of Scotland. There has been some debate on when the Goidelic language spoken in Scotland had become sufficiently distinct from that spoken in Ireland to justify calling it Scottish Gaelic. For much of the Middle Ages, the learned Gaelic elites of both Scotland and Ireland maintained close contacts and shared a literary form of Gaelic, which diverged from the spoken form.The bulk of early Gaelic verse to which Scottish origins can be ascribed was produced by the monastic community (familia) of St Columba
Columba
Saint Columba —also known as Colum Cille , Colm Cille , Calum Cille and Kolban or Kolbjørn —was a Gaelic Irish missionary monk who propagated Christianity among the Picts during the Early Medieval Period...
at Iona
Iona Abbey
Iona Abbey is located on the Isle of Iona, just off the Isle of Mull on the West Coast of Scotland. It is one of the oldest and most important religious centres in Western Europe. The abbey was a focal point for the spread of Christianity throughout Scotland and marks the foundation of a monastic...
. Dallán Forgaill
Dallan Forgaill
Saint Dallán Forgaill —also Dallán Forchella; Dallán of Cluain Dalláin; born Eochaid Forchella—was an early Christian Irish poet best known as the writer of the Amra Choluim Chille and the early Irish poem Rop tú mo baile, the basis of the modern English hymn Be Thou My Vision.-Personal...
(fl. late 6th century) was responsible for a eulogy of Columba, Amra Choluim Chille, which takes pride of place as one of the earliest literary works produced in Irish, and Beccán mac Luigdech
Beccán mac Luigdech
Beccán mac Luigdech was a 7th-century Irish poet and monk of Iona. He is known for having composed two vernacular poems, Fo réir Choluimb and Tiugraind Beccáin , which were written c. 640 in praise of St Columba, the founder of Iona...
(fl. 7th century) composed at least two poems in praise of the patron saint. Of the many vernacular poems written about Columba or attributed to him, only few can be claimed to be of Scottish origin. The Betha Adamnáin ("Life of Adomnán") incorporates anecdotal material which has been shown to come from Iona.
A Scottish background has been suggested for the story related in the 9/10th-century prose text Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin
Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin
The Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin is an Old Irish prose tale of the ninth century or later. It forms part of the Cycles of the Kings.It deals with the exile and return of Cano mac Gartnáin in sixth century Scotland...
, about the wanderings of the exiled Scottish king Cano mac Gartnáin. The Lebor Bretnach, an 11th-century Gaelic translation of the Historia Brittonum, has been regarded as the product of a flourishing Gaelic literary establishment at the monastery of Abernethy.
It is possible that more Middle Gaelic literature was written in medieval Scotland than is often thought, but has not survived because the Gaelic literary establishment of eastern Scotland died out before the 14th century. Some Gaelic texts written in Scotland have survived in Irish sources.
High Middle Ages
Gaelic has a rich oral (beul-aithris) and written tradition, having been the language of the bardic culture of the Highland clansScottish clan
Scottish clans , give a sense of identity and shared descent to people in Scotland and to their relations throughout the world, with a formal structure of Clan Chiefs recognised by the court of the Lord Lyon, King of Arms which acts as an authority concerning matters of heraldry and Coat of Arms...
. However, according to Peter Berresford Ellis
Peter Berresford Ellis
Peter Berresford Ellis is an English historian, literary biographer, and novelist who has published over 90 books to date either under his own name or his pseudonyms Peter Tremayne and Peter MacAlan. He has also published 95 short stories...
, the only extant manuscripts preceding the Book of the Dean of Lismore
Book of the Dean of Lismore
The Book of the Dean of Lismore is a famous Scottish manuscript, compiled in eastern Perthshire in the first half of the 16th century. The chief compiler, after whom it is named, was James MacGregor , vicar of Fortingall and titular Dean of Lismore Cathedral, although there are other probable...
from 16th century are some notes in the Book of Deer
Book of Deer
The Book of Deer is a 10th-century Latin Gospel Book from Old Deer, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, with early 12th-century additions in Latin, Old Irish and Scottish Gaelic. It is most famous for containing the earliest surviving Gaelic literature from Scotland...
, one 11th century poem and the Islay Charter
Islay Charter
The Islay Charter or "Gaelic Charter of 1408" is a grant of lands by Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles to "Brian Bhicaire Magaodh" , a resident of Islay , written in 1408. The charter is unique in being the only MacDonald land charter extant to have been written in the Gaelic language...
of 1408, presumably due to the rest having been "destroyed by the anti-Gaelic administrators of the country".
