Selcall
Encyclopedia
Selcall is a type of squelch
protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.
Selcall is a radio signalling protocol mainly in use in Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, and continues to be incorporated in radio equipment marketed in those areas.
digits, i.e. 0-9 and A-F. Digits A-F are typically reserved for control purposes. For example, digit ‘E’ is typically used as the repeat digit.
There are eight, well known, selcall tone sets.
Typical tone periods include; 20ms, 30ms (sometimes 33ms), 40ms, 50ms, 60ms, 70ms, 80ms, 90ms and 100ms.
The longer the tone period, the more reliable the decoding of the tone sequence. Naturally, the longer the tone period, the greater the duration of the selcall tone burst; longer bursts may be enough to force the user pause before speaking, especially if using the leading-edge ANI scheme.
A typical tone period selection is 40ms, so for a 5-tone sequence this represents a total selcall duration of 5 x 40ms = 200ms.
For example; the sequence ‘12334’ is actually transmitted as ‘123E4’.
If a transmission would have multiple repeats, like '12333', it would be transmitted as '123E3' in order to not have the same problem again.
There are two ANI schemes; leading-edge and trailing-edge. Leading-edge ANI will transmit the selcall sequence as soon as the user presses the PTT button. Trailing-edge edge ANI will transmit the selcall sequence as soon as the user releases the PTT button.
Some selcall implementations use the last digit in the selcall sequence to signify some sort of status or condition, for example emergency or duress. Both transmitting and receiving devices are configured such that they attribute the same significance to each of the status codes. Often a device that decodes a certain status can display a predefined message to alert the user.
Together, ANI and status provide a convenient way to rapidly relay information via the radio network, without the user having to speak. For example, an ambulance paramedic in the field, having encountered some emergency, can simply press and release the PTT button on their radio to signal their predicament to the base. The ANI will identify the caller, the status code will indicate the scenario and the base can dispatch assistance as required.
. Radios with this option were marketed in the US during the 1970s and 1980s. MODAT encoders in Motorola radios can be configured to send five-tone sequences with code plans compatible to CCIR
, ZVEI, or the proprietary Motorola seven-tone-sequential format. These systems send tone sequences to identify a unit (unit ID) rather than for selective calling. Some systems used CTCSS and MODAT. In a unit ID application, every radio has a different five- or seven-tone code. Each time the push-to-talk is pressed, the tone sequence is transmitted. This code is displayed at the dispatch console to identify which unit has called. In some cases the code is translated to a vehicle number or other identifier.
, a scene inside a taxi dispatch office has Selcall tones in the background audio.
Suitable encoder and decoder ICs are available from a variety of manufacturers such as CML Microcircuits for example. http://www.cmlmicro.com .
Squelch
In telecommunications, squelch is a circuit function that acts to suppress the audio output of a receiver in the absence of a sufficiently strong desired input signal.-Carrier squelch:...
protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.
Selcall is a radio signalling protocol mainly in use in Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, and continues to be incorporated in radio equipment marketed in those areas.
Details
The transmission of a selcall code involves the generation and sequencing of a series of predefined, audible tones. Both the tone frequencies, and sometimes the tone periods, must be known in advance by both the transmitter and the receiver. Each predefined tone represents a single digit. A series of tones therefore represents a series of digits that represents a number. The number encoded in a selcall burst is used to address one or more receivers. If the receiver is programmed to recognise a certain number, then it will un-mute its speaker so that the transmission can be heard; an unrecognised number is ignored and therefore the receiver remains muted.Tone Sets
A selcall tone set contains 16 tones that represent 16 digits. The digits correspond to the 16 hexadecimalHexadecimal
In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal is a positional numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16. It uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to represent values zero to nine, and A, B, C, D, E, F to represent values ten to fifteen...
digits, i.e. 0-9 and A-F. Digits A-F are typically reserved for control purposes. For example, digit ‘E’ is typically used as the repeat digit.
