Second Federal Republic of Mexico
Encyclopedia
The Second Federal Republic of Mexico, is the name that is known at the second attempt federalist in the history of Mexico . Officially called the United Mexican States, the Federal Republic was implemented again on August 22 of 1846, when the interim president José Mariano Salas, issued a decree restoring the 1824 Constitution .
Like the Mexican Empire
, the First Federal Republic and the Republic Centralista, was a chaotic period, marked by severe political instability that resulted in several internal conflicts as the War of Reform . Other relevant historical events during this period were the dictatorship of Santa Anna, the sale of the table and the promulgation of the Constitution of 1857
.
During this period there were two international conflicts, the conclusion of the war between Mexico and the United States, where Mexico was forced to cede more than half of its territory to the United States and the war with France .
The Federal Republic lasted almost seventeen years, was ruled by 14 presidents of which only José Joaquín de Herrera concluded its constitutional mandate. The Republic was dissolved on July 10 of 1863 with the decree of change of government to a model of hereditary monarchy, 4 which started the Second Mexican Empire
ruled by Maximilian I
.
On July 28 of 1846, Mariano Paredes left the presidency to command the army in the battle against the Americans and vice president Nicolás Bravo took office. 6 On August 4, won the federalist uprising led by José Mariano Salas and Valentín Gómez Farías, causing the resignation of Nicolas Bravo . 7 8 José Mariano Salas assumed the presidency as provisional president on August 6 and August 22 decree in effect again 1824 Constitution and call an election. 9 10
With the entry into force of the Constitution of 1824 ended the centralism and restored the federal system .
Conclusion of the War on America
Main article: U.S. Intervention in Mexico
After the declarations of war, U.S. forces invaded Mexican territory in Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila and Alta California . On the other hand, blocked the ports of Tampico, Carmen, Guaymas, Mazatlan and San Blas, among others and occupied Santa Fe, San Diego and Los Angeles .
The main force led by Zachary Taylor continued through the Rio Grande into Mexico, defeating the forces of Pedro Ampudia in the Battle of Monterrey .
The Congress declared the December 24 the same year as acting president Santa Anna and Valentin Gomez Farias as vice president. 12 Gómez Farías, assumed the presidency in the absence of Santa Anna, who was fighting the Americans. 13
After the battles of Angostura, Padierna, Churubusco and Molino del Rey, the Castle of Chapultepec fell into a defense in which the young cadets took part known as Niños Héroes . During the assault the castle generals were taken prisoner Mariano Monterde (Director of the Military College of Mexico ) and Nicolas Bravo .
The fall of Chapultepec had two immediate consequences: the U.S. occupation of Mexico City and the resignation of Santa Anna to the presidency of the country on September 16 of 1847 . 14
Following the resignation of Santa Anna and under the law of the time, Manuel de la Pena y Pena, president of the Supreme Court was in office. The September 26 established the seat of federal power in Toluca and soon after in Querétaro, where Congress convened. 15 On November 11, De la Peña left office to serve as chancellor and negotiate peace with the United States Congress appoint as substitute President General Pedro Maria Anaya . 16
Anaya refusing to satisfy land claims by the United States claimed, the resign as president January 8 of 1848 . 16 Manuel de la Pena y Pena was named provisional president again, and dedicated to negotiating peace. On February 2, was signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in which Mexico ceded 2,400,000 km ² of territory, even in the negotiations, De la Peña was able to save for Mexico's Baja Peninsula, their union by land with Sonora and sovereignty over the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . 17 18
Facing criticism for the signing of the Treaties, De la Peña wrote:
He who would qualify for the Treaty of Guadalupe dishonorable by the extent of the ceded territory, can never solve how unhappy ending war ... The territories have been ceded by the Treaty are not lost by the sum of fifteen million pesos, but to regain our ports, the final cessation of all evil, of all sorts of horrors, to comfort many families ... 18
Herrera used the money for compensation for war damages stipulated in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to pay foreign debt, pacify the country and pay salaries. 19 also achieves re annexation of Yucatán that was in a precarious situation caused by the Caste War, a situation that led to the government of the Republic of Yucatán to offer the sovereignty of the peninsula to the United States. 20 21 Congress also sent the request for the creation of the State of Guerrero, 22 and award the construction of the railway Mexico City-Veracruz, the first in the country, and one for a telegraph line between Mexico City and Puebla.
Mariano Arista was elected in the disputed election of 1850, which contended the former presidents Manuel Gómez Pedraza, Nicolás Bravo and General Juan Nepomuceno Almonte . Herrera was the second president of Mexico in completing its constitutional mandate, the first Guadalupe Victoria and handed over power peacefully and constitutional Mariano Arista on January 5 of 1851 . 19 23
Arista attempted unsuccessfully to overcome bankruptcy and encourage mining, the agriculture and industry almost nonexistent. British and American claims faced on bonds and building permits and had to overcome several uprisings against his rule. However, the telegraph announced by the city and the port of Veracruz and grant the same route to a railroad company. The financial plight sparked a revolt that aimed to raise again the power of Santa Anna. Unable to cope due to lack of resources and the refusal of Congress Give him extraordinary powers to govern, Arista resigned the presidency on January 5 of 1853 . 23 24 25
Arista asked Congress in his resignation letter to Juan Bautista Ceballos, President of the Supreme Court, government will take care of while organizing elections. Congress after a quick vote Ceballos named interim president. 26 27 Ceballos ordered the dissolution of both houses of Congress, 28 from which plotting for the return of Santa Anna. Members of Congress instigated the garrison of Mexico City that rose in support of Santa Anna and return to the riots, Ceballos resigned the presidency on February 7 .
A military group named as acting president Manuel Maria Lombardini, 29 who dedicated her time in office to arrange the return of Santa Anna, organize a sham election and the March 17 issued a decree which stated President Santa Anna. Before leaving office issued a decree that declared Santa Anna "Captain General of sea and land, with absolute powers" . 30 31 Lombardini left the presidency on April 20 and that same day began the dictatorship of Santa Anna .
The dictatorship of Santa Anna
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
once again assumed the presidency on April 20 of 1853, at 59 years. Two days after using their extraordinary powers decree the Rules for the Administration of the Republic, 32 which were a unique document in the history of Mexico, eliminating any instrument of control over the executive .
Map of Mexico under the Rules for the Administration of the Republic.