It is clear from John Barbour (d. 1395), and a plethora of other evidence, that the Fenian Cycle
Fenian Cycle
The Fenian Cycle , also referred to as the Ossianic Cycle after its narrator Oisín, is a body of prose and verse centering on the exploits of the mythical hero Fionn mac Cumhaill and his warriors the Fianna. It is one of the four major cycles of Irish mythology along with the Mythological Cycle,...
flourished in Scotland. There are allusions to Gaelic legendary characters in later Anglo-Scottish literature (oral and written).
Reign of James IV
Walter KennedyWalter Kennedy
Walter Kennedy was a Scottish makar associated with the renaissance court of James IV. He is perhaps best known as the defendant against William Dunbar in The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie, but his surviving works clearly show him to have been an accomplished "master" in many genres...
(d. 1518?), one of the makars associated with the court of James IV
James IV of Scotland
James IV was King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death. He is generally regarded as the most successful of the Stewart monarchs of Scotland, but his reign ended with the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Flodden Field, where he became the last monarch from not only Scotland, but also from all...
, may have written works in the language, although only examples of his poetry in Scots survive.
Mary Macleod (Mairi Nighean Alasdair Ruaidh) was a notable poetess during the 17th-century.
Eighteenth century
The use of Scottish Gaelic suffered when Highlanders were persecuted after the Battle of CullodenBattle of Culloden
The Battle of Culloden was the final confrontation of the 1745 Jacobite Rising. Taking place on 16 April 1746, the battle pitted the Jacobite forces of Charles Edward Stuart against an army commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, loyal to the British government...
in 1746, and during the Highland Clearances
Highland Clearances
The Highland Clearances were forced displacements of the population of the Scottish Highlands during the 18th and 19th centuries. They led to mass emigration to the sea coast, the Scottish Lowlands, and the North American colonies...
.
Bible translation
An Irish Gaelic translation of the BibleBible
The Bible refers to any one of the collections of the primary religious texts of Judaism and Christianity. There is no common version of the Bible, as the individual books , their contents and their order vary among denominations...
dating from the Elizabethan period was in use until the Bible was translated into Scottish Gaelic. Author David Ross notes in his 2002 history of Scotland that a Scottish Gaelic version of the Bible was published in London in 1690 by the Rev. Robert Kirk, minister of Aberfoyle; however it was not widely circulated. The first well-known translation of the Bible into Scottish Gaelic was made in 1767 when Dr James Stuart of Killin and Dugald Buchanan of Rannoch produced a translation of the New Testament. Very few European languages have made the transition to a modern literary language without an early modern translation of the Bible. The lack of a well-known translation until the late 18th century may have contributed to the decline of Scottish Gaelic.
19th century
Ewen MacLachlanEwen MacLachlan
Ewen MacLachlan was a Scottish scholar and poet. He is noted for his translations of ancient classical literature into Gaelic, for his own Gaelic verse, and for his contribution to Gaelic dictionaries....
translated the first eight books of Homer's Iliad
Iliad
The Iliad is an epic poem in dactylic hexameters, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles...
into Scottish Gaelic. He also composed and published his own Gaelic Attempts in Verse (1807) and Metrical Effusions (1816), and contributed greatly to the 1828 Gaelic–English Dictionary.
20th century
Since about 1900, playsPlay (theatre)
A play is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of scripted dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. There are rare dramatists, notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had little preference whether their plays were performed...
have been written and performed in Scottish Gaelic.
The first novel in Scottish Gaelic was John MacCormick's Dùn-Àluinn, no an t-Oighre 'na Dhìobarach
Dùn Aluinn
Dùn-Àluinn by Iain MacCormaic was the first full length novel in Scottish Gaelic. It was fist published in weekly serial form in the People's Journal May - September 1910. Iain MacCormaic had also published a novella, Gun d'thug i speis do'n Armunn a few years before...
, which was serialised in the People's Journal in 1910, before publication in book form in 1912. The publication of a second Scottish Gaelic novel, An t-Ogha Mòr by Angus Robertson, followed within a year.
Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna
Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna
Donald MacDonald known as Dòmhnall Ruadh Chorùna was a North Uist stonemason, a combat veteran of the First World War, and a legendary war poet in the Scottish Gaelic language.He is best known for the song An Eala Bhán which he composed during...
was a Scottish Gaelic poet who served in the First World War, and as a war poet
War poet
A War poet is a poet writing in time of and on the subject of war. The term, which is applied especially to those in military service during World War I, was documented as early as 1848 in reference to German revolutionary poet, Georg Herwegh.-Crimean War:...
described the use of poison gas in his poem Òran a' Phuinnsuin ("Song of the Poison"). His poetry is part of oral literature
Oral literature
Oral literature corresponds in the sphere of the spoken word to literature as literature operates in the domain of the written word. It thus forms a generally more fundamental component of culture, but operates in many ways as one might expect literature to do...