There are eight, well known, selcall tone sets.
| Digit | CCIR CCIR (selcall) There are many types and formats of CCIR Selcall. For example is a standard format for HF for Land Mobile applications. CCIR functions have largely been taken over by ITU-R.... |
EEA | EIA | ZVEI I | ZVEI II | ZVEI III | DZVEI | PZVEI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1981 Hz | 1981 Hz | 600 Hz | 2400 Hz | 2400 Hz | 2400 Hz | 2200 Hz | 2400 Hz |
| 1 | 1124 Hz | 1124 Hz | 741 Hz | 1060 Hz | 1060 Hz | 1060 Hz | 970 Hz | 1060 Hz |
| 2 | 1197 Hz | 1197 Hz | 882 Hz | 1160 Hz | 1160 Hz | 1160 Hz | 1060 Hz | 1160 Hz |
| 3 | 1275 Hz | 1275 Hz | 1023 Hz | 1270 Hz | 1270 Hz | 1270 Hz | 1160 Hz | 1270 Hz |
| 4 | 1358 Hz | 1358 Hz | 1164 Hz | 1400 Hz | 1400 Hz | 1400 Hz | 1270 Hz | 1400 Hz |
| 5 | 1446 Hz | 1446 Hz | 1305 Hz | 1530 Hz | 1530 Hz | 1530 Hz | 1400 Hz | 1530 Hz |
| 6 | 1540 Hz | 1540 Hz | 1446 Hz | 1670 Hz | 1670 Hz | 1670 Hz | 1530 Hz | 1670 Hz |
| 7 | 1640 Hz | 1640 Hz | 1587 Hz | 1830 Hz | 1830 Hz | 1830 Hz | 1670 Hz | 1830 Hz |
| 8 | 1747 Hz | 1747 Hz | 1728 Hz | 2000 Hz | 2000 Hz | 2000 Hz | 1830 Hz | 2000 Hz |
| 9 | 1860 Hz | 1860 Hz | 1869 Hz | 2200 Hz | 2200 Hz | 2200 Hz | 2000 Hz | 2200 Hz |
| A | 2400 Hz | 1055 Hz | 2151 Hz | 2800 Hz | 885 Hz | 885 Hz | 825 Hz | 970 Hz |
| B | 930 Hz | 930 Hz | 2433 Hz | 810 Hz | 825 Hz | 810 Hz | 740 Hz | 810 Hz |
| C | 2247 Hz | 2400 Hz | 2010 Hz | 970 Hz | 740 Hz | 2800 Hz | 2600 Hz | 2800 Hz |
| D | 991 Hz | 991 Hz | 2292 Hz | 885 Hz | 680 Hz | 680 Hz | 885 Hz | 885 Hz |
| E | 2110 Hz | 2110 Hz | 459 Hz | 2600 Hz | 970 Hz | 970 Hz | 2400 Hz | 2600 Hz |
| F | 1055 Hz | 2247 Hz | 1091 Hz | 680 Hz | 2600 Hz | 2600 Hz | 680 Hz | 680 Hz |
Tone Periods
The physical characteristics of the transmitted sequence of tones is tightly controlled. Each tone is generated for a predefined period, in the order of tens of milliseconds. Each subsequent tone is transmitted immediately after the preceding one for the same period, until the sequence is complete.Typical tone periods include; 20ms, 30ms (sometimes 33ms), 40ms, 50ms, 60ms, 70ms, 80ms, 90ms and 100ms.
The longer the tone period, the more reliable the decoding of the tone sequence. Naturally, the longer the tone period, the greater the duration of the selcall tone burst; longer bursts may be enough to force the user pause before speaking, especially if using the leading-edge ANI scheme.
A typical tone period selection is 40ms, so for a 5-tone sequence this represents a total selcall duration of 5 x 40ms = 200ms.
