Servant leadership
Encyclopedia
Servant leadership is a philosophy and practice of leadership
, coined and defined by Robert K. Greenleaf
(Born 1904 in Terre Haute, Indiana; died in 1990) and supported by many leadership and management writers such as James Autry, Ken Blanchard
, Stephen Covey
, Peter Block
, Peter Senge
, Max DePree
, Scott Greenberg, Larry Spears, Margaret Wheatley, James C. Hunter, Kent Keith, Ken Jennings, Don Frick and others. Servant-leaders achieve results for their organizations by giving priority attention to the needs of their colleagues and those they serve. Servant-leaders are often seen as humble stewards of their organization's resources: human, financial and physical.
never specifically defined servant leadership but, based on the writings of Greenleaf and others, it can still be defined as a management philosophy which implies a comprehensive view of the quality of people, work and community spirit. It requires a spiritual understanding of identity, mission, vision and environment. A servant leader is someone who is servant first, who has responsibility to be in the world, and so he contributes to the well-being of people and community. A servant leader looks to the needs of the people and asks himself how he can help them to solve problems and promote personal development. He places his main focus on people, because only content and motivated people are able to reach their targets and to fulfill the set expectations.
In his essay The Servant as Leader, Greenleaf said:
leadership styles. The authoritarian style of management requires clearly defined tasks and monitoring their execution and results. The decision-making responsibility rests with the executive. In contrast to the autocratic, the practice of a participative leadership style involves employees in decision-making. More extensive tasks are delegated. The employees influence and responsibility increases. The laissez-faire style of leadership is negligible in practice.
Servant Leadership can be most likely associated with the participative management style. The authoritarian leadership style does not correspond to the guiding principle. The highest priority of a servant leader is to encourage, support and enable subordinates to unfold their full potential and abilities. This leads to an obligation to delegate responsibility and engage in participative decision-making. In the managerial grid model
of Blake and Mouton, the participative style of leadership is presented as the approach with the greatest possible performance and employee satisfaction. However, there is the question whether a management style can be declared as universal and universally applicable. Situational contexts are not considered.
The servant leadership approach goes beyond employee-related behavior and calls for a rethinking of the hierarchical relationship between leader and subordinates. This does not mean that the ideal of a participative style in any situation is to be enforced, but that the focus of management responsibilities is the promotion of performance and satisfaction of employees.
Center for Servant Leadership since 1990, has extracted a set of 10 characteristics that are central to the development of a servant leader:
As a result it has to be emphasized that these 10 characteristics are by no means exhaustive.
They should not be interpreted as a certain manner to behave and they do not represent the best method to gain aims. Rather every person shall reflect, if these characteristics can be useful for his personal development
.
wrote, in the 4th century B.C., in his book Arthashastra
:
There are passages that relate to servant leadership in the Tao Te Ching
, attributed to Lao-Tzu, who is believed to have lived in China
sometime between 570 B.C. and 490 B.C.:
The concept has been included in many religious text such as this quote from the Christian New Testament (Authorized King James): “But ye [shall] not [be] so: but he that is greatest among you, let him be as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve” or this quote from Islam's texts: “the leader of a people is their servant”.
The term of modern Servant Leadership and servant leader were coined by Robert K. Greenleaf
in 1970. He coined this phrase in his essay „The Servant as Leader“ . Greenleaf worked a long time at AT&T
and spent most of his career on management studies, management development and management training. After worling at AT&T he started a career as visiting lecturer and management consultant for many companies, universities, churches and non-profit organisations, for example at the Harvard Business School
, University of Virginia
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) or Ford Foundation
. In 1964 he founded the international non-profit foundation named Center of Applied Ethics, which was renamed to The Robert K. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership in 1985.
The idea for his essay, "The Servant as Leader," came out of reading Hermann Hesse
`s Journey to the East
. The story is about a travel group on an exceptional mythical journey. The main character of this story is Leo. Leo is the companion and servant of the group, but he also sustains them with his charisma and spirit, and gives them well-being. Everything was going well until Leo disappeared; the group fall apart and the journey had to be prematurely interrupted. The group cannot exist longer without their servant Leo.
