Serfs Emancipation Day
Encyclopedia
Serf Liberation day on March 28, is an annual holiday in Tibet
, which celebrates what the central and local government calls the emancipation of serfs in Tibet
. The holiday was adopted by the Tibetan legislature on January 19, 2009, and was celebrated that same year. In modern Tibetan history, March 29, 1959, was the day that the State Council of the People's Republic of China
dissolved the Government of Tibet, which according to official history, liberated Tibetans from feudalism
and theocracy
. The head of that former government, the 14th Dalai Lama
, calls the holiday a diversion from current problems in Tibet.
" of the Tibetan feudal theocratic social structure on March 28, 1959, where according to China, one million people were freed from serf
dom. The People's Republic of China
had been established since 1949, and has had control over Tibet since 1951. Mao Zedong
had entered into negotiations with the 14th Dalai Lama
to initiate land reform
, but was told in 1957 that any reforms would have to be approved by the Tibetan nobility
. Mao was surprised by the 1959 Tibetan uprising
, which Chinese historians call an attempt by feudal lords to continue the system forever, but the Dalai Lama calls a "national uprising". In retrospect, the Dalai Lama also prefers the term "poor people" for Tibetans, for which he says the designation "serf" is questionable. He also alleges that the Government of Tibet had drawn up plans to gradually lower hereditary debt
s, but that the central government was hesitant, preferring to do things their own way.
On March 28, in what China Daily
calls the simultaneous "end of serfdom and the abolition of the hierarchic social system characterized by theocracy
", Zhou Enlai
issued a State Council
Order declaring the "dissolution" of the Government of Tibet. The order also directed the People's Liberation Army
to suppress the uprising, confiscate the possessions of the rebels, and give them to the serfs, which by China's estimate, comprised 90% of the population in Tibet. Reportedly, serfs were burning their feudal contracts and dancing in the streets. Anna Louise Strong
marks July 17 as the precise date when feudal debts were abolished by the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region. Warren W. Smith concurs, and further suggests that the government has chosen March 28 instead as "counter-propaganda" to the 2008 Tibetan unrest
.
, including Tibetans
, of the landmark "democratic reform" initiated 50 years ago, since then, millions of slaves under the feudal serfdom became masters of their own." On January 19, 2009 at the second annual session of the ninth regional People's Congress in 2009, 382 legislators voted unanimously
for the bill, designating March 28 annually as Serfs Emancipation Day.
on March 28, 2009. The procession started at 10 a.m. at Potala Palace
, and the then-Governor Qiangba Puncog
presided over the event, wearing traditional Tibetan dress. Local Communist Party
secretary Zhang Qingli
was also in attendance. "Representatives of former serfs", students, and soldiers gave speeches in Tibetan
and Mandarin. Tibetan students and herder
s gathered and waved Chinese national flags
. About 13,280 people were in attendance.
denounced the holiday, saying that China was trying to declare new holidays to "avoid the situation" in Tibet. Kent Ewing of the Asia Times
called the holiday "a reminder of the feudal system that existed in Tibet before the Chinese invaded in 1950", but believes that the holiday will embitter Tibetans. Tsering Shakya
echoes the Dalai Lama's condemnations, and also calls the celebrations "A choreographed spectacle" for "the delivery of public mass compliance to the leadership in Beijing
" in response to "the widespread protests that engulfed the Tibetan plateau in March-April 2008" (see 2008 Tibetan unrest
).
Tibet Support Groups have rejected "Serf Emancipation Day" as a propaganda tool while Tibet activists launched "Smurf Emancipation Day" as a comic parody of the state celebration, poking fun at the regime's attempts to whitewash human rights abuses in Tibet. Using comic characters to parody Chinese state policy is becoming popular in China, as seen with the character of the Grass Mud Horse
. "Serf Emancipation Day" has failed to secure media coverage outside Chinese state publications.
Tibet Autonomous Region
The Tibet Autonomous Region , Tibet or Xizang for short, also called the Xizang Autonomous Region is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China , created in 1965....
, which celebrates what the central and local government calls the emancipation of serfs in Tibet
Serfdom in Tibet controversy
The serfdom in Tibet controversy rests on both a political and an academic debate. In the political debate, Chinese sources claim moral authority for governing Tibet, based on narratives that portray Tibet as a "feudal serfdom" and a "hell on earth" prior to the invasion of Tibet in 1950...
. The holiday was adopted by the Tibetan legislature on January 19, 2009, and was celebrated that same year. In modern Tibetan history, March 29, 1959, was the day that the State Council of the People's Republic of China
State Council of the People's Republic of China
The State Council of the People's Republic of China , which is largely synonymous with the Central People's Government after 1954, is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China. It is chaired by the Premier and includes the heads of each governmental department and agency...
dissolved the Government of Tibet, which according to official history, liberated Tibetans from feudalism
Feudalism
Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for ordering society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.Although derived from the...
and theocracy
Theocracy
Theocracy is a form of organization in which the official policy is to be governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided, or simply pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religious sect or religion....