Bases put in "recess" the legislatures of the states and territories, which eliminated its independence and sovereignty again. Finally, on September 21 it was decreed that the states would be called again Departments . Then came a series of territorial changes with the erection of the following territories: 33 [3] This template is obsolete, see new references in Wikipedia: Footnotes # References .
Decree of May 29, 1853. He erected the Territory of Tehuantepec, with capital in the city of Minatitlan .
Decree of October 16, 1853. Established the Territory of the Isla del Carmen.
Decree of December 1, 1853. He created the Territory of Sierra Gorda, with capital in the town of San Luis de la Paz and added the District Department of Tuxpan Veracruz .
Decree of December 10, 1853. Department instituted in the District of Aguascalientes .
Decree of February 16, 1854. He stated the understanding of the District of Mexico, Federal District endorsed.
During 1853, Santa Anna issued several decrees, including arranging the use of printing, reordering of public finances, expropriation laws, laws to correct the laziness and the decree for the restoration of the Society of Jesus and the return of their former property held by the government, with some exceptions such as the Colegio de San Ildefonso and those dedicated to military service.
The December 16 issued a decree of the most controversial of his dictatorship. Decreed that the nation will continue with "extraordinary powers" as long as necessary and from that day on the treatment of their figure would be to "His Most Serene Highness" . 34
On December 30, Santa Anna signed the Gadsden which sold for 76 845 km ² in the states of Sonora and Chihuahua to the United States for 10 million pesos. 35
On January 9 of 1854, levy taxes on doors and windows and the February 23 decree imposed on the exterior lights of the houses. 36 37
Because this series of decrees and the sale of the national territory, the March 1, General Florencio Villareal proclaim Ayutla Plan, which marked the beginning of the Revolution of Ayutla . 38
Faced in Guerrero against the army of Ignacio Comonfort, Santa Anna's army was severely diminished, in large part by the defection of the "soldiers", who were ordinary civilians forced to fight. Santa Anna decided to return to Mexico City and on his way back burned several people who had supported the Plan of Ayutla. 40
In 1853 he convened a contest to write the letter on the 'Ode to the Motherland ", the September 15th of 1854, in the midst of the Revolution of Ayutla, is presented in the National Grand Theatre (called at that time the Gran Teatro de Santa Anna), the National Anthem . 41
In 1855, despite the repression and state terrorism against civilians applied he considered suspects, Ayutla Revolution was taking adhesion force one by one from the states of the Republic. 42 On August 12, Santa Anna resigned the presidency and fled to Colombia . 43 44
Santa Anna tried several times unsuccessfully to return to the political life of Mexico. He offered his military services to Benito Juarez, the French during the war with France and then Maximilian I, but all refused. I try to return to Mexico during the Second Empire, but was arrested in Veracruz and deported. He lived a while in St. Thomas and again tried to return to Mexico after the triumph of the Republic, but Juarez landed banned on pain of death, so they chose to enter national territory Yucatán, where he was arrested on July 30 of 1867 . 45
Although the charges proven against him deserved the death penalty, the court-martial that tried him in the Castle of San Juan de Ulua, only sentenced him to eight years in exile. The judges who sentenced him, spent six months in prison for the same reason. Santa Anna lived in St. Thomas, Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, and Nassau . Before his sentence of exile he returned to Mexico by an amnesty granted by President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada in 1873, who never received it even though Santa Anna requested a hearing on several occasions. He died in Mexico City on June 21 of 1876 . 45 46
The most important act of the government of General Álvarez was the convening of a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution that would replace the very tarnished and worn Constitution of 1824.
The Constituent Congress of 1856 logs on February 18, 1856 amid a clerical uprising with a speech by President Ignacio Comonfort substitute, who had replaced Alvarez on December 11, 1855. the topics discussed were: the attribution of each of the powers, division of territory, individual rights and freedom of worship.
Among the deputies elected Constituent developed two ideological liberals and the conservatives. Among the Liberals were such figures as former President Valentín Gómez Farías, Santos Degollado and Melchor Ocampo. Among conservatives emphasized Antonio Aguado, Mariano Arizcorreta and the Governor of Durango Marcelino Castañeda.
The constituents were unable to establish the principle of freedom of religion, under pressure from conservatives. Still, the church is strongly opposed to the Constitution and threatened to excommunicate all those public officials that the oath.
This atmosphere of discontent led to the liberal and conservative civil war known as the Reform War.
Comonfort decree on January 27, 1856, the Civil Registry Law by which the government would be responsible for the births, deaths and marriages, and the June 23 decree law of confiscation of rural and urban properties owned by corporations and civil Church, better known as the Ley Lerdo. This law required the civil and ecclesiastical corporations to sell houses and terrens also prohibited the church purchased property except those that are strictly necessary for worship. The Catholic Church protests sharpened against both law and began inciting people to civil disobedience.
The enactment of the 1857 Constitution clearly liberal, further divided Mexican society into two groups:
The Liberals, known as pure or red, were largely composed of former insurgents, landowners, Creole merchants and artisans. Seek to establish a regime of freedom and equality among citizens.
The Conservatives, known as the Moche were composed of civilian and military officials, lawyers, Spanish and most of the clergy. They sought to preserve the social and political institutions inherited from the colonial era.
On April 11, Comonfort enacted the Law on rights and perquisites parish, better known as the Law Iglesias. This law prohibited the charging of fees and perquisites parish and tithing. This was the last of the three original reform laws, directly and principally that threatened the privileges of the Catholic Church.
On September 16, 1857 came into force the new Constitution. The legislative power is integrated on 8 October, the executive branch headed by Ignacio Comonfort as constitutional president and the judiciary headed by Benito Juarez as president of the Supreme Court, started on 1 December.
Given the delicate situation in which the country was, Félix Zuloaga and other generals convinced unaware Comonfort to the Constitution and convene another congress to draft a new more in keeping with the customs of the nation. Zuloaga proclaimed on 17 December of that year the Plan of Tacubaya. Comonfort joined the Plan of Tacubaya giving an auto-coup their constitutional government, which began the War of the Three Years.
On December 19, Ignacio Comonfort published a manifesto explaining the reason for his coup d'état,
Under the Constitution, the president of the Supreme Court, Benito Juarez was the constitutional interim president since 18 December. Juarez took office that day because he was imprisoned along with Isidoro Olvera, president of Congress.
The states of the country were divided into those who supported the Plan of Tacubaya and those defending the constitutional order.