After reading this story Greenleaf comes to the knowledge that a good leader is primarily a servant. A good leader must first be a good servant. Therefore he wrote down his essay The servant as leader, which has sold over 500 000 copies.
Larry Spears, who served for 17 years as the head of the Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, identified ten characteristic of servant leaders in the writings of Greenleaf. The ten characteristics are listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to the growth of others, and building community. Leadership experts such as Bolman, Deal, Covey, Fullan, Sergiovanni, and Heifitz also reference these characteristics as essential components of effective leadership.
The Center for Servant Leadership at the Pastoral Institute in Georgia defines servant leadership as a lifelong journey that includes discovery of one’s self, a desire to serve others, and a commitment to lead. Servant-leaders continually strive to be trustworthy, self-aware, humble, caring, visionary, empowering, relational, competent, good stewards, and community builders.
Kent Keith, author of The Case for Servant Leadership and the current CEO of the Greenleaf Center, states that servant leadership is ethical, practical, and meaningful. He identifies seven key practices of servant leaders: self-awareness, listening, changing the pyramid, developing your colleagues, coaching not controlling, unleashing the energy and intelligence of others, and foresight. James Sipe and Don Frick, in their book The Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership, state that servant-leaders are individuals of character, put people first, are skilled communicators, are compassionate collaborators, use foresight, are systems thinkers, and exercise moral authority.
Unlike leadership approaches with a top-down hierarchical style, servant leadership instead emphasizes collaboration, trust, empathy, and the ethical use of power. At heart, the individual is a servant first, making the conscious decision to lead in order to better serve others, not to increase their own power. The objective is to enhance the growth of individuals in the organization and increase teamwork and personal involvement. A recent behavioral economics experiment demonstrates the group benefits of servant leadership. Teams of players coordinated their actions better with a servant leader resulting in improved outcomes for the followers (but not for the selfless leaders).
Southwest Airlines
is one of the largest and consistently profitable airlines in the U.S. and often mentioned in relation to servant leadership. Co-founder and former CEO Herb Kelleher
and former vice president Colleen Barrett
have successfully established the management style of servant leadership in the airline´s corporate culture. The pyramid of the company’s priorities is built upside down compared to other companies. The employees are at the top of the pyramid and the executives deliver proactive customer service to them. If they do a good job, the employees can spend their time to service the second important group, the customers. As result of good service to the customers the company will make a good profit which is of interest of the shareholders. Herb Kelleher
compares leadership
with customer service: "Just as Southwest has their customers, the passengers, the management
has their customers, the employees. If the customers are not satisfied, they will not fly again with Southwest. If the employees are not satisfied, they will not deliver the required performance."
Leadership
expectations at Southwest: develop people, build great teams, think strategically, excellent results and the identification with the values of the company.
Based on these expectations it becomes clear how the theoretical approach to specific guidelines and principles of conduct was formulated. Therefore very careful attention is paid to whether potential employees meet the values of the company: "Hire for attitude and train for skill". The value system consists of three core values: "warrior spirit", as defined by the desire to get excellent results, "a servant's heart" or “to put others first”, as well as "a fun-loving attitude," which means not to take themselves too seriously. The executive’s purpose is also to create a very positive and familiar working environment. The "fun" image of Southwest has become an important part of the corporate culture. It´s also in the company´s best interests to communicate this to their customers. These are also characteristics of the behavior of a servant leader: active listening, empathy, healing and the formation of a community.
Another important executive function at Southwest Airlines
is the development of people. The employees are motivated to participate in decision-making. They should be encouraged to solve problems themselves and to grow by personal success. The obligation to develop the individual also corresponds to the concept of Servant Leadership.