. The head of that former government, the 14th Dalai Lama
14th Dalai Lama
The 14th Dalai Lama is the 14th and current Dalai Lama. Dalai Lamas are the most influential figures in the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, although the 14th has consolidated control over the other lineages in recent years...
, calls the holiday a diversion from current problems in Tibet.
History
The holiday was announced to mark the 50th anniversary of the beginning of "democratic reformNew Democracy
New Democracy or the New Democratic Revolution is a Maoist concept based on Mao Zedong's "Bloc of Four Social Classes" theory during post-revolutionary China which argues that democracy in China will take a decisively distinct path from either the liberal capitalist and/or parliamentary democratic...
" of the Tibetan feudal theocratic social structure on March 28, 1959, where according to China, one million people were freed from serf
SERF
A spin exchange relaxation-free magnetometer is a type of magnetometer developed at Princeton University in the early 2000s. SERF magnetometers measure magnetic fields by using lasers to detect the interaction between alkali metal atoms in a vapor and the magnetic field.The name for the technique...
dom. The People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
had been established since 1949, and has had control over Tibet since 1951. Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution...
had entered into negotiations with the 14th Dalai Lama
14th Dalai Lama
The 14th Dalai Lama is the 14th and current Dalai Lama. Dalai Lamas are the most influential figures in the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, although the 14th has consolidated control over the other lineages in recent years...
to initiate land reform
Land reform
[Image:Jakarta farmers protest23.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Farmers protesting for Land Reform in Indonesia]Land reform involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership. Land reform may consist of a government-initiated or government-backed property redistribution,...
, but was told in 1957 that any reforms would have to be approved by the Tibetan nobility
Nobility
Nobility is a social class which possesses more acknowledged privileges or eminence than members of most other classes in a society, membership therein typically being hereditary. The privileges associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles, or may be...
. Mao was surprised by the 1959 Tibetan uprising
1959 Tibetan uprising
The 1959 Tibetan uprising, or 1959 Tibetan Rebellion began on 10 March 1959, when a revolt erupted in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, which had been under the effective control of the Communist Party of China since the Seventeen Point Agreement in 1951...
, which Chinese historians call an attempt by feudal lords to continue the system forever, but the Dalai Lama calls a "national uprising". In retrospect, the Dalai Lama also prefers the term "poor people" for Tibetans, for which he says the designation "serf" is questionable. He also alleges that the Government of Tibet had drawn up plans to gradually lower hereditary debt
Debt
A debt is an obligation owed by one party to a second party, the creditor; usually this refers to assets granted by the creditor to the debtor, but the term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on economic value.A debt is created when a...
s, but that the central government was hesitant, preferring to do things their own way.
On March 28, in what China Daily
China Daily
The China Daily is an English language daily newspaper published in the People's Republic of China.- Overview :China Daily was established in June 1981 and has the widest print circulation of any English-language newspaper in the country...
calls the simultaneous "end of serfdom and the abolition of the hierarchic social system characterized by theocracy
Theocracy
Theocracy is a form of organization in which the official policy is to be governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided, or simply pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religious sect or religion....
", Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976...
issued a State Council
State Council of the People's Republic of China
The State Council of the People's Republic of China , which is largely synonymous with the Central People's Government after 1954, is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China. It is chaired by the Premier and includes the heads of each governmental department and agency...
Order declaring the "dissolution" of the Government of Tibet. The order also directed the People's Liberation Army
People's Liberation Army
The People's Liberation Army is the unified military organization of all land, sea, strategic missile and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLA was established on August 1, 1927 — celebrated annually as "PLA Day" — as the military arm of the Communist Party of China...
to suppress the uprising, confiscate the possessions of the rebels, and give them to the serfs, which by China's estimate, comprised 90% of the population in Tibet. Reportedly, serfs were burning their feudal contracts and dancing in the streets. Anna Louise Strong
Anna Louise Strong
Anna Louise Strong was a twentieth-century American journalist and activist, best known for her reporting on and support for communist movements in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.-Early years:...
marks July 17 as the precise date when feudal debts were abolished by the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region. Warren W. Smith concurs, and further suggests that the government has chosen March 28 instead as "counter-propaganda" to the 2008 Tibetan unrest
2008 Tibetan unrest
The 2008 Tibetan unrest, also known from its Chinese name as the 3•14 Riots, was a series of riots, protests, and demonstrations that started in Tibetan regional capital of Lhasa and spread to other Tibetan areas and a number of monasteries including outside the Tibet Autonomous Region...
.
The bill
In presenting it to the Tibetan legislature, Pang Boyong, Deputy Secretary General of the Tibetan Regional Congress Standing Committee, said the bill is aimed at "reminding all the Chinese peopleChinese people
The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following:*People with Han Chinese ethnicity ....