Conservatives, meanwhile, lobbied for repeal Comonfort liberal reforms, to which he refused. On January 11, 1858, Comonfort dissolved Congress and release to Juarez. Then, tried to seek a reconciliation with the liberal wing and armed clashes took place against the conservatives, without success. Zuloaga brigade rebelled and called for reform to the Plan of Tacubaya Comonfort is unknown as president. Félix Zuloaga was named president and Comonfort that day, ten days after declared defeated and went into exile.
Félix Zuloaga, declared president by a board of representatives of the states that supported the Plan of Tacubaya, was established in Mexico City.
The progress of conservative troops forced Juárez to move to Guadalajara on 13 February. In Guadalajara was the victim of an attack and moved to Colima on 20 March. As Juarez needed a place controlled by liberals and resources to support his government, he sailed for Panama to go to Veracruz.
At first the Conservatives had the advantage, because they were in Mexico City and had the support of the clergy and the army. The Liberals lacked a professional army and militias had only states that supported Juárez.
United States proposed to both governments, liberal and conservative, the purchase of Baja California, which was rejected by both. Finally the United States recognized the government of Juarez on April 28, 1859. In July, Benito Juarez issued three decrees from Veracruz complementing reform laws: Law of the nationalization of church property, Civil Marriage Act and the Organic Law of civil registration. The Liberals became the law in its new conservative political banner and further emphasized the religious nature of their struggle.
The second half of 1859 was the same as last year: winning battles conservatives and liberals quickly recovered. On the conservative side, Zuloaga was overthrown by Manuel Robles Pezuela by Christmas Plan, was restored to office in January 1859 and again by Miguel Miramon released in February of that year. Lack of financial resources, the Conservatives signed in September Mon-Almonte Treaty by which Spain recognized the Conservative government as the legitimate government of Mexico.
The Liberals, although resources were applied states that the expropriation of the Nationalization Law, signed in December McLane-Ocampo Treaty, under which virtually make Mexico a protectorate or semi-colony of the United States for $ 4 million . Juarez received 2 million as an advance payment and military aid was to capture the maritime squadron off Veracruz Miramon. Finally the treaty was not approved by the Senate of the United States and Juarez received the money and military aid without giving anything in return.
On November 6, Juarez called for elections of deputies and president of the republic.
Liberal victories began in the battles of Peñuelas and Silao, liberals conservatives won decisively at the Battle of Calpulalpan December 22, in which the Conservative army was completely disintegrated. The Liberal army made its triumphal entry into Mexico City on January 1, 1861, which marked the end of the War of Reform.
When Juarez occupied the city of Mexico, expelled the representatives of Spain, Guatemala and Ecuador, the papal nuncio, Archbishop of Mexico and the bishop of Michoacán, by openly supporting the Conservative government.
The end of the War of Reform is not the end of the Civil War, the Conservative army decimated practically become a guerrilla under the leadership of Leonardo Marquez, murdered in June 1861 to Melchor Ocampo, Santos Degollado and Leandro Valle.
Juarez victory in the elections held in November and took office as constitutional president July 15, 1861.
The lack of economic resources, the country's precarious economic situation led to Juárez to suspend foreign debt payments for two years.
Napoleon III call on Spain and the UK to a meeting in London to discuss a joint stance against the decision of the government of Mexico. On October 31, 1861, the three countries signed a document known as the "London Convention", which decided to block Mexican ports and customs intervene to press the payment of debts.
In the external threat, the Congress (although reluctant to do) grant extraordinary powers to Juarez on 11 December. When foreign ships arrived in Veracruz, Juarez ordered to offer no resistance and allowed to disembark at the port, seeking to resolve the conflict diplomatically. Foreign Minister Manuel Bent met with the commissioners of foreign powers. Spanish and English claims were considered "reasonable." Both nations signed treaties with Mexico of Solitude, by whom accepted the temporary suspension of payments and their locks removed in April 1862.
After the fall of Puebla, the French troops went to Mexico City . On May 31, Juarez and his cabinet left Mexico City and moved to San Luis Potosí, and began his "errant government", who settled finally in Paso del Norte, now Ciudad Juarez. On June 1, 1863, General Bruno Martinez, commander of the garrison of the place, issued a manifesto in favor of the French intervention in Mexico and generally recognized Frédéric Forey as the ultimate authority in the country. 93
José Mariano Salas, former president of Mexico and restorer of the Federal Republic, took over Mexico City 1 through June 10 when French troops occupied the capital. 94
On June 16, General Forey decree the formation of a Superior Board of Governors. The Board named the June 24 a triumvirate to take over the executive branch composed of Juan Nepomuceno Almonte, Jose Mariano Salas and Pelagius Antonio de Labastida, who because of his absence was temporarily replaced by John B. Ormachea . 95 96 97
On July 8 installed a 215 Notables Assembly in conjunction with the High Board of Government, declared the July 10 the establishment of a moderate monarchy as a form of government and offered the crown of the Empire to Maximilian of Austria . 4 This decree marked the end of the Second Federal Republic and began the Second Mexican Empire .
On July 11, the Board consists of Almonte, Salas said Labastida and Regency of the Empire, which ruled until the arrival of Maximilian in Mexico. 95
On October 3, at the Castle of Miramar, the Mexican delegation headed by Jose Maria Gutierrez de Estrada, Juan Nepomuceno Almonte and Miguel Miramon Maximilian was read the official request of the Mexican monarchists for it, occupied the throne of Mexico. 98
Maximilian accepted the crown of the Mexican Empire and arrived in Veracruz on May 28 of 1864, he went to Mexico City where he was crowned with his wife Charlotte on April 10 of 1864, the Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City .
Interim President José Mariano Salas handed the presidency to Vice President -elect Valentin Gomez Farias on December 23 of 1846, who took office in place of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, who was fighting against the Americans. On March 21 of 1847, Santa Anna returned to Mexico and dismissed Gómez Farías, who went into exile. On April 1, Santa Anna gets that Congress set aside the vice president, 99 and leaves the presidency Pedro Maria Anaya on April 2 that year.
Anaya gave the presidency back to Santa Anna on May 20 when he left to fight the Americans. Santa Anna resigned the presidency on September 16 and fled the capital, when U.S. troops occupied Mexico City . Following the resignation of Santa Anna, became president of the Supreme Court president, Manuel de la Pena y Pena .
De la Peña gave the presidency to Pedro Maria Anaya on November 13, when he left office to negotiate peace with the United States . Anaya resigned the presidency on January 8 of 1848, refusing to cede territory to the United States. De la Pena y Pena took office the same day again. Finished peace treaties with the United States, De la Peña called an election in which he was elected José Joaquín de Herrera, who took office on June 2 of that year.