Further expectations of the managers are strategic thinking and outstanding results. The following guidelines serve to guide: strive for continuous improvement, understanding of the context of current actions and implications for the future, strategic goals into specific action plans and future-oriented view of things. The courage to conceptualize and far-sighted visions are also within the meaning of the servant leadership approach. Through the personal identification with the goals of the company, performance and commitment increases.
Leadership
Leadership has been described as the “process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task". Other in-depth definitions of leadership have also emerged.-Theories:...
, coined and defined by Robert K. Greenleaf
Robert K. Greenleaf
Robert K. Greenleaf was the founder of the modern Servant leadership movement.Greenleaf was born in Terre Haute, Indiana in 1904. After graduating from Carleton College in Minnesota, he went to work for AT&T. For the next forty years he researched management, development, and education...
(Born 1904 in Terre Haute, Indiana; died in 1990) and supported by many leadership and management writers such as James Autry, Ken Blanchard
Ken Blanchard
Kenneth Hartley Blanchard is an American author and management expert. His book The One Minute Manager has sold over 13 million copies and has been translated into 37 languages...
, Stephen Covey
Stephen Covey
Stephen Richards Covey is the author of the best-selling book, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. Other books he has written include First Things First, Principle-Centered Leadership, and The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Families. In 2004, Covey released The 8th Habit...
, Peter Block
Peter Block
Peter Block is an author, consultant, and speaker in the areas of organization development, community building, and civic engagement for the past 40 years. He was born in 1940 to Jewish parents, Ira and Dorothy Block...
, Peter Senge
Peter Senge
Peter Michael Senge is an American scientist and director of the Center for Organizational Learning at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is known as author of the book The Fifth Discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization from 1990...
, Max DePree
Max DePree
Max De Pree is businessman and American writer. A son of D.J. De Pree, founder of Herman Miller office furniture company, he and his brother Hugh De Pree assumed leadership of the company the early 1960s, Hugh becoming CEO and president in 1962...
, Scott Greenberg, Larry Spears, Margaret Wheatley, James C. Hunter, Kent Keith, Ken Jennings, Don Frick and others. Servant-leaders achieve results for their organizations by giving priority attention to the needs of their colleagues and those they serve. Servant-leaders are often seen as humble stewards of their organization's resources: human, financial and physical.
Definition of Servant Leadership
Robert K. GreenleafRobert K. Greenleaf
Robert K. Greenleaf was the founder of the modern Servant leadership movement.Greenleaf was born in Terre Haute, Indiana in 1904. After graduating from Carleton College in Minnesota, he went to work for AT&T. For the next forty years he researched management, development, and education...
never specifically defined servant leadership but, based on the writings of Greenleaf and others, it can still be defined as a management philosophy which implies a comprehensive view of the quality of people, work and community spirit. It requires a spiritual understanding of identity, mission, vision and environment. A servant leader is someone who is servant first, who has responsibility to be in the world, and so he contributes to the well-being of people and community. A servant leader looks to the needs of the people and asks himself how he can help them to solve problems and promote personal development. He places his main focus on people, because only content and motivated people are able to reach their targets and to fulfill the set expectations.
In his essay The Servant as Leader, Greenleaf said:
„It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead. That person is sharply different from one who is leader first, perhaps because of the need to assuage an unusual power drive or to acquire material possessions…The leader-first and the servant-first are two extreme types. Between them there are shadings and blends that are part of the infinite variety of human nature."
Servant Leadership in the context of leadership styles
The most common division of leadership styles is the distinction between autocratic, participative and laissez-faireLaissez-faire
In economics, laissez-faire describes an environment in which transactions between private parties are free from state intervention, including restrictive regulations, taxes, tariffs and enforced monopolies....
leadership styles. The authoritarian style of management requires clearly defined tasks and monitoring their execution and results. The decision-making responsibility rests with the executive. In contrast to the autocratic, the practice of a participative leadership style involves employees in decision-making. More extensive tasks are delegated. The employees influence and responsibility increases. The laissez-faire style of leadership is negligible in practice.
