Serum sickness-like reaction
Encyclopedia
Serum sickness-like reactions refer to adverse reactions that have similar symptoms to serum sickness
, but in which immune complexes are not found.
In contrast, serum sickness-like reactions are specific drug reactions that are not associated with circulating immune complexes.
Although the exact pathogenesis is poorly understood,serum sickness-like reactions are thought to originate from an abnormal inflammatory reaction that occurs in response to defective metabolism of drug byproducts generated during pharmacologic therapy; the metabolic flaw could be a maternally-inherited trait. In vivo hepatic drug biotransformation studies have shown greater lymphocyte killing in subjects with a known history of serum sickness-like reactions than in control subjects.
a constellation of fever; urticarial polycyclic wheals with central clearing on the trunk, extremities, face, and
lateral borders of the hands and feet; oral edema without mucosal involvement; lymphadenopathy; arthralgias; myalgias;
and mild proteinuria. Case reports have noted the absence of fever in serum sickness-like reactions to amoxicillin.
Laboratory abnormalities include normal or mild decreases in serum C3, C4, and CH50 levels, and mild proteinuria, all of which were identified in our patient.1,3-5 In contrast to true serum sickness, renal and hepatic involvementis rare. Significant decreases in serum C3, C4, and CH50, reported in the literature for true serum sickness, are rarely described in serum sickness-like reaction.
barbiturates, carbamazepine, propranolol, thiouracil, and allopurinol. Metabolites of these drugs might bind with tissue
proteins inappropriately, eliciting an acute inflammatory response that typically develops 7–14 days after initiation of
the offending agent.
typically symptomatic, but hospitalization may be required for severe cases. While optimal treatment strategies for
serum sickness-like reactions are not clearly defined in the literature, discontinuation of the suspected agent combined
with use of antihistamines and corticosteroids for symptom control is an appropriate therapeutic route. Case reports
have shown that treatment with prednisone, 60 mg daily, and high doses of H1 and H2 antihistamines help resolve the
arthralgias and myalgias within 24 hours and the remaining symptoms within 48–72 hours
Serum sickness
Serum sickness in humans is a reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from an non-human animal source. It is a type of hypersensitivity, specifically immune complex hypersensitivity . The term serum sickness–like reaction is occasionally used to refer to similar illnesses that arise from the...
, but in which immune complexes are not found.
Pathogenesis
Serum sickness-like reaction is named for its clinical similarity to serum sickness, in which immune complexes are deposited in the skin, joints, and other organs. True serum sickness, a type III hypersensitivity reaction, results in fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias,cutaneous eruptions, gastrointestinal disturbances, proteinuria,and significant decreases in serum complement levels; it was originally described after patients were infused with equine immunoglobulins.In contrast, serum sickness-like reactions are specific drug reactions that are not associated with circulating immune complexes.
Although the exact pathogenesis is poorly understood,serum sickness-like reactions are thought to originate from an abnormal inflammatory reaction that occurs in response to defective metabolism of drug byproducts generated during pharmacologic therapy; the metabolic flaw could be a maternally-inherited trait. In vivo hepatic drug biotransformation studies have shown greater lymphocyte killing in subjects with a known history of serum sickness-like reactions than in control subjects.
Diagnosis
The reaction generally includesa constellation of fever; urticarial polycyclic wheals with central clearing on the trunk, extremities, face, and
lateral borders of the hands and feet; oral edema without mucosal involvement; lymphadenopathy; arthralgias; myalgias;
and mild proteinuria. Case reports have noted the absence of fever in serum sickness-like reactions to amoxicillin.
Laboratory abnormalities include normal or mild decreases in serum C3, C4, and CH50 levels, and mild proteinuria, all of which were identified in our patient.1,3-5 In contrast to true serum sickness, renal and hepatic involvementis rare. Significant decreases in serum C3, C4, and CH50, reported in the literature for true serum sickness, are rarely described in serum sickness-like reaction.
Causes
Agents that have been implicated in serum sickness-like reactions include cefaclor, amoxicillin, sulfonamides, tetracyclines,ciprofloxacin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,barbiturates, carbamazepine, propranolol, thiouracil, and allopurinol. Metabolites of these drugs might bind with tissue
proteins inappropriately, eliciting an acute inflammatory response that typically develops 7–14 days after initiation of
the offending agent.
Management
Serum sickness-like reaction is an acute self-limited reaction with an ultimately favorable outcome. Treatment istypically symptomatic, but hospitalization may be required for severe cases. While optimal treatment strategies for
serum sickness-like reactions are not clearly defined in the literature, discontinuation of the suspected agent combined
with use of antihistamines and corticosteroids for symptom control is an appropriate therapeutic route. Case reports
have shown that treatment with prednisone, 60 mg daily, and high doses of H1 and H2 antihistamines help resolve the
arthralgias and myalgias within 24 hours and the remaining symptoms within 48–72 hours