Herrera concluded his constitutional term and handed the presidency to President-elect Mariano Arista, on January 15 of 1851 . Arista resigned the presidency on January 5 of 1853, when Congress denied him "extraordinary powers" to rule the country. On January 6, Juan Bautista Ceballos, president of the Supreme Court, assumed the presidency in place of Arista. Ceballos resigned on February 8 and Manuel Maria Lombardini was in charge of the executive and served as president de facto from that day until April 20 of that year.
Lombardini grant to Santa Anna "extraordinary powers" to rule and handed the presidency on April 20 itself. Santa Anna ruled as dictator until August 12 of 1855 when he was overthrown by the Revolution of Ayutla .
Martin Carrera shall preside April 15 and gave the charge to Romulo Diaz de la Vega on September 12 of that year. Diaz de la Vega left the office on October 3 and October 4 became president John N. Álvarez . Alvarez, after calling the election of a constituent congress, handed the presidency to Ignacio Comonfort on December 11 of that year.
Comonfort ruled as interim president until October 31 of 1857 and from December 1 as president. After ignoring the Constitution of 1857 and support the Plan of Tacubaya, Comonfort ceased to be the constitutional president December 17 . Under the Constitution, the President of the Supreme Court, Benito Juarez was acting president since 18 December, but set up his government until January 19 of 1858, after being released. Juárez was constitutionally elected president until July 18 of 1872, keeping parallel with presidents presidents recognized by conservatives, the regency of the empire, and Maximilian .
Because for most of the time in Juarez ruled, was a period of civil wars and foreign invasions, did not always have authority over the entire Mexican territory, but even during the Second Mexican Empire, Juárez was recognized as President of Mexico by republican liberal forces finally defeated the empire and restored the republic. In the history of Mexico Benito Juárez is recognized as president of the December 18, 1857 to July 18, 1872. 100
Félix María Zuloaga was recognized by the conservative president since 11 January, 101 formally assumed office on January 23, but was ousted by Christmas Plan, the December 24 of that year and replaced by Manuel Robles Pezuela .
Pezuela Robles remained conservative president until January 21 of 1859, and January 24, Zuloaga resumed office. The second term of Zuloaga held on February 2, when it was replaced by Miguel Miramon . Miramon conservative left the presidency in the hands of José Ignacio Pavón on August 13 of 1860, a position he held only two days since resumed the presidency Miramon August 15 . Miramon ruled until December 24, having a rotating presidency with Zuloaga, who assisted by several military conservative, became president of a conservative side divided by internal conflicts, the August 13, if only de facto, as he walked in campaign like Miramon.
Despite being defeated by the Liberals, the Conservatives continued to recognize Zuloaga as president. On December 28 of 1862, ended his term, which ended with conservative governments, to prepare the way for what became the Second Mexican Empire.
Se crea el estado de:
Se admiten como estados a:
|}
The only federal territory was: Baja California, the Federal District was called the Valley of Mexico State, but only if the powers of the Federation to move to another site. On April 29 of 1863 Constitution was erected state Campeche and February 26 of 1864, Nuevo León was separated from Coahuila and regained its status as free and sovereign State. 108 109
Like the Mexican Empire
Mexican Empire
The Mexican Empire or rarely Gran Mexico was the name of modern Mexico on two brief occasions in the 19th century when it was ruled by an emperor. With the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821, Mexico became an independent monarchy, but was soon replaced with the...
, the First Federal Republic and the Republic Centralista, was a chaotic period, marked by severe political instability that resulted in several internal conflicts as the War of Reform . Other relevant historical events during this period were the dictatorship of Santa Anna, the sale of the table and the promulgation of the Constitution of 1857
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857
The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857 was a liberal constitution drafted by 1857 Constituent Congress of Mexico during the presidency of Ignacio Comonfort giving birth to the Second Federal Republic of Mexico...
.
During this period there were two international conflicts, the conclusion of the war between Mexico and the United States, where Mexico was forced to cede more than half of its territory to the United States and the war with France .
The Federal Republic lasted almost seventeen years, was ruled by 14 presidents of which only José Joaquín de Herrera concluded its constitutional mandate. The Republic was dissolved on July 10 of 1863 with the decree of change of government to a model of hereditary monarchy, 4 which started the Second Mexican Empire
Second Mexican Empire
The Second Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico under the regime established from 1864 to 1867. It was created by Napoleon III of France, who attempted to use the Mexican adventure to recapture some of the grandeur of earlier Napoleonic times...
ruled by Maximilian I
Maximilian I
Maximilian I may refer to:*Maximilian I of Mexico, reigned 1864–1867*Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, reigned 1508–1519*Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, reigned 1597–1651...
.
Establishment
In the midst of war with the United States, Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga gives a coup against the government of interim President José Joaquín de Herrera . Shortly after the Congress appointed him as interim president and vice president of Nicolas Bravo .On July 28 of 1846, Mariano Paredes left the presidency to command the army in the battle against the Americans and vice president Nicolás Bravo took office. 6 On August 4, won the federalist uprising led by José Mariano Salas and Valentín Gómez Farías, causing the resignation of Nicolas Bravo . 7 8 José Mariano Salas assumed the presidency as provisional president on August 6 and August 22 decree in effect again 1824 Constitution and call an election. 9 10
With the entry into force of the Constitution of 1824 ended the centralism and restored the federal system .
Conclusion of the War on America
Main article: U.S. Intervention in Mexico
Mexican Cession
The war between Mexico and the United States officially began on May 13 of 1846 when the United States Congress declared war on Mexico, but there were battles before that date. Mexico in turn declared war on the United States May 23 of that year. 11After the declarations of war, U.S. forces invaded Mexican territory in Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila and Alta California . On the other hand, blocked the ports of Tampico, Carmen, Guaymas, Mazatlan and San Blas, among others and occupied Santa Fe, San Diego and Los Angeles .
The main force led by Zachary Taylor continued through the Rio Grande into Mexico, defeating the forces of Pedro Ampudia in the Battle of Monterrey .
The Congress declared the December 24 the same year as acting president Santa Anna and Valentin Gomez Farias as vice president. 12 Gómez Farías, assumed the presidency in the absence of Santa Anna, who was fighting the Americans. 13
After the battles of Angostura, Padierna, Churubusco and Molino del Rey, the Castle of Chapultepec fell into a defense in which the young cadets took part known as Niños Héroes . During the assault the castle generals were taken prisoner Mariano Monterde (Director of the Military College of Mexico ) and Nicolas Bravo .