Servant Leadership can be most likely associated with the participative management style. The authoritarian leadership style does not correspond to the guiding principle. The highest priority of a servant leader is to encourage, support and enable subordinates to unfold their full potential and abilities. This leads to an obligation to delegate responsibility and engage in participative decision-making. In the managerial grid model
Managerial grid model
The managerial grid model is a behavioral leadership model developed by Robert R. Blake and Jane Mouton. This model originally identified five different leadership styles based on the concern for people and the concern for production. The optimal leadership style in this model is based on Theory...
of Blake and Mouton, the participative style of leadership is presented as the approach with the greatest possible performance and employee satisfaction. However, there is the question whether a management style can be declared as universal and universally applicable. Situational contexts are not considered.
The servant leadership approach goes beyond employee-related behavior and calls for a rethinking of the hierarchical relationship between leader and subordinates. This does not mean that the ideal of a participative style in any situation is to be enforced, but that the focus of management responsibilities is the promotion of performance and satisfaction of employees.
Characteristics of being a servant leader
Larry C. Spears, who has served as President and CEO of the Robert K. GreenleafRobert K. Greenleaf
Robert K. Greenleaf was the founder of the modern Servant leadership movement.Greenleaf was born in Terre Haute, Indiana in 1904. After graduating from Carleton College in Minnesota, he went to work for AT&T. For the next forty years he researched management, development, and education...
Center for Servant Leadership since 1990, has extracted a set of 10 characteristics that are central to the development of a servant leader:
- Listening: Traditionally, and also in servant leadership, managers are required to have communication skills as well as the competence to make decisions. A servant leader has the motivationMotivationMotivation is the driving force by which humans achieve their goals. Motivation is said to be intrinsic or extrinsic. The term is generally used for humans but it can also be used to describe the causes for animal behavior as well. This article refers to human motivation...
to listen actively to subordinates and support them in decision identification. The servant leader particularly needs to pay attention to what remains unspoken in the management setting. This means relying on his inner voice in order to find out what the body, mind and spirit are communicating.
- EmpathyEmpathyEmpathy is the capacity to recognize and, to some extent, share feelings that are being experienced by another sapient or semi-sapient being. Someone may need to have a certain amount of empathy before they are able to feel compassion. The English word was coined in 1909 by E.B...
: A servant leader attempts to understand and empathize with others. Workers may be considered not only as employees, but also as people who need respect and appreciation for their personal development. As a result, leadership is seen as a special type of human work, which ultimately generates a competitive advantage.
- HealingHealingPhysiological healing is the restoration of damaged living tissue, organs and biological system to normal function. It is the process by which the cells in the body regenerate and repair to reduce the size of a damaged or necrotic area....
: A great strength of a Servant Leader is the ability for healing one’s self and others. A servant leader tries to help people solve their problems and conflicts in relationships, because he wants to encourage and support the personal development of each individual. This leads to the formation of a business culture, in which the working environment is dynamic, fun and free of the fear of failure.
- AwarenessAwarenessAwareness is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects or sensory patterns. In this level of consciousness, sense data can be confirmed by an observer without necessarily implying understanding. More broadly, it is the state or quality of being aware of...
: A servant leader needs to gain general awareness and especially self-awarenessSelf-awarenessSelf-awareness is the capacity for introspection and the ability to reconcile oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals...
. He has the ability to view situations from a more integrated, holistic position. As a result, he gets a better understanding about ethicsEthicsEthics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime, etc.Major branches of ethics include:...
and values.
- PersuasionPersuasionPersuasion is a form of social influence. It is the process of guiding or bringing oneself or another toward the adoption of an idea, attitude, or action by rational and symbolic means.- Methods :...
: A Servant Leader does not take advantage of her power and status by coercing compliance; she rather tries to convince those she manages. This element distinguishes servant leadership most clearly from traditional, authoritarian models and can be traced back to the religious views of Robert Greenleaf.