, including Tibetans
Tibetan people
The Tibetan people are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet, which is mostly in the People's Republic of China. They number 5.4 million and are the 10th largest ethnic group in the country. Significant Tibetan minorities also live in India, Nepal, and Bhutan...
, of the landmark "democratic reform" initiated 50 years ago, since then, millions of slaves under the feudal serfdom became masters of their own." On January 19, 2009 at the second annual session of the ninth regional People's Congress in 2009, 382 legislators voted unanimously
Unanimity
Unanimity is agreement by all people in a given situation. When unanimous, everybody is of the same mind and acting together as one. Though unlike uniformity, it does not constitute absolute agreement. Many groups consider unanimous decisions a sign of agreement, solidarity, and unity...
for the bill, designating March 28 annually as Serfs Emancipation Day.
Observance
Serfs Emancipation Day was celebrated in LhasaLhasa
Lhasa is the administrative capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China and the second most populous city on the Tibetan Plateau, after Xining. At an altitude of , Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world...
on March 28, 2009. The procession started at 10 a.m. at Potala Palace
Potala Palace
The Potala Palace is located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It was named after Mount Potala, the abode of Chenresig or Avalokitesvara...
, and the then-Governor Qiangba Puncog
Qiangba Puncog
Qiangba Puncog was the Chairman of the government of Tibet Autonomous Region of China from 2003 until January 2010. He is of the Tibetan ethnicity. He was most visible in public during the 2008 Tibetan unrest, receiving diplomats and journalists...
presided over the event, wearing traditional Tibetan dress. Local Communist Party
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
secretary Zhang Qingli
Zhang Qingli
Zhang Qingli was the Secretary of the Communist Party of China Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee. He is also a member of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Known for his tough policies in ethnic regions, Zhang has dismissed ethnic officials whom he considers unreliable...
was also in attendance. "Representatives of former serfs", students, and soldiers gave speeches in Tibetan
Tibetan language
The Tibetan languages are a cluster of mutually-unintelligible Tibeto-Burman languages spoken primarily by Tibetan peoples who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering the Indian subcontinent, including the Tibetan Plateau and the northern Indian subcontinent in Baltistan, Ladakh,...
and Mandarin. Tibetan students and herder
Herder
A herder is a worker who lives a possibly semi-nomadic life, caring for various domestic animals, in places where these animals wander pasture lands....
s gathered and waved Chinese national flags
Flag of the People's Republic of China
The flag of the People's Republic of China is a red field charged in the canton with five golden stars. The design features one large star, with four smaller stars in a semicircle set off towards the fly...
. About 13,280 people were in attendance.
Reaction
The office of the Dalai Lama14th Dalai Lama
The 14th Dalai Lama is the 14th and current Dalai Lama. Dalai Lamas are the most influential figures in the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, although the 14th has consolidated control over the other lineages in recent years...
denounced the holiday, saying that China was trying to declare new holidays to "avoid the situation" in Tibet. Kent Ewing of the Asia Times
Asia Times
Asia Times was a newspaper launched in Thailand by Thai tycoon Sondhi Limthongkul in 1995. The newspaper hired talent from around the world to produce a regional English-language newspaper....
called the holiday "a reminder of the feudal system that existed in Tibet before the Chinese invaded in 1950", but believes that the holiday will embitter Tibetans. Tsering Shakya
Tsering Shakya
Tsering Wangdu Shakya is a historian and widely cited expert on Tibetan literature and modern Tibet and its relationship with China...
echoes the Dalai Lama's condemnations, and also calls the celebrations "A choreographed spectacle" for "the delivery of public mass compliance to the leadership in Beijing
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
" in response to "the widespread protests that engulfed the Tibetan plateau in March-April 2008" (see 2008 Tibetan unrest
2008 Tibetan unrest
The 2008 Tibetan unrest, also known from its Chinese name as the 3•14 Riots, was a series of riots, protests, and demonstrations that started in Tibetan regional capital of Lhasa and spread to other Tibetan areas and a number of monasteries including outside the Tibet Autonomous Region...
).
Tibet Support Groups have rejected "Serf Emancipation Day" as a propaganda tool while Tibet activists launched "Smurf Emancipation Day" as a comic parody of the state celebration, poking fun at the regime's attempts to whitewash human rights abuses in Tibet. Using comic characters to parody Chinese state policy is becoming popular in China, as seen with the character of the Grass Mud Horse
Grass Mud Horse
The Grass Mud Horse or Cao Ní Ma is a Chinese Internet meme widely used as a form of symbolic defiance of the widespread Internet censorship in China. It is a play on the Mandarin language words "fuck your mother", and one of the so-called 10 mythical creatures created in a hoax article on Baidu...
. "Serf Emancipation Day" has failed to secure media coverage outside Chinese state publications.