Sharnbrook Upper School and Community College
Encyclopedia
Sharnbrook Upper School and Community College, commonly referred to as SUS or simply Sharnbrook, is a large, rural comprehensive
Comprehensive school
A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of a selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to the United...

 upper school
Upper school
Upper Schools tend to be schools within secondary education. Outside England, the term normally refers to a section of a larger school. There is some variation in the use of the term in England.-State Maintained Schools:...

 located in Sharnbrook
Sharnbrook
Sharnbrook is a village and civil parish located in the Bedford Borough of Bedfordshire, England.The settlement was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a parish within the Hundred of Willey but was probably first developed in Saxon times. The oldest surviving building, St Peter's Church, is...

, a village near Bedford
Bedford
Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire, in the East of England. It is a large town and the administrative centre for the wider Borough of Bedford. According to the former Bedfordshire County Council's estimates, the town had a population of 79,190 in mid 2005, with 19,720 in the adjacent town...

 in the English county of Bedfordshire
Bedfordshire
Bedfordshire is a ceremonial county of historic origin in England that forms part of the East of England region.It borders Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Northamptonshire to the north, Buckinghamshire to the west and Hertfordshire to the south-east....

. Built in 1975, the school now has over 1800 students and around 150 staff, and includes a large sixth form
Sixth form
In the education systems of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and of Commonwealth West Indian countries such as Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, Jamaica and Malta, the sixth form is the final two years of secondary education, where students, usually sixteen to eighteen years of age,...

 of around 650 students.

The school is very popular and is currently oversubscribed, with some parents resorting to moving house into Sharnbrook's catchment area
Catchment area (human geography)
In human geography, a catchment area is the area and population from which a city or individual service attracts visitors or customers. For example, a school catchment area is the geographic area from which students are eligible to attend a local school...

 to guarantee their children a place at the school. Quite a sizeable proportion of sixth form students join the school in Year 12, having completed their compulsory education at other schools.

Age range of students

Most students join the school in Year 9, aged 13-14, taking National Curriculum assessment
National Curriculum assessment
National Curriculum assessments are a series of educational assessments, colloquially known as Sats or SATs, used to assess the attainment of children attending maintained schools in England...

s (SATs) at the end of the academic year. They take GCSE
General Certificate of Secondary Education
The General Certificate of Secondary Education is an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject, generally taken in a number of subjects by students aged 14–16 in secondary education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and is equivalent to a Level 2 and Level 1 in Key Skills...

 exams at the end of Year 11 (ages 15-16), after which some students will leave to pursue their careers. Most, however, stay and join the sixth form (Years 12 and 13, ages 16-18+), where they are joined by a large number of students who have completed their GCSEs at other schools and have moved to Sharnbrook for their final two years at school.

Vertical tutoring

House Letter Colour
Grange
G
green
Ouse
O
orange
Templar
T
red
Colworth
C
yellow
Parentine
P
purple
Loring
L
blue


At the beginning of the 2003-4 academic year, Sharnbrook introduced vertical tutoring, a pastoral system in which each tutor group has students from each year group, from Year 9 to Year 13 (Upper Sixth). In contrast, almost all UK
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

 secondary school
Secondary school
Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational institution where the final stage of schooling, known as secondary education and usually compulsory up to a specified age, takes place...

s organise their tutor groups horizontally, with the school population divided primarily into National Curriculum year groups, and each form or tutor group has students from only one year group. The school's senior management now share their expertise in running a vertical system by running workshops and seminars for headteachers, senior managers and pastoral leaders from around the UK.

To accommodate the new vertical tutor groups, a House system
House system
The house system is a traditional feature of British schools, and schools in the Commonwealth. Historically, it was associated with established public schools, where a 'house' refers to a boarding house or dormitory of a boarding school...

 was devised, comprising six houses, one of which every student is a member. Most of the staff are also assigned to a house. Each house contains fourteen tutor groups and is led by a Head of House and an Assistant Head of House, titles which are sometimes abbreviated to HOH and AHOH, respectively. Traditional Heads of Year still exist, although their role has greatly diminished with the arrival of Heads of House.