The fall of Chapultepec had two immediate consequences: the U.S. occupation of Mexico City and the resignation of Santa Anna to the presidency of the country on September 16 of 1847 . 14
Following the resignation of Santa Anna and under the law of the time, Manuel de la Pena y Pena, president of the Supreme Court was in office. The September 26 established the seat of federal power in Toluca and soon after in Querétaro, where Congress convened. 15 On November 11, De la Peña left office to serve as chancellor and negotiate peace with the United States Congress appoint as substitute President General Pedro Maria Anaya . 16
Anaya refusing to satisfy land claims by the United States claimed, the resign as president January 8 of 1848 . 16 Manuel de la Pena y Pena was named provisional president again, and dedicated to negotiating peace. On February 2, was signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in which Mexico ceded 2,400,000 km ² of territory, even in the negotiations, De la Peña was able to save for Mexico's Baja Peninsula, their union by land with Sonora and sovereignty over the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . 17 18
Facing criticism for the signing of the Treaties, De la Peña wrote:
He who would qualify for the Treaty of Guadalupe dishonorable by the extent of the ceded territory, can never solve how unhappy ending war ... The territories have been ceded by the Treaty are not lost by the sum of fifteen million pesos, but to regain our ports, the final cessation of all evil, of all sorts of horrors, to comfort many families ... 18
1848 - 1853
Manuel de la Pena y Pena called for elections in which Congress chose José Joaquin de Herrera, who took over as constitutional president June 3 of 1848 .Herrera used the money for compensation for war damages stipulated in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to pay foreign debt, pacify the country and pay salaries. 19 also achieves re annexation of Yucatán that was in a precarious situation caused by the Caste War, a situation that led to the government of the Republic of Yucatán to offer the sovereignty of the peninsula to the United States. 20 21 Congress also sent the request for the creation of the State of Guerrero, 22 and award the construction of the railway Mexico City-Veracruz, the first in the country, and one for a telegraph line between Mexico City and Puebla.
Mariano Arista was elected in the disputed election of 1850, which contended the former presidents Manuel Gómez Pedraza, Nicolás Bravo and General Juan Nepomuceno Almonte . Herrera was the second president of Mexico in completing its constitutional mandate, the first Guadalupe Victoria and handed over power peacefully and constitutional Mariano Arista on January 5 of 1851 . 19 23
Arista attempted unsuccessfully to overcome bankruptcy and encourage mining, the agriculture and industry almost nonexistent. British and American claims faced on bonds and building permits and had to overcome several uprisings against his rule. However, the telegraph announced by the city and the port of Veracruz and grant the same route to a railroad company. The financial plight sparked a revolt that aimed to raise again the power of Santa Anna. Unable to cope due to lack of resources and the refusal of Congress Give him extraordinary powers to govern, Arista resigned the presidency on January 5 of 1853 . 23 24 25
Arista asked Congress in his resignation letter to Juan Bautista Ceballos, President of the Supreme Court, government will take care of while organizing elections. Congress after a quick vote Ceballos named interim president. 26 27 Ceballos ordered the dissolution of both houses of Congress, 28 from which plotting for the return of Santa Anna. Members of Congress instigated the garrison of Mexico City that rose in support of Santa Anna and return to the riots, Ceballos resigned the presidency on February 7 .
A military group named as acting president Manuel Maria Lombardini, 29 who dedicated her time in office to arrange the return of Santa Anna, organize a sham election and the March 17 issued a decree which stated President Santa Anna. Before leaving office issued a decree that declared Santa Anna "Captain General of sea and land, with absolute powers" . 30 31 Lombardini left the presidency on April 20 and that same day began the dictatorship of Santa Anna .
The dictatorship of Santa Anna
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón , often known as Santa Anna or López de Santa Anna, known as "the Napoleon of the West," was a Mexican political leader, general, and president who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government...
once again assumed the presidency on April 20 of 1853, at 59 years. Two days after using their extraordinary powers decree the Rules for the Administration of the Republic, 32 which were a unique document in the history of Mexico, eliminating any instrument of control over the executive .
Map of Mexico under the Rules for the Administration of the Republic.
Bases put in "recess" the legislatures of the states and territories, which eliminated its independence and sovereignty again. Finally, on September 21 it was decreed that the states would be called again Departments . Then came a series of territorial changes with the erection of the following territories: 33 [3] This template is obsolete, see new references in Wikipedia: Footnotes # References .
Decree of May 29, 1853. He erected the Territory of Tehuantepec, with capital in the city of Minatitlan .
Decree of October 16, 1853. Established the Territory of the Isla del Carmen.
Decree of December 1, 1853. He created the Territory of Sierra Gorda, with capital in the town of San Luis de la Paz and added the District Department of Tuxpan Veracruz .
Decree of December 10, 1853. Department instituted in the District of Aguascalientes .
Decree of February 16, 1854. He stated the understanding of the District of Mexico, Federal District endorsed.
During 1853, Santa Anna issued several decrees, including arranging the use of printing, reordering of public finances, expropriation laws, laws to correct the laziness and the decree for the restoration of the Society of Jesus and the return of their former property held by the government, with some exceptions such as the Colegio de San Ildefonso and those dedicated to military service.