- Conceptualization: A servant leader thinks beyond day-to-day realities. That means he has the ability to see beyond the limits of the operating business and also focuses on long term operating goals. A Leader constructs a personal vision that only he can develop by reflecting on the meaning of life. As a result, he derives specific goals and implementation strategies.
- ForesightForesightForesight or forethought may refer to:* Foresight , ability to predict or plan for the future* Foresight , management planning principle* Foresight , European planning mechanism for public policy...
: Foresight is the ability to foresee the likely outcome of a situation. It enables the servant leader to learn about the past and to achieve a better understanding about the current reality. It also enables the servant leader to identify consequences about the future. This characteristic is closely related to conceptualization.
- StewardshipStewardshipStewardship is an ethic that embodies responsible planning and management of resources. The concept of stewardship has been applied in diverse realms, including with respect to environment, economics, health, property, information, and religion, and is linked to the concept of sustainability...
: CEOs, staffs and trustees have the task to hold their institutionInstitutionAn institution is any structure or mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human community...
in trust for the greater good of society. In conclusion, servant leadership is seen as an obligation to help and serve others. Openness and persuasion are more important than control.
- Commitment to the growth of people: A servant leader is convinced that people have an intrinsic value beyond their contributions as workers. Therefore, she should nurture the personal, professional and spiritualSpiritualSpiritual may refer to:*Spirituality, a concern with matters of the spirit*Spiritual , an African American song, usually with a Christian religious text...
growth of employees. For example, she spends money for the personal and professional development of the people who make up her organization. The servant leader will also encourage the ideas of everyone and involve workers in decision making.
- Building community: A servant leader identifies means to build a strong community within his organization and wants to develop a true community among businesses and institutions.
As a result it has to be emphasized that these 10 characteristics are by no means exhaustive.
They should not be interpreted as a certain manner to behave and they do not represent the best method to gain aims. Rather every person shall reflect, if these characteristics can be useful for his personal development
Personal development
Personal development includes activities that improve awareness and identity, develop talents and potential, build human capital and facilitates employability, enhance quality of life and contribute to the realization of dreams and aspirations...
.
History of Servant Leadership
The general concept is ancient. ChanakyaChanakya
Chānakya was a teacher to the first Maurya Emperor Chandragupta , and the first Indian emperor generally considered to be the architect of his rise to power. Traditionally, Chanakya is also identified by the names Kautilya and VishnuGupta, who authored the ancient Indian political treatise...
wrote, in the 4th century B.C., in his book Arthashastra
Arthashastra
The Arthashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy which identifies its author by the names Kautilya and , who are traditionally identified with The Arthashastra (IAST: Arthaśāstra) is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and...
:
“the king [leader] shall consider as good, not what pleases himself but what pleases his subjects [followers]”
“the king [leader] is a paid servant and enjoys the resources of the state together with the people.”
There are passages that relate to servant leadership in the Tao Te Ching
Tao Te Ching
The Tao Te Ching, Dao De Jing, or Daodejing , also simply referred to as the Laozi, whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is a Chinese classic text...
, attributed to Lao-Tzu, who is believed to have lived in China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
sometime between 570 B.C. and 490 B.C.:
The highest type of ruler is one of whose existence
the people are barely aware.
Next comes one whom they love and praise.
Next comes one whom they fear.
Next comes one whom they despise and defy.
When you are lacking in faith,
Others will be unfaithful to you.
The Sage is self-effacing and scanty of words.
When his task is accomplished and things have been completed, All the people say, ‘We ourselves have achieved it!’
The concept has been included in many religious text such as this quote from the Christian New Testament (Authorized King James): “But ye [shall] not [be] so: but he that is greatest among you, let him be as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve” or this quote from Islam's texts: “the leader of a people is their servant”.