Various ideas were considered when deciding how to name the houses, including the suggestion that they be named after members of the Simpson family
Simpson family
The Simpson family is a family of fictional characters featured in the animated television series The Simpsons. The Simpsons are a nuclear family consisting of the married couple Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa and Maggie. They live at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the fictional town...

. The houses were, however, eventually named after medieval
Middle Ages
The Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...

 manors
Manorialism
Manorialism, an essential element of feudal society, was the organizing principle of rural economy that originated in the villa system of the Late Roman Empire, was widely practiced in medieval western and parts of central Europe, and was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market...

 of Sharnbrook village. The houses and their associated colours are displayed in the table to the left.

Facilities

  • Art rooms and gallery, including a photographic darkroom and a specialist digital suite.
  • AstroTurf
    AstroTurf
    AstroTurf is a brand of artificial turf. Although the term is a registered trademark, it is sometimes used as a generic description of any kind of artificial turf. The original AstroTurf product was a short pile synthetic turf while the current products incorporate modern features such as...

     sports pitch
    Pitch (sports)
    A pitch is an open outdoor area for various activities. It is used in British and Australian English; the comparable term in American English is field...

  • Climbing wall
    Climbing wall
    A climbing wall is an artificially constructed wall with grips for hands and feet, usually used for indoor climbing, but sometimes located outdoors as well. Some are brick or wooden constructions, but on most modern walls, the material most often used is a thick multiplex board with holes drilled...

  • Dance studio
  • Interactive whiteboard
    Interactive whiteboard
    An interactive whiteboard , is a large interactive display that connects to a computer and projector. A projector projects the computer's desktop onto the board's surface where users control the computer using a pen, finger, stylus, or other device...

    s
  • Main Hall and Sports Hall
  • Music centre, incorporating two recording studio
    Recording studio
    A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are specially designed by an acoustician to achieve optimum acoustic properties...

    s and a spacious music tech room
  • Paula Radcliffe Community Sports Centre
  • Playing field
    Playing field
    A playing field is a field used for playing sports or games. They are generally outdoors, but many large structures exist to enclose playing fields from bad weather. Generally, playing fields are wide expanses of grass, dirt or sand without many obstructions...

    s
  • Sixth form centre, built in 1999
  • Tennis court
    Tennis court
    A tennis court is where the game of tennis is played. It is a firm rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the center. The same surface can be used to play both doubles and singles.-Dimensions:...

    s
  • Television studio
    Television studio
    A television studio is an installation in which a video productions take place, either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for post-production. The design of a studio is similar to, and derived from, movie studios, with a few amendments for the...

    , edit suites
    Video editing
    The term video editing can refer to:* Linear video editing, using video tape* Non-linear editing system , using computers with video editing software* Offline editing* Online editing...

     and a Radio Studio


In late 2009 plans were confirmed for the construction of a new science centre, with construction due to begin early 2010. The centre was completed in November 2010.

Broadcast Team

Sharnbrook Upper School Media Department offers students the role of studio hands in the "Broadcast Team". The group is responsible for the running of the school broadcast system, which replaces the traditional whole school assembly. The broadcast is filmed, live, in a special television studio and gallery, situated in the heart of the media department.

Specialist school status

Sharnbrook has been granted specialist school
Specialist school
The specialist schools programme was a UK government initiative which encouraged secondary schools in England to specialise in certain areas of the curriculum to boost achievement. The Specialist Schools and Academies Trust was responsible for the delivery of the programme...

 status as a media
Media studies
Media studies is an academic discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media; in particular, the 'mass media'. Media studies may draw on traditions from both the social sciences and the humanities, but mostly from its core disciplines of mass...

 Arts College
Arts College
Arts Colleges were introduced in 1997 as part of the now defunct Specialist Schools Programme in the United Kingdom. The system enabled secondary schools to specialise in certain fields, in this case, the performing, visual and/or media arts...