The December 16 issued a decree of the most controversial of his dictatorship. Decreed that the nation will continue with "extraordinary powers" as long as necessary and from that day on the treatment of their figure would be to "His Most Serene Highness" . 34
On December 30, Santa Anna signed the Gadsden which sold for 76 845 km ² in the states of Sonora and Chihuahua to the United States for 10 million pesos. 35
On January 9 of 1854, levy taxes on doors and windows and the February 23 decree imposed on the exterior lights of the houses. 36 37
Because this series of decrees and the sale of the national territory, the March 1, General Florencio Villareal proclaim Ayutla Plan, which marked the beginning of the Revolution of Ayutla . 38
The regime of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Santa Anna preoccupied with the revolt issued a new series of decrees among which were exceptions to the tax on doors, windows and lights, prohibited the introduction to the Republic, printed or attack orders of the government censor and decreed the death penalty for those who possess a copy of the Plan of Ayutla and would not surrender to government troops. Then organize an army of six thousand men through " cam ", which personally leads. 39Faced in Guerrero against the army of Ignacio Comonfort, Santa Anna's army was severely diminished, in large part by the defection of the "soldiers", who were ordinary civilians forced to fight. Santa Anna decided to return to Mexico City and on his way back burned several people who had supported the Plan of Ayutla. 40
In 1853 he convened a contest to write the letter on the 'Ode to the Motherland ", the September 15th of 1854, in the midst of the Revolution of Ayutla, is presented in the National Grand Theatre (called at that time the Gran Teatro de Santa Anna), the National Anthem . 41
In 1855, despite the repression and state terrorism against civilians applied he considered suspects, Ayutla Revolution was taking adhesion force one by one from the states of the Republic. 42 On August 12, Santa Anna resigned the presidency and fled to Colombia . 43 44
Santa Anna tried several times unsuccessfully to return to the political life of Mexico. He offered his military services to Benito Juarez, the French during the war with France and then Maximilian I, but all refused. I try to return to Mexico during the Second Empire, but was arrested in Veracruz and deported. He lived a while in St. Thomas and again tried to return to Mexico after the triumph of the Republic, but Juarez landed banned on pain of death, so they chose to enter national territory Yucatán, where he was arrested on July 30 of 1867 . 45
Although the charges proven against him deserved the death penalty, the court-martial that tried him in the Castle of San Juan de Ulua, only sentenced him to eight years in exile. The judges who sentenced him, spent six months in prison for the same reason. Santa Anna lived in St. Thomas, Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, and Nassau . Before his sentence of exile he returned to Mexico by an amnesty granted by President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada in 1873, who never received it even though Santa Anna requested a hearing on several occasions. He died in Mexico City on June 21 of 1876 . 45 46
The Constitution of 1857
After the fall of Santa Anna, Martin Carrera was named interim president by the military garrison of Mexico City on August 15, 1855. Carrera resigned and Romulo Diaz de la Vega, military commander of the capital, took over as de facto president on September 12. On October 4, liberals Ayutla Plan was named interim president John N. Álvarez.The most important act of the government of General Álvarez was the convening of a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution that would replace the very tarnished and worn Constitution of 1824.
The Constituent Congress of 1856 logs on February 18, 1856 amid a clerical uprising with a speech by President Ignacio Comonfort substitute, who had replaced Alvarez on December 11, 1855. the topics discussed were: the attribution of each of the powers, division of territory, individual rights and freedom of worship.
Among the deputies elected Constituent developed two ideological liberals and the conservatives. Among the Liberals were such figures as former President Valentín Gómez Farías, Santos Degollado and Melchor Ocampo. Among conservatives emphasized Antonio Aguado, Mariano Arizcorreta and the Governor of Durango Marcelino Castañeda.
Impact
The Constitution of 1857 marked a watershed in the history of Mexico. He maintained the basic principle of political liberalism: equality before the law, finished with the charters and privileges of the army and the church. Claimed individual rights and political rights.The constituents were unable to establish the principle of freedom of religion, under pressure from conservatives. Still, the church is strongly opposed to the Constitution and threatened to excommunicate all those public officials that the oath.
This atmosphere of discontent led to the liberal and conservative civil war known as the Reform War.
Background
On November 23, 1855 President John N. Alvarez Decree Law on Administration of Justice and the Courts Organic Federation, better known as the Ley Juarez. This law abolished the church and military privileges, and declared all citizens equal before the Catholic Church ley.La almost immediately protested against the law, arguing that "directly undermines the rights of the church." Several bishops declared that they would abide by the Law Juarez and not give up the jurisdiction without the consent of Pope, demanded that the law was revised by the disgruntled Vaticano.Los to this law resulted in several popular uprisings as the Plan of Sierra Gorda which inter alia sought the creation of the "State of Iturbide "Zacapoaxtla Plan and the government did not know.Comonfort decree on January 27, 1856, the Civil Registry Law by which the government would be responsible for the births, deaths and marriages, and the June 23 decree law of confiscation of rural and urban properties owned by corporations and civil Church, better known as the Ley Lerdo. This law required the civil and ecclesiastical corporations to sell houses and terrens also prohibited the church purchased property except those that are strictly necessary for worship. The Catholic Church protests sharpened against both law and began inciting people to civil disobedience.
The enactment of the 1857 Constitution clearly liberal, further divided Mexican society into two groups:
The Liberals, known as pure or red, were largely composed of former insurgents, landowners, Creole merchants and artisans. Seek to establish a regime of freedom and equality among citizens.
The Conservatives, known as the Moche were composed of civilian and military officials, lawyers, Spanish and most of the clergy. They sought to preserve the social and political institutions inherited from the colonial era.
On April 11, Comonfort enacted the Law on rights and perquisites parish, better known as the Law Iglesias. This law prohibited the charging of fees and perquisites parish and tithing. This was the last of the three original reform laws, directly and principally that threatened the privileges of the Catholic Church.
On September 16, 1857 came into force the new Constitution. The legislative power is integrated on 8 October, the executive branch headed by Ignacio Comonfort as constitutional president and the judiciary headed by Benito Juarez as president of the Supreme Court, started on 1 December.
Plan of Tacubaya
The new constitution was rejected by a considerable part of society, which had the support of the clergy and the army. Comonfort aware of the limitations imposed by the new regime, proposed some reforms to strengthen governance and to mitigate the "radical" measures, but Congress rejected them.Given the delicate situation in which the country was, Félix Zuloaga and other generals convinced unaware Comonfort to the Constitution and convene another congress to draft a new more in keeping with the customs of the nation. Zuloaga proclaimed on 17 December of that year the Plan of Tacubaya. Comonfort joined the Plan of Tacubaya giving an auto-coup their constitutional government, which began the War of the Three Years.
The beginning of the War (1857)
The Plan of Tacubaya demanded the repeal of the Constitution of 1857, Ignacio Comonfort permanence in office with absolute powers and the convening of an extraordinary congress, which would develop another charter to "guarantee the true interests of the people" .On December 19, Ignacio Comonfort published a manifesto explaining the reason for his coup d'état,
Under the Constitution, the president of the Supreme Court, Benito Juarez was the constitutional interim president since 18 December. Juarez took office that day because he was imprisoned along with Isidoro Olvera, president of Congress.
The states of the country were divided into those who supported the Plan of Tacubaya and those defending the constitutional order.
Conservatives, meanwhile, lobbied for repeal Comonfort liberal reforms, to which he refused. On January 11, 1858, Comonfort dissolved Congress and release to Juarez. Then, tried to seek a reconciliation with the liberal wing and armed clashes took place against the conservatives, without success. Zuloaga brigade rebelled and called for reform to the Plan of Tacubaya Comonfort is unknown as president. Félix Zuloaga was named president and Comonfort that day, ten days after declared defeated and went into exile.