The term of modern Servant Leadership and servant leader were coined by Robert K. Greenleaf
Robert K. Greenleaf
Robert K. Greenleaf was the founder of the modern Servant leadership movement.Greenleaf was born in Terre Haute, Indiana in 1904. After graduating from Carleton College in Minnesota, he went to work for AT&T. For the next forty years he researched management, development, and education...
in 1970. He coined this phrase in his essay „The Servant as Leader“ . Greenleaf worked a long time at AT&T
AT&T
AT&T Inc. is an American multinational telecommunications corporation headquartered in Whitacre Tower, Dallas, Texas, United States. It is the largest provider of mobile telephony and fixed telephony in the United States, and is also a provider of broadband and subscription television services...
and spent most of his career on management studies, management development and management training. After worling at AT&T he started a career as visiting lecturer and management consultant for many companies, universities, churches and non-profit organisations, for example at the Harvard Business School
Harvard Business School
Harvard Business School is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States and is widely recognized as one of the top business schools in the world. The school offers the world's largest full-time MBA program, doctoral programs, and many executive...
, University of Virginia
University of Virginia
The University of Virginia is a public research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, founded by Thomas Jefferson...
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...
(MIT) or Ford Foundation
Ford Foundation
The Ford Foundation is a private foundation incorporated in Michigan and based in New York City created to fund programs that were chartered in 1936 by Edsel Ford and Henry Ford....
. In 1964 he founded the international non-profit foundation named Center of Applied Ethics, which was renamed to The Robert K. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership in 1985.
The idea for his essay, "The Servant as Leader," came out of reading Hermann Hesse
Hermann Hesse
Hermann Hesse was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature...
`s Journey to the East
Journey to the East
Journey to the East is a short novel by German author Hermann Hesse. It was first published in German in 1932 as "Die Morgenlandfahrt". This novel came directly after his biggest international success, Narcissus and Goldmund.-Plot summary:...
. The story is about a travel group on an exceptional mythical journey. The main character of this story is Leo. Leo is the companion and servant of the group, but he also sustains them with his charisma and spirit, and gives them well-being. Everything was going well until Leo disappeared; the group fall apart and the journey had to be prematurely interrupted. The group cannot exist longer without their servant Leo.
After reading this story Greenleaf comes to the knowledge that a good leader is primarily a servant. A good leader must first be a good servant. Therefore he wrote down his essay The servant as leader, which has sold over 500 000 copies.
Models of Servant Leadership
Most writers see servant leadership as an underlying philosophy of leadership, demonstrated through specific characteristics and practices. The foundational concepts are found in Greenleaf’s first three major essays, "The Servant as Leader", "The Institution as Servant", and "Trustees as Servants."Larry Spears, who served for 17 years as the head of the Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, identified ten characteristic of servant leaders in the writings of Greenleaf. The ten characteristics are listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to the growth of others, and building community. Leadership experts such as Bolman, Deal, Covey, Fullan, Sergiovanni, and Heifitz also reference these characteristics as essential components of effective leadership.
The Center for Servant Leadership at the Pastoral Institute in Georgia defines servant leadership as a lifelong journey that includes discovery of one’s self, a desire to serve others, and a commitment to lead. Servant-leaders continually strive to be trustworthy, self-aware, humble, caring, visionary, empowering, relational, competent, good stewards, and community builders.
Kent Keith, author of The Case for Servant Leadership and the current CEO of the Greenleaf Center, states that servant leadership is ethical, practical, and meaningful. He identifies seven key practices of servant leaders: self-awareness, listening, changing the pyramid, developing your colleagues, coaching not controlling, unleashing the energy and intelligence of others, and foresight. James Sipe and Don Frick, in their book The Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership, state that servant-leaders are individuals of character, put people first, are skilled communicators, are compassionate collaborators, use foresight, are systems thinkers, and exercise moral authority.
Unlike leadership approaches with a top-down hierarchical style, servant leadership instead emphasizes collaboration, trust, empathy, and the ethical use of power. At heart, the individual is a servant first, making the conscious decision to lead in order to better serve others, not to increase their own power. The objective is to enhance the growth of individuals in the organization and increase teamwork and personal involvement. A recent behavioral economics experiment demonstrates the group benefits of servant leadership. Teams of players coordinated their actions better with a servant leader resulting in improved outcomes for the followers (but not for the selfless leaders).