. It is also a Training School
Training school
For a juvenile correctional facility, see youth detention center-----A training school is an official designation, awarded by the Department for Children, Schools and Families, to schools in England that provide exceptional facilities for in-service and work experience training of teachers...

, a Partnership Promotion School, a Beacon School and has received the Artsmark Gold and Sportsmark awards from the Arts Council England
Arts Council England
Arts Council England was formed in 1994 when the Arts Council of Great Britain was divided into three separate bodies for England, Scotland and Wales. It is a non-departmental public body of the Department of Culture, Media and Sport...

 and Sport England
Sport England
Sport England is the brand name for the English Sports Council and is a non-departmental public body under the Department for Culture, Media and Sport...

, respectively.

School day

The school day begins at 8.30 am and ends at 3.15 pm, except on Mondays and Thursdays, when there are some lessons in the sixth form that finish at 4:25 pm.

Catchment area

The catchment area for Sharnbrook Upper School includes the parish
Parish
A parish is a territorial unit historically under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of one parish priest, who might be assisted in his pastoral duties by a curate or curates - also priests but not the parish priest - from a more or less central parish church with its associated organization...

es of Bletsoe
Bletsoe
Bletsoe is a village and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England. It is on the A6, and about eight miles north of Bedford. The village has a small park, the former site of Bletsoe Castle and a church. Nearby places are Sharnbrook, Milton Ernest, Riseley, Thurleigh, Odell, Souldrop, and Swineshead...

, Bolnhurst and Keysoe
Bolnhurst and Keysoe
Bolnhurst and Keysoe is a civil parish in the Bedford borough of Bedfordshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 734. The parish includes the villages of Bolnhurst and Keysoe, and the hamlet of Keysoe Row. The parish is located about eight miles north of...

, Carlton and Chellington, Clapham
Clapham, Bedfordshire
Clapham is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England. It has a population of 3,643.-Facilities:Clapham has numerous public houses and several small shops; including a post office, Chinese and Indian takeaways, fish and chips, a florist, a hairdresser and a small...

, Dean and Shelton
Dean and Shelton
Dean and Shelton is a civil parish in the borough of Bedford in the county of Bedfordshire, England.The two parishes of Dean and Shelton were combined in 1934. Until 1974 the parish formed part of Bedford rural district....

, Felmersham and Radwell, Harrold
Harrold, Bedfordshire
Harrold is a civil parish and electoral ward in the Borough of Bedford within Bedfordshire, England, around nine miles north-west of Bedford. The village is on the north bank of the River Great Ouse, and is the site of an ancient bridge, linking the village with Carlton with Chellington on the...

, Knotting and Souldrop
Knotting and Souldrop
Knotting and Souldrop is a civil parish in the borough of Bedford in the county of Bedfordshire, England.The two parishes of Knotting and Souldrop were combined in 1934. Until 1974 the parish formed part of Bedford rural district....

, Little Staughton
Little Staughton
Little Staughton is a small village and civil parish located in the north of Bedfordshire. The parish is part of the Stodden Hundred...

, Melchbourne and Yielden
Melchbourne and Yielden
Melchbourne and Yielden is a civil parish in the borough of Bedford in the county of Bedfordshire, England.The two parishes of Melchbourne and Yielden were combined in 1934. Until 1974 the parish formed part of Bedford rural district.-External links:*...

, Sharnbrook
Sharnbrook
Sharnbrook is a village and civil parish located in the Bedford Borough of Bedfordshire, England.The settlement was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a parish within the Hundred of Willey but was probably first developed in Saxon times. The oldest surviving building, St Peter's Church, is...

, Stevington
Stevington
Stevington is a village in the Borough of Bedford in the northern part of Bedfordshire, England, and forms the civil parish of Stevington. It is on the River Ouse four to five miles north west of Bedford. Nearby villages include Bromham, Oakley, Pavenham and Turvey...

, Milton Ernest
Milton Ernest
Milton Ernest is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England, and is about north of Bedford itself. It has a population of 754...