The Presidents parallel
Benito Juarez, who according to the Constitution of 57, was acting president since 18 December, finally restored constitutional government in Guanajuato on January 19, 1858. The states supporting the constitutional Juarez recognized as the legitimate president of Mexico.Félix Zuloaga, declared president by a board of representatives of the states that supported the Plan of Tacubaya, was established in Mexico City.
The progress of conservative troops forced Juárez to move to Guadalajara on 13 February. In Guadalajara was the victim of an attack and moved to Colima on 20 March. As Juarez needed a place controlled by liberals and resources to support his government, he sailed for Panama to go to Veracruz.
At first the Conservatives had the advantage, because they were in Mexico City and had the support of the clergy and the army. The Liberals lacked a professional army and militias had only states that supported Juárez.
United States proposed to both governments, liberal and conservative, the purchase of Baja California, which was rejected by both. Finally the United States recognized the government of Juarez on April 28, 1859. In July, Benito Juarez issued three decrees from Veracruz complementing reform laws: Law of the nationalization of church property, Civil Marriage Act and the Organic Law of civil registration. The Liberals became the law in its new conservative political banner and further emphasized the religious nature of their struggle.
The second half of 1859 was the same as last year: winning battles conservatives and liberals quickly recovered. On the conservative side, Zuloaga was overthrown by Manuel Robles Pezuela by Christmas Plan, was restored to office in January 1859 and again by Miguel Miramon released in February of that year. Lack of financial resources, the Conservatives signed in September Mon-Almonte Treaty by which Spain recognized the Conservative government as the legitimate government of Mexico.
The Liberals, although resources were applied states that the expropriation of the Nationalization Law, signed in December McLane-Ocampo Treaty, under which virtually make Mexico a protectorate or semi-colony of the United States for $ 4 million . Juarez received 2 million as an advance payment and military aid was to capture the maritime squadron off Veracruz Miramon. Finally the treaty was not approved by the Senate of the United States and Juarez received the money and military aid without giving anything in return.
End of the War (1860)
Finally, the civil war which had exhausted and impoverished the country began to end in 1860. On December 4, 1860, Juarez decree law on religious freedom, which allowed each person was free to practice and choose the service you want and forbade the performance of ceremonies outside the churches.On November 6, Juarez called for elections of deputies and president of the republic.
Liberal victories began in the battles of Peñuelas and Silao, liberals conservatives won decisively at the Battle of Calpulalpan December 22, in which the Conservative army was completely disintegrated. The Liberal army made its triumphal entry into Mexico City on January 1, 1861, which marked the end of the War of Reform.
Foreign intervention and the Second Empire
The civil war was costly and left a negative balance in all areas of the Mexican government, especially in agriculture and the diplomatic arena. Both sides committed arbitrary affecting Mexicans and foreign interests, such as forced loans, confiscations, murder and debts with foreign powers. The most important was that of Miguel Miramon, who signed a loan of 15 million pesos, of which only received 750 000, and this deal would be part of the claims as part of the debt owed to England.When Juarez occupied the city of Mexico, expelled the representatives of Spain, Guatemala and Ecuador, the papal nuncio, Archbishop of Mexico and the bishop of Michoacán, by openly supporting the Conservative government.
The end of the War of Reform is not the end of the Civil War, the Conservative army decimated practically become a guerrilla under the leadership of Leonardo Marquez, murdered in June 1861 to Melchor Ocampo, Santos Degollado and Leandro Valle.
Juarez victory in the elections held in November and took office as constitutional president July 15, 1861.
The lack of economic resources, the country's precarious economic situation led to Juárez to suspend foreign debt payments for two years.
Napoleon III call on Spain and the UK to a meeting in London to discuss a joint stance against the decision of the government of Mexico. On October 31, 1861, the three countries signed a document known as the "London Convention", which decided to block Mexican ports and customs intervene to press the payment of debts.
In the external threat, the Congress (although reluctant to do) grant extraordinary powers to Juarez on 11 December. When foreign ships arrived in Veracruz, Juarez ordered to offer no resistance and allowed to disembark at the port, seeking to resolve the conflict diplomatically. Foreign Minister Manuel Bent met with the commissioners of foreign powers. Spanish and English claims were considered "reasonable." Both nations signed treaties with Mexico of Solitude, by whom accepted the temporary suspension of payments and their locks removed in April 1862.
The Wandering Government and the end of the Republic
During 1862, the battles between Mexican and French continued. After the Battle of Puebla occurred the battles of Dry Canyon and Cerro del Borrego, both French victories. After the arrival of reinforcements from France, there was the siege of Puebla, in which the city fell to the French on May 17 of 1863 . 73 92After the fall of Puebla, the French troops went to Mexico City . On May 31, Juarez and his cabinet left Mexico City and moved to San Luis Potosí, and began his "errant government", who settled finally in Paso del Norte, now Ciudad Juarez. On June 1, 1863, General Bruno Martinez, commander of the garrison of the place, issued a manifesto in favor of the French intervention in Mexico and generally recognized Frédéric Forey as the ultimate authority in the country. 93
José Mariano Salas, former president of Mexico and restorer of the Federal Republic, took over Mexico City 1 through June 10 when French troops occupied the capital. 94
On June 16, General Forey decree the formation of a Superior Board of Governors. The Board named the June 24 a triumvirate to take over the executive branch composed of Juan Nepomuceno Almonte, Jose Mariano Salas and Pelagius Antonio de Labastida, who because of his absence was temporarily replaced by John B. Ormachea . 95 96 97
On July 8 installed a 215 Notables Assembly in conjunction with the High Board of Government, declared the July 10 the establishment of a moderate monarchy as a form of government and offered the crown of the Empire to Maximilian of Austria . 4 This decree marked the end of the Second Federal Republic and began the Second Mexican Empire .
On July 11, the Board consists of Almonte, Salas said Labastida and Regency of the Empire, which ruled until the arrival of Maximilian in Mexico. 95
On October 3, at the Castle of Miramar, the Mexican delegation headed by Jose Maria Gutierrez de Estrada, Juan Nepomuceno Almonte and Miguel Miramon Maximilian was read the official request of the Mexican monarchists for it, occupied the throne of Mexico. 98
Maximilian accepted the crown of the Mexican Empire and arrived in Veracruz on May 28 of 1864, he went to Mexico City where he was crowned with his wife Charlotte on April 10 of 1864, the Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City .