Repeat Tone
Each tone in a selcall sequence must be unique. Typically, the receiving device cannot discriminate between two consecutive tones, where the frequency of those two tones is the same; that is, two consecutive tones with the same frequency will be decoded as a single digit. Therefore, where there are two consecutive digits to be transmitted that are the same, the second digit will be replaced by the repeat digit. The repeat digit is nearly always assigned as ‘E‘. On reception, if the receiving device decodes a sequence that contains a repeat digit, then it will substitute it with the preceding digit, thereby reconstituting the original sequence.For example; the sequence ‘12334’ is actually transmitted as ‘123E4’.
If a transmission would have multiple repeats, like '12333', it would be transmitted as '123E3' in order to not have the same problem again.
Automatic Number Identification
Automatic Number Identification or ANI, is a scheme that uses selcall for identification purposes. Typically a mobile radio will be configured to transmit a preconfigured selcall sequence when the user presses the ‘push-to-talk’ (PTT) button, which will automatically identify them to other devices listening on the same frequency on the radio network.There are two ANI schemes; leading-edge and trailing-edge. Leading-edge ANI will transmit the selcall sequence as soon as the user presses the PTT button. Trailing-edge edge ANI will transmit the selcall sequence as soon as the user releases the PTT button.
Some selcall implementations use the last digit in the selcall sequence to signify some sort of status or condition, for example emergency or duress. Both transmitting and receiving devices are configured such that they attribute the same significance to each of the status codes. Often a device that decodes a certain status can display a predefined message to alert the user.
Together, ANI and status provide a convenient way to rapidly relay information via the radio network, without the user having to speak. For example, an ambulance paramedic in the field, having encountered some emergency, can simply press and release the PTT button on their radio to signal their predicament to the base. The ANI will identify the caller, the status code will indicate the scenario and the base can dispatch assistance as required.
Status Gap
A variation on selcall transmission that includes a status code is for the transmitting device to insert one or two tone periods of silence between the preceding tones and the status tone; the so-called status gap. Another variation is to prolong the status tone by another tone period; the so-called two tone-period status tone.Proprietary Implementations
Motorola's name is Select 5 in sales brochures for obsolete equipment marketed in Europe such as Syntor mobiles, Syntor X mobiles, Mitrek mobiles, Mostar mobiles, and Maxar mobiles.As push-to-talk identifier
A similar proprietary Motorola format used a seven-tone sequence and was called MODATSelective calling
In a conventional, analog two-way radio system, a standard radio has noise squelch or carrier squelch which allows a radio to receive all transmissions. Selective calling is used to address a subset of all two-way radios on a single radio frequency channel...
. Radios with this option were marketed in the US during the 1970s and 1980s. MODAT encoders in Motorola radios can be configured to send five-tone sequences with code plans compatible to CCIR
CCIR (selcall)
There are many types and formats of CCIR Selcall. For example is a standard format for HF for Land Mobile applications. CCIR functions have largely been taken over by ITU-R....
, ZVEI, or the proprietary Motorola seven-tone-sequential format. These systems send tone sequences to identify a unit (unit ID) rather than for selective calling. Some systems used CTCSS and MODAT. In a unit ID application, every radio has a different five- or seven-tone code. Each time the push-to-talk is pressed, the tone sequence is transmitted. This code is displayed at the dispatch console to identify which unit has called. In some cases the code is translated to a vehicle number or other identifier.
Trivia
In the U.K. feature film Dirty Pretty ThingsDirty Pretty Things (film)
Dirty Pretty Things is a 2002 film directed by Stephen Frears and written by Steven Knight, a drama about two illegal immigrants in London...
, a scene inside a taxi dispatch office has Selcall tones in the background audio.
External links
- http://www.x31.com/~andy/keywords/Selcall.html
Suitable encoder and decoder ICs are available from a variety of manufacturers such as CML Microcircuits for example. http://www.cmlmicro.com .