, Oakley
Oakley, Bedfordshire
Oakley is a village and civil parish located in northern Bedfordshire, England, about four miles north west of the county town of Bedford and lies by the River Great Ouse...

, Odell
Odell, Bedfordshire
Odell is a village and civil parish in the north of the county of Bedfordshire in England that lies to the north-west of the county town of Bedford, near the villages of Harrold, Felmersham, Sharnbrook, and Carlton.-Roman and Saxon period:...

, Pavenham
Pavenham
Pavenham is a small village and civil parish on the River Great Ouse in the Bedford district of Bedfordshire, England, about north-west of Bedford. Village amenities consist of a pub, Village hall, tennis Club, and golf club...

, Pertenhall
Pertenhall
Pertenhall is a small village and civil parish located in Bedfordshire, close to the borders of Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire. Its parish council is a . It has recently published its Parish Plan which is available on the website...

, Podington
Podington
Podington is a village and civil parish in northwest Bedfordshire in England, United Kingdom. The village is within the electoral ward of Harrold in the Borough of Bedford. Podington lies around northwest of Bedford and is about east of the county border with Northamptonshire...

, Hinwick
Hinwick
Hinwick is a hamlet in northwest Bedfordshire, England, United Kingdom; it is around nine miles north west of Bedford and is about east of the county border with Northamptonshire which is also the postal county. The hamlet is in the parish of Podington, which is sometimes called "Podington and...

 and Farndish
Farndish
Farndish is a very small and rural village in northwest Bedfordshire, located about 500 metres east of the county border with Northamptonshire which is also the postal county. The village is near the Northamptonshire villages of Irchester and Wollaston and the Bedfordshire village of Wymington...

, Thurleigh
Thurleigh
Thurleigh is a village and civil parish in north Bedfordshire, England, about 6 miles north of Bedford. It is home to the Bedford Autodrome which also houses Thurleigh Museum, the Monster Events site which serves the community with Monster Truck, Four-wheel drive & Quad Bike events, and the...

, Turvey, Riseley
Riseley, Bedfordshire
Riseley is a village and civil parish located in North Bedfordshire. The village name has had alternative spellings in the past such as Rislau, Riseleg, Riselai and Risely, however all these spellings are considered archaic...

, Swineshead
Swineshead, Bedfordshire
Swineshead is a civil parish in the borough of Bedford in the county of Bedfordshire, England.-History:The parish of Swineshead is recorded as Suineshefet , Swynesheved , Swineshead . It was an exclave of the county of Huntingdonshire, and surrounded by Bedfordshire, until 1888 or 1896, when it was...

 and Wymington
Wymington
Wymington is a village and civil parish in the Bedfordshire district of Bedford in England. It is in the north of Bedfordshire, near the county border with Northamptonshire, and the nearest town is Rushden in Northants, which it borders to the north...

.

North Bedfordshire Schools Trust

Sharnbrook Upper School, along with its feeder middle and lower schools, form part of the North Bedfordshire Schools Trust (which itself was created out of the former Learning Community 7). 7 of the schools were awarded school trust statuses in April 2007, with further schools in the Sharnbrook catchment were also awarded trust status later in 2008. The schools in bold are middle school
Middle school
Middle School and Junior High School are levels of schooling between elementary and high schools. Most school systems use one term or the other, not both. The terms are not interchangeable...

s, whose pupils move to Sharnbrook after Year 8. Underneath each feeder middle school are the lower schools that feed them. This pyramid of schools constitutes NBST of Bedford LEA.
  • Margaret Beaufort Middle School, Riseley
    Riseley, Bedfordshire
    Riseley is a village and civil parish located in North Bedfordshire. The village name has had alternative spellings in the past such as Rislau, Riseleg, Riselai and Risely, however all these spellings are considered archaic...

    • Eileen Wade Lower School, Upper Dean
      Upper Dean
      Upper Dean is a village located in the Bedford Borough of Bedfordshire, England.The village forms part of the Dean and Shelton civil parish, and is close to the settlements of Melchbourne and Swineshead. Upper Dean is the location of Eileen Wade Lower School....