Advantages
- This concept is seen as a long-term conceptConceptThe word concept is used in ordinary language as well as in almost all academic disciplines. Particularly in philosophy, psychology and cognitive sciences the term is much used and much discussed. WordNet defines concept: "conception, construct ". However, the meaning of the term concept is much...
to live and work and therefore has the potential to influence the societySocietyA society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations...
in a positive way. - The exemplary treatment of employees leads to an excellent treatment of customers by employees of the companyCompanyA company is a form of business organization. It is an association or collection of individual real persons and/or other companies, who each provide some form of capital. This group has a common purpose or focus and an aim of gaining profits. This collection, group or association of persons can be...
and a high loyalty of the customers. - There is a high employee identificationIdentificationIdentification or Identify may refer to:* Body identification* Combat Identification* Eyewitness identification* Forensic identification* Gender identity* Hazard Identification...
with the enterprise. - An excellent corporate culture is developed.
- Leaders of a company define themselves by their significance to the people.
- Servant Leadership can be used as a principle to improve the return on investment of staff, in all economic sectors. Managers who empower and respect their staff get better performance in return.
Disadvantages
- Servant Leadership is deeply influenced by Christian values and used especially by American managers and companies. Therefore it is questionable whether such a principle is also applicable in other non-Christian cultures or even in different kinds of Christian cultures.
- The characteristics of a servant leader seem too excessive and partly too grotesque. There are only a few leaders who can fulfil these attributes.
- Servant Leadership is seen as a long-term application and therefore needs time for applying.
Servant Leadership at Southwest Airlines
This is an example of how the very theoretical leadership approach of Servant Leadership can be implemented in the corporate culture of a company.Southwest Airlines
Southwest Airlines
Southwest Airlines Co. is an American low-cost airline based in Dallas, Texas. Southwest is the largest airline in the United States, based upon domestic passengers carried,...
is one of the largest and consistently profitable airlines in the U.S. and often mentioned in relation to servant leadership. Co-founder and former CEO Herb Kelleher
Herb Kelleher
Herbert D. Kelleher is the co-founder, Chairman Emeritus, and former CEO of Southwest Airlines .-Life and career:...
and former vice president Colleen Barrett
Colleen Barrett
Colleen Barrett is the President Emerita and Corporate Secretary of Southwest Airlines. She joined Southwest in 1978, having previously worked for several years as founder Herb Kelleher's executive assistant at his law firm. She has served as Secretary of the Corporation, as Vice President...
have successfully established the management style of servant leadership in the airline´s corporate culture. The pyramid of the company’s priorities is built upside down compared to other companies. The employees are at the top of the pyramid and the executives deliver proactive customer service to them. If they do a good job, the employees can spend their time to service the second important group, the customers. As result of good service to the customers the company will make a good profit which is of interest of the shareholders. Herb Kelleher
Herb Kelleher
Herbert D. Kelleher is the co-founder, Chairman Emeritus, and former CEO of Southwest Airlines .-Life and career:...
compares leadership
Leadership
Leadership has been described as the “process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task". Other in-depth definitions of leadership have also emerged.-Theories:...
with customer service: "Just as Southwest has their customers, the passengers, the management
Management
Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively...
has their customers, the employees. If the customers are not satisfied, they will not fly again with Southwest. If the employees are not satisfied, they will not deliver the required performance."
Leadership
Leadership
Leadership has been described as the “process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task". Other in-depth definitions of leadership have also emerged.-Theories:...
expectations at Southwest: develop people, build great teams, think strategically, excellent results and the identification with the values of the company.