, as he himself never learnt to read and write in his native language.
As part of the Scottish Gaelic Renaissance
Scottish Gaelic renaissance
The Scottish Gaelic Renaissance is a continuing movement concerning the revival of the Scottish Gaelic language. Although the Scottish Gaelic language had been facing gradual decline in the number of speakers since the late 19th century, the number of young fluent Gaelic speakers is quickly rising...
, Sorley MacLean
Sorley MacLean
Sorley MacLean was one of the most significant Scottish poets of the 20th century.-Early life:He was born at Osgaig on the island of Raasay on 26 October 1911, where Scottish Gaelic was the first language. He attended the University of Edinburgh and was an avid shinty player playing for the...
's work in Scottish Gaelic in the 1930s gave new value to modern literature in that language. Iain Crichton Smith
Iain Crichton Smith
Iain Crichton Smith was a Scottish man of letters, writing in both English and Scottish Gaelic, and a prolific author in both languages...
was more prolific in English but also produced much Gaelic poetry and prose, and also translated some of the work of Sorley Maclean from Gaelic to English, as well as some of his own poems originally composed in Gaelic. Much of his English language work was related to, or translated from, Gaelic equivalents.
Today
Scottish Gaelic literature is currently experiencing a revival in print.With regard to Gaelic poetry this includes the Great Book of Gaelic An Leabhar Mòr
An Leabhar Mòr
An Leabhar Mòr, subtitled The Great Book of Gaelic, is a celebration of the modern Celtic muse. Published in 2002 by Proiseact nan Ealan , it contains an anthology of poetry in Irish and Scottish Gaelic from the 17th to the 20th century combined with artwork and calligraphy by dozens of...
, a Scottish Gaelic, English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
and Irish language
Irish language
Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people, as well as being a second language of a larger proportion of...
collaboration featuring the work of 150 poets, visual artists and calligraphers.
Gaelic prose has expanded also, particularly with the development since 2003 of the Ùr-sgeul
Ùr-sgeul
Ùr-sgeul is an independent publisher of new Scottish Gaelic prose. The name Ùr-sgeul is a Gaelic word which translates variously as: a romance, a novel or a recent tale.-History:Ùr-sgeul was founded in 2003 as a project to promote new Gaelic fiction...
series, which encourages new works of Gaelic fiction from both established and new writers. Established contemporary writers in Scottish Gaelic include poets such as Aonghas MacNeacail
Aonghas MacNeacail
Aonghas MacNeacail , nickname Aonghas dubh or black Aonghas) is a contemporary writer in the Scottish Gaelic language. Born and brought up in the Isle of Skye, he was registered at birth as Angus Nicolson, but has changed his official name to his native Gaelic...
and Angus Peter Campbell
Angus Peter Campbell
Angus Peter Campbell is a Scottish award-winning poet, novelist, journalist, broadcaster and actor.-Early life:...
who, besides three Scottish Gaelic poetry collections, has also produced four Gaelic novels: An Oidhche Mus Do Sheol Sinn (2003), Là a' Deanamh Sgeil Do Là (2004), An Taigh-Samhraidh (2006) and Tilleadh Dhachaigh (2009). Other established fiction writers include Alasdair Caimbeul and his brother Tormod Caimbeul. New fiction writers include Iain F. MacLeoid, Alison Lang, Catriona Lexy Campbell, Mary Anne MacDonald and Mairi E. MacLeod.
Within Gaelic drama, two Gaelic theatre companies were recently professionally active: Fir Chlis and Tosg, which was managed by the late Simon MacKenzie
Simon MacKenzie
Simon MacKenzie is a military historian, author and academic.He was educated at the University of Toronto and received a PhD from the University of Oxford in 1989.He currently teaches at the University of South Carolina...
.
Most recently, the Gaelic drama group Tog-I, established by Arthur Donald, has attempted to revive the sector.
See also
- Scottish literatureScottish literatureScottish literature is literature written in Scotland or by Scottish writers. It includes literature written in English, Scottish Gaelic, Scots, Brythonic, French, Latin and any other language in which a piece of literature was ever written within the boundaries of modern Scotland.The earliest...
- Book of DeerBook of DeerThe Book of Deer is a 10th-century Latin Gospel Book from Old Deer, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, with early 12th-century additions in Latin, Old Irish and Scottish Gaelic. It is most famous for containing the earliest surviving Gaelic literature from Scotland...
- Islay CharterIslay CharterThe Islay Charter or "Gaelic Charter of 1408" is a grant of lands by Domhnall of Islay, Lord of the Isles to "Brian Bhicaire Magaodh" , a resident of Islay , written in 1408. The charter is unique in being the only MacDonald land charter extant to have been written in the Gaelic language...