    • John Gibbard Lower School, Sharnbrook
      Sharnbrook
      Sharnbrook is a village and civil parish located in the Bedford Borough of Bedfordshire, England.The settlement was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a parish within the Hundred of Willey but was probably first developed in Saxon times. The oldest surviving building, St Peter's Church, is...

    • Kymbrook Lower School, Keysoe
      Keysoe
      Keysoe is a village located in the Bedford Borough of Bedfordshire, England.Historically part of the Stodden hundred in Bedfordshire, part of Keysoe was originally located in Huntingdonshire. Today the village forms part of the Bolnhurst and Keysoe civil parish. is based in Keysoe...

    • Riseley Lower School, Riseley
      Riseley
      -People:*Frank Riseley , British tennis player*Martin Riseley , Canadian violinist and concertmaster-Places:*Riseley, Bedfordshire, village in Bedfordshire, England*Riseley, Berkshire, village in Berkshire, England...

    • Thurleigh Lower School, Thurleigh
      Thurleigh
      Thurleigh is a village and civil parish in north Bedfordshire, England, about 6 miles north of Bedford. It is home to the Bedford Autodrome which also houses Thurleigh Museum, the Monster Events site which serves the community with Monster Truck, Four-wheel drive & Quad Bike events, and the...


  • Harrold Priory Middle School
    Harrold Priory Middle School
    Harrold Priory Middle School, sometimes referred to as HPMS, is a middle school in the village of Harrold, Bedfordshire. It is one of the three main feeder schools to Sharnbrook Upper School, along with Lincroft Middle School and Margaret Beaufort Middle School. It opened in 1937 as Harrold County...

    , Harrold
    Harrold, Bedfordshire
    Harrold is a civil parish and electoral ward in the Borough of Bedford within Bedfordshire, England, around nine miles north-west of Bedford. The village is on the north bank of the River Great Ouse, and is the site of an ancient bridge, linking the village with Carlton with Chellington on the...

    • Carlton Lower School, Carlton
      Carlton, Bedfordshire
      Carlton is a village in the Bedford district of Bedfordshire, England, part of the Carlton with Chellington parish with the adjacent village of Chellington. The River Great Ouse runs just to the north of the village. Nearby places are Harrold, Pavenham, Turvey, Lavendon and Little Odell.Carlton...

    • Christopher Reeves VA
      Voluntary aided school
      A voluntary aided school is a state-funded school in England and Wales in which a foundation or trust owns the school buildings, contributes to building costs and has a substantial influence in the running of the school...

       Lower School, Podington
      Podington
      Podington is a village and civil parish in northwest Bedfordshire in England, United Kingdom. The village is within the electoral ward of Harrold in the Borough of Bedford. Podington lies around northwest of Bedford and is about east of the county border with Northamptonshire...

    • Harrold Lower School, Harrold
    • St Lawrence Lower School, Wymington
      Wymington
      Wymington is a village and civil parish in the Bedfordshire district of Bedford in England. It is in the north of Bedfordshire, near the county border with Northamptonshire, and the nearest town is Rushden in Northants, which it borders to the north...

    • Turvey Lower School, Turvey

  • Lincroft Middle School
    Lincroft Middle School
    Lincroft Middle School is a middle school in the village of Oakley in Bedfordshire, England. It was opened in 1963. The school caters for children aged 9–13, in National Curriculum Years 5-8, corresponding to the later parts of Key Stage 2 and the earlier parts of Key Stage 3 .-Feeder lower...

    , Oakley
    Oakley, Bedfordshire
    Oakley is a village and civil parish located in northern Bedfordshire, England, about four miles north west of the county town of Bedford and lies by the River Great Ouse...

    • Bromham Lower School, Bromham
      Bromham, Bedfordshire
      Bromham is a village and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England, west of the town of Bedford. It is within commuting distance to London via Bedford railway station.-Notable features:...