Heads of State during the Second Federal Republic
In the almost 17 years of the Second Federal Republic, there were 14 presidents in 18 governments, [5] This template is obsolete, see new references in Wikipedia: Footnotes # References . of which only José Joaquín de Herrera completed its constitutional term. Herrera, Arista, Comonfort and Juarez were the only four constitutional presidents during this period, although two of them, Comonfort and Juarez, began their governments as interns.Interim President José Mariano Salas handed the presidency to Vice President -elect Valentin Gomez Farias on December 23 of 1846, who took office in place of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, who was fighting against the Americans. On March 21 of 1847, Santa Anna returned to Mexico and dismissed Gómez Farías, who went into exile. On April 1, Santa Anna gets that Congress set aside the vice president, 99 and leaves the presidency Pedro Maria Anaya on April 2 that year.
Anaya gave the presidency back to Santa Anna on May 20 when he left to fight the Americans. Santa Anna resigned the presidency on September 16 and fled the capital, when U.S. troops occupied Mexico City . Following the resignation of Santa Anna, became president of the Supreme Court president, Manuel de la Pena y Pena .
De la Peña gave the presidency to Pedro Maria Anaya on November 13, when he left office to negotiate peace with the United States . Anaya resigned the presidency on January 8 of 1848, refusing to cede territory to the United States. De la Pena y Pena took office the same day again. Finished peace treaties with the United States, De la Peña called an election in which he was elected José Joaquín de Herrera, who took office on June 2 of that year.
Herrera concluded his constitutional term and handed the presidency to President-elect Mariano Arista, on January 15 of 1851 . Arista resigned the presidency on January 5 of 1853, when Congress denied him "extraordinary powers" to rule the country. On January 6, Juan Bautista Ceballos, president of the Supreme Court, assumed the presidency in place of Arista. Ceballos resigned on February 8 and Manuel Maria Lombardini was in charge of the executive and served as president de facto from that day until April 20 of that year.
Lombardini grant to Santa Anna "extraordinary powers" to rule and handed the presidency on April 20 itself. Santa Anna ruled as dictator until August 12 of 1855 when he was overthrown by the Revolution of Ayutla .
Martin Carrera shall preside April 15 and gave the charge to Romulo Diaz de la Vega on September 12 of that year. Diaz de la Vega left the office on October 3 and October 4 became president John N. Álvarez . Alvarez, after calling the election of a constituent congress, handed the presidency to Ignacio Comonfort on December 11 of that year.
Comonfort ruled as interim president until October 31 of 1857 and from December 1 as president. After ignoring the Constitution of 1857 and support the Plan of Tacubaya, Comonfort ceased to be the constitutional president December 17 . Under the Constitution, the President of the Supreme Court, Benito Juarez was acting president since 18 December, but set up his government until January 19 of 1858, after being released. Juárez was constitutionally elected president until July 18 of 1872, keeping parallel with presidents presidents recognized by conservatives, the regency of the empire, and Maximilian .
Because for most of the time in Juarez ruled, was a period of civil wars and foreign invasions, did not always have authority over the entire Mexican territory, but even during the Second Mexican Empire, Juárez was recognized as President of Mexico by republican liberal forces finally defeated the empire and restored the republic. In the history of Mexico Benito Juárez is recognized as president of the December 18, 1857 to July 18, 1872. 100
Presidents held by the Plan of Tacubaya
The Plan of Tacubaya, which was unaware of the Constitution of 1857, originally recognized Ignacio Comonfort as president of Mexico. Comonfort was recognized by conservatives until January 11 of 1858, resigned on January 21 .Félix María Zuloaga was recognized by the conservative president since 11 January, 101 formally assumed office on January 23, but was ousted by Christmas Plan, the December 24 of that year and replaced by Manuel Robles Pezuela .
Pezuela Robles remained conservative president until January 21 of 1859, and January 24, Zuloaga resumed office. The second term of Zuloaga held on February 2, when it was replaced by Miguel Miramon . Miramon conservative left the presidency in the hands of José Ignacio Pavón on August 13 of 1860, a position he held only two days since resumed the presidency Miramon August 15 . Miramon ruled until December 24, having a rotating presidency with Zuloaga, who assisted by several military conservative, became president of a conservative side divided by internal conflicts, the August 13, if only de facto, as he walked in campaign like Miramon.
Despite being defeated by the Liberals, the Conservatives continued to recognize Zuloaga as president. On December 28 of 1862, ended his term, which ended with conservative governments, to prepare the way for what became the Second Mexican Empire.
Executive Triumvirate
Before filing the change of government in the Federal Republic to Monarchy, a meeting of conservatives supported by the French army appointed a triumvirate to take on the executive of the country and was composed of Juan Nepomuceno Almonte, Jose Mariano Salas and Pelagius Antonio de Labastida, and as interim, John B. Ormachea . This triumvirate ruled from June 24 to July 10 of 1863, as from July 11 became the Regency of the Empire.1848-1853
After the restoration of federalism in 1846, the country suffered two territorial changes that modified the country.| Mapa de México de 1848 a 1853 | Los cambios territoriales en la República fueron: | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| center | Al restaurarse la Republica Federal el territorio de México se encontraba dividido en:
|
1857 - 1863
The Constitution of 1857, approved several changes in the political division of the Mexican territory. Merges Coahuila Nuevo León, endorsed the creation of the state of Guerrero and allowed 3 of the 4 federal territories and free states of the federation.| Orden | Nombre | Orden | Nombre | Orden | Nombre | Orden | Nombre |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | 11 | 16 | ||||
| 2 | 7 | 12 | 17 | ||||
| 3 | 8 | 13 | 18 | ||||
| 4 | 9 | 14 | 19 | ||||
| 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | ||||
Se crea el estado de:
| Orden | Nombre | Ingreso a la Federación |
Instalación del Congreso |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | 27-10-1849 | 30-01-1850 |
Se admiten como estados a:
| Orden | Nombre | Fecha de ingreso | Fecha de instalación del congreso |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22 | 09-12-1856 | 01-06-1857 | |
| 23 | 09-12-1856 | 19-07-1857 | |
| 24 | 05-02-1857 |
|}
The only federal territory was: Baja California, the Federal District was called the Valley of Mexico State, but only if the powers of the Federation to move to another site. On April 29 of 1863 Constitution was erected state Campeche and February 26 of 1864, Nuevo León was separated from Coahuila and regained its status as free and sovereign State. 108 109