Based on these expectations it becomes clear how the theoretical approach to specific guidelines and principles of conduct was formulated. Therefore very careful attention is paid to whether potential employees meet the values of the company: "Hire for attitude and train for skill". The value system consists of three core values: "warrior spirit", as defined by the desire to get excellent results, "a servant's heart" or “to put others first”, as well as "a fun-loving attitude," which means not to take themselves too seriously. The executive’s purpose is also to create a very positive and familiar working environment. The "fun" image of Southwest has become an important part of the corporate culture. It´s also in the company´s best interests to communicate this to their customers. These are also characteristics of the behavior of a servant leader: active listening, empathy, healing and the formation of a community.
Another important executive function at Southwest Airlines
Southwest Airlines
Southwest Airlines Co. is an American low-cost airline based in Dallas, Texas. Southwest is the largest airline in the United States, based upon domestic passengers carried,...
is the development of people. The employees are motivated to participate in decision-making. They should be encouraged to solve problems themselves and to grow by personal success. The obligation to develop the individual also corresponds to the concept of Servant Leadership.
Further expectations of the managers are strategic thinking and outstanding results. The following guidelines serve to guide: strive for continuous improvement, understanding of the context of current actions and implications for the future, strategic goals into specific action plans and future-oriented view of things. The courage to conceptualize and far-sighted visions are also within the meaning of the servant leadership approach. Through the personal identification with the goals of the company, performance and commitment increases.
Further reading
- Trevor M. Hall, ed. Becoming Authentic: The Search for Wholeness and Calling as a Servant Leader (2007) ISBN 978-1-929569-36-6
- Robert Greenleaf. Servant Leadership ISBN 0-8091-0554-3
- Peter Block. Stewardship ISBN 1-881052-86-9
- Michael Parsons & David J. Cohen, eds. On Eagles' Wings. An Exploration of Strength in the Midst of Weakness (2008) ISBN 978-0-7188-9195-4
- James Autry. The Servant Leader ISBN 1-400054-73-7
- Larry Spears, ed. Reflections on Leadership ISBN 0-471-03686-2
- Larry Spears, ed. Insights on Leadership ISBN 0-471-17634-6
- Larry Spears, ed. Focus on Leadership ISBN 0-471-41162-0
- Larry Spears & Michele Lawrence, ed. Practicing Servant-Leadership ISBN 0-7879-7455-2
- James Hunter. the Servant ISBN 0-761513-69-8
- James Hunter. The World's Most Powerful Leadership Principle ISBN 1-578569-75-3
- John J. Sullivan, Servant First! Leadership for the New Millennium ISBN 1-594672-27-X
- Kent Halstead, Servant Leadership for Congregations
- Max DePree, Leadership is an Art ISBN 0-440-50324-8
- Dr. Kent M. Keith. The Case For Servant Leadership
- James W. Sipe & Don M. Frick. Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership ISBN 978-0-8091-4560-7
- Ken Blanchard, Leading at a Higher Level (Chapter 12), ISBN 0-13-234772-5
- Denny Gunderson, The Leadership Paradox: A Challenge to Servant Leadership in a Power-Hungry World ISBN 978-1-57658-379-1
- Jerry Glashagel, Servant-Institutions in Business, ISBN 978-0-9822-0123-7
- Ken Jennings and John Stahl-Wert, The Serving Leader, ISBN 1-57675-265-8
- Jim Boyd, A Servant Leader’s Journey, ISBN 978-0-8091-4568-3
- George SanFacon, A Conscious Person’s Guide to the Workplace, ISBN 978-1-4251-6680-9
Greenleaf and related sites
- "Practicing Servant-Leadership" by Larry Spears
- Article at The Academy for Chief Executives
- Servant Leadership Resources from the Master of Arts in Leadership program at Trinity Western University
- Article at Leadership Now
- Servant Leadership Collection Articles and online book by Ray StedmanRay StedmanRaymond Charles Stedman was an evangelical Christian pastor, and author. He was a long-time pastor of Peninsula Bible Church in Palo Alto, California, and author of several books.-Early life:...
and Colleagues - www.servantleaderministries.org Leadership Discussion Papers
- Thrive - Executives for Servant Leadership http://www.serve-lead.org/What_Is_Thrive_.html International nonprofit network promoting Servant Leadership.