    • Milton Ernest Lower School, Milton Ernest
      Milton Ernest
      Milton Ernest is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England, and is about north of Bedford itself. It has a population of 754...

    • Pinchmill Lower School, Felmersham
      Felmersham
      Felmersham is a village and civil parish in the Bedford district of Bedfordshire, England, on the River Great Ouse, about north west of Bedford. As a civil parish, it includes the hamlet of Radwell, and is sometimes known as Felmersham and Radwell, and has a population of about 800, and is...

    • Oakley Lower School, Oakley
    • Ursula Taylor Lower School, Clapham
      Clapham, Bedfordshire
      Clapham is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England. It has a population of 3,643.-Facilities:Clapham has numerous public houses and several small shops; including a post office, Chinese and Indian takeaways, fish and chips, a florist, a hairdresser and a small...


Secondary school

Bedford Borough Council has decided to implement a two-tier education system in the borough, meaning that Sharnbrook will be converted from an upper school to a secondary school, and take pupils from the age of 11. The changes are due to take effect from September 2014, and will include the school expanding to use the current site of Lincroft Middle School
Lincroft Middle School
Lincroft Middle School is a middle school in the village of Oakley in Bedfordshire, England. It was opened in 1963. The school caters for children aged 9–13, in National Curriculum Years 5-8, corresponding to the later parts of Key Stage 2 and the earlier parts of Key Stage 3 .-Feeder lower...

 to accommodate increased pupil numbers. The status of this change is uncertain due to the loss of the Building Schools for the Future
Building Schools for the Future
Building Schools for the Future is the name of the previous UK Government's investment programme in secondary school buildings in England. The program is very ambitious in its costs, timescales and objectives, with politicians from all English political parties supportive of the principle but...

 funding needed.

However in 2010 the school took academy status which allowed it to remain part of a three tier education system.

Notable alumni

  • Paula Radcliffe
    Paula Radcliffe
    Paula Jane Radcliffe, MBE is an English long-distance runner. She is the current women's world record holder in the marathon with her time of 2:15:25 hours...

    , marathon runner and world record holder
  • Cal Henderson
    Cal Henderson
    Cal Henderson is a British computer programmer and author based in San Francisco. He was educated at Sharnbrook Upper School and Community College....

    , Flickr chief software architect and web developer
  • Henry Luxemburg, actor best known for playing the role of Toby Mills
    Toby Mills
    Tobias "Toby" Alexander Mills is a fictional character from the long-running British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, played by Henry Luxemburg.-Storylines:...

     in the soap opera Hollyoaks
    Hollyoaks
    Hollyoaks is a long-running British television soap opera, first broadcast on Channel 4 on 23 October 1995. It was originally devised by Phil Redmond, who has also devised shows including Brookside and Grange Hill...

  • Oliver Gavin
    Oliver Gavin
    Oliver Benjamin Gavin , is a GM factory racing driver from the United Kingdom. He was raised in the village of Felmersham, Bedfordshire. He attended the local Primary school, Pinchmill. At age nine he attended Lincroft Middle School and then took his GCSEs and A-levels at Sharnbrook Upper School...

    , racing driver
  • Matt Jackson
    Matt Jackson
    Matthew Alan "Matt" Jackson is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender throughout his career and represented and captained England at U21 level.-Career:...

    , professional footballer (Luton, Everton, Charlton (loan), Norwich, QPR (loan), Birmingham (loan) Wigan)
  • Nick Tandy
    Nick Tandy
    Nick Tandy is a professional British racecar driver.-Ministox:Tandy followed brother Joe's route on the motor racing ladder, by starting out as an eleven-year-old in short oval Ministox machinery, in 1996. Immediate success came to him, as he won the Midland region of Ministox...

    , Formula 3 racing driver
  • Sean Longden
    Sean Longden
    Sean Longden is an author and historian who specialises in previously untold stories from World War II , mostly sourced from interviews with veterans...

    , historian and author of To The Victor The Spoils, Hitler's British Slaves and Dunkirk, The Men They Left Behind.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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