- Book of the Dean of LismoreBook of the Dean of LismoreThe Book of the Dean of Lismore is a famous Scottish manuscript, compiled in eastern Perthshire in the first half of the 16th century. The chief compiler, after whom it is named, was James MacGregor , vicar of Fortingall and titular Dean of Lismore Cathedral, although there are other probable...
- Glenmasan manuscriptGlenmasan manuscriptThe Glenmasan manuscript is a 15th-century Scottish vellum manuscript in the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh, where it is catalogued as Adv. MS 72.2.3. It was previously held in the Advocates Library, Edinburgh, where it was classified as MS 53...
- Fernaig manuscriptFernaig manuscriptThe Fernaig manuscript is a document containing approximately 4,200 lines of verse consisting largely of political and religious themes. The manuscript was composed between 1688 and 1693 by Donnchadh MacRath in Wester Ross and is notable for the author's unique orthography which is, like the more...
- Alasdair MacMhaighstir AlasdairAlasdair MacMhaighstir AlasdairAlasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair was a Scottish poet, lexicographer, political writer and memoirist, respected as perhaps the finest Gaelic language poet of the 18th century...
- James MacphersonJames MacphersonJames Macpherson was a Scottish writer, poet, literary collector and politician, known as the "translator" of the Ossian cycle of poems.-Early life:...
- Ewen MacLachlanEwen MacLachlanEwen MacLachlan was a Scottish scholar and poet. He is noted for his translations of ancient classical literature into Gaelic, for his own Gaelic verse, and for his contribution to Gaelic dictionaries....
- Ùr-sgeulÙr-sgeulÙr-sgeul is an independent publisher of new Scottish Gaelic prose. The name Ùr-sgeul is a Gaelic word which translates variously as: a romance, a novel or a recent tale.-History:Ùr-sgeul was founded in 2003 as a project to promote new Gaelic fiction...
Further reading
- Black, Ronald I.M. (ed.). An Lasair: an anthology of 18th-century Scottish Gaelic verse. Edinburgh, 2001.
- Black, Ronald I.M. (ed.). An Tuil: an anthology of 20th-century Scottish Gaelic verse. Edinburgh, 1999.
- Bruford, Alan. Gaelic folktales and medieval romances: a study of the early modern Irish romantic tales and their oral derivatives. Dublin, 1969.
- Campbell, J.F. (ed.). Leabhar na Féinne: heroic Gaelic ballads collected in Scotland chiefly from 1512 to 1871. London, 1872. PDF available from the Internet Archive
- Clancy, Thomas Owen. "King-making and images of kingship in medieval Gaelic literature." In The Stone of Destiny: artefact and icon, edited by R. Welander, D.J. Breeze and T.O. Clancy. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series 22. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2003. pp. 85–105.
- MacLachlan, EwenEwen MacLachlanEwen MacLachlan was a Scottish scholar and poet. He is noted for his translations of ancient classical literature into Gaelic, for his own Gaelic verse, and for his contribution to Gaelic dictionaries....
. Ewen MacLachlan's Gaelic Verse. Aberdeen University Studies 114. 2nd ed. Aberdeen: Dept. of Celtic, 1980 (1937). - Ó Baoill, Colm and Donald MacAulay. Scottish Gaelic vernacular verse to 1730: a checklist. Revised edition. Aberdeen: Department of Celtic, University of Aberdeen, 2001.
- Ó Baoill, Colm. Mairghread nighean Lachlainn: song-maker of Mull. An edition and study of the extant corpus of her verse in praise of the Jacobite Maclean leaders of her time. Edinburgh: Scottish Gaelic Text Society, 2009.
- Ó Háinle, Cathal and Donald E. Meek. Unity in diversity: studies in Irish and Scottish Gaelic language, literature and history. Dublin, 2004.
- Storey, John. Ùr-Sgeul:ceistean agus cothrom - Challenge and opportunity for Gaelic prose in the twenty-first century Edinburgh, 2009.http://www.ur-sgeul.com/rosg-2009.pdf
- Watson, William J.William J. WatsonProfessor William J. Watson was a toponymist, one of the greatest Scottish scholars of the 20th century, and was the first scholar to place the study of Scottish place names on a firm linguistic basis....
(ed.). Bardachd Albannach: Scottish verse from the Book of the Dean of Lismore. Edinburgh: The Scottish Gaelic Texts Society, 1937.
External links
- Scottish Gaelic Texts Society
- Scottish literature, Celtic Literature Collective.
- The Spread of Scottish Printing, digitised items between 1508 and 1900
- Bibliography of Gaelic Arthurian literature
- Ùr-Sgeul website