Sibley Mill
Encyclopedia
The Sibley Mill is a historic building located on the Augusta Canal
at 1717 Goodrich Street near downtown Augusta, Georgia
. Designed by Jones S. Davis, it was built on a site previously occupied by the Confederate Powderworks
, and was completed in 1882. While the interior is typical of any textile mill of the period, its imposing exterior is notable for an ornate style variously described as eclectic and neo-gothic. Textile products were produced there until 2006, since when the building has been unoccupied. The mill was built to operate on hydropower, and continues to generate electricity today.
in 1878, the Sibley Manufacturing Company was chartered in 1880. Jones S. Davis, the superintendent and architect of the Enterprise, was hired to organize the new mill. He soon produced drawings of a 528 feet long, three story, 24,000 spindle factory with highly ornamental architecture. Funding was raised from investors in Augusta, Savannah, Charleston, New York, and Cincinnati, Ohio (HAER, 2).
Named after the cotton broker, businessman, and civic leader Josiah Sibley, the mill was located at the former site of the Confederate Powderworks refinery building. Half a million bricks from the old Powderworks were bought for the new project at the price of five dollars per thousand, and the Augusta City Council allowed a capacity of up to 2,000 horsepower at an annual water rate of $5.50 per horsepower.
Josiah's son, William C. Sibley was elected President of the new company, and construction began around June 1, 1880 with Jones S. Davis as supervisor (HAER, 3). A fourth story was added during construction, which along with other changes raised the cost estimate from $730,313.08 to $788,452.82. William Sibley's daughter Pearl, who had laid the "corner brick" during a ceremony on 13 October 1880, also laid the last brick January 27, 1882. Water was let into the wheel pit during a grand opening celebration held on 22 February 1882 (HAER, 4). In April, 1882, capital stock was raised to $1,000,000 to cover the finished cost, including 30 tenements for mill workers (HAER, 7).
The mill was originally built to run on hydropower
, transmitted from water turbines throughout the building by mechanical shafting
. The wheel pit was large enough to accommodate twice the capacity required to run the mill. In 1977, three water driven generators were observed with a combined capacity of 2625 kVA (HAER, 6-7).
The tall chimney in front is a relic of the Confederate Powderworks and has no manufacturing function. It is not known why so much effort was put into appearance, and the King Mill which followed shortly is quite austere. The interior is typical of any other textile mill of the period (HAER, 8).
The mill's sound management broke down after the retirement of William C. Sibley in 1896. Sales fell below capacity in 1911. An attempt to recruit immigrant labor from the north failed, as most of these workers left after only a few days. In 1914 the mill was criticised for lack of reinvestment in new machinery. The mill's status in the community declined as the city tried to reposition its image from "the Lowell of the South" to "the Garden City of the South" in order to attract northern winter tourists (HAER, 10).
In 1921 controlling interest was sold to the Graniteville Company, and by 1940 Graniteville had completely absorbed both the Sibley and the Enterprise mills. The last seven company-owned dwellings were sold in 1969 (HAER, 8). Graniteville Company was purchased in turn by Avondale Mills in 1996 (need citation).
Sound management actually became suspect after father Josiah Sibley passed. Mis-management in the early 20th century spurred board members to replace leadership with T.S. Raworth the then paymaster/secretary as President. Shortly thereafter Raworth acquired a controlling interest in the mill and enjoyed numerous years of expanding profitability mainly through a relationship with the Ford Motor Company supplying cotton duck for automobile interiors (having 2 offices in Detroit, MI during this time period) and purchasing inexpensive raw materials from Cuba. During this time many of the homes in the Harrisburg section of Augusta were constructed by the Mill for labor and their families. Additionally, during his tenure Raworth invested in many community businesses to include several insurance companies, banks and savings and loans and was instrumental in erecting modern facilities for the local hospital and assisting the local media company, The Augusta Chronicle/Herald with financial assistance whereby he and other local business leaders acquired the paper and successfully ran it for many years till it was sold to the Morris family who continues to operate the paper. In the early to mid 1920 era Raworth purchased the Tombigbee Mills in Columbia, MS and sold his interest in Sibley Mill to the Verdery family who controlled Enterprise Mill which shortly thereafter disposed of its interest in the mills to the Gregg family which owned the nearby Graniteville Manufacturing Company. The Depression and downturn in cotton goods in the early 1930 era negatively affected mill operations in the Augusta, GA/Clearwater, SC area and its mills.
is presently under construction directly across the Augusta Canal, with architectural elements complementing the Sibley Mill (Augusta Kroc Center web site ... About Us).
Augusta Canal
The Augusta Canal is a historic canal located in Augusta, Georgia. The canal connects two points of the Savannah River. It was devised to harness the power of the fall line of the Savannah River for mills, to provide transportation of goods, and to provide drinking water for the city...
at 1717 Goodrich Street near downtown Augusta, Georgia
Augusta, Georgia
Augusta is a consolidated city in the U.S. state of Georgia, located along the Savannah River. As of the 2010 census, the Augusta–Richmond County population was 195,844 not counting the unconsolidated cities of Hephzibah and Blythe.Augusta is the principal city of the Augusta-Richmond County...
. Designed by Jones S. Davis, it was built on a site previously occupied by the Confederate Powderworks
Confederate Powderworks
The Confederate Powderworks was a gunpowder factory during the American Civil War, the only permanent structures completed by the Confederate States of America. Colonel G.W...
, and was completed in 1882. While the interior is typical of any textile mill of the period, its imposing exterior is notable for an ornate style variously described as eclectic and neo-gothic. Textile products were produced there until 2006, since when the building has been unoccupied. The mill was built to operate on hydropower, and continues to generate electricity today.
Construction
The Augusta Canal was greatly enlarged in 1875 in order to promote industrial development (Cashin, 136-144). After the successful opening of the Enterprise MillEnterprise Mill
The Enterprise Mill is a historical residential and office complex along the Augusta Canal in Augusta, Georgia. Enterprise is located at the corner of Greene Street and 15th Street.-Revitalization:...
in 1878, the Sibley Manufacturing Company was chartered in 1880. Jones S. Davis, the superintendent and architect of the Enterprise, was hired to organize the new mill. He soon produced drawings of a 528 feet long, three story, 24,000 spindle factory with highly ornamental architecture. Funding was raised from investors in Augusta, Savannah, Charleston, New York, and Cincinnati, Ohio (HAER, 2).
Named after the cotton broker, businessman, and civic leader Josiah Sibley, the mill was located at the former site of the Confederate Powderworks refinery building. Half a million bricks from the old Powderworks were bought for the new project at the price of five dollars per thousand, and the Augusta City Council allowed a capacity of up to 2,000 horsepower at an annual water rate of $5.50 per horsepower.
Josiah's son, William C. Sibley was elected President of the new company, and construction began around June 1, 1880 with Jones S. Davis as supervisor (HAER, 3). A fourth story was added during construction, which along with other changes raised the cost estimate from $730,313.08 to $788,452.82. William Sibley's daughter Pearl, who had laid the "corner brick" during a ceremony on 13 October 1880, also laid the last brick January 27, 1882. Water was let into the wheel pit during a grand opening celebration held on 22 February 1882 (HAER, 4). In April, 1882, capital stock was raised to $1,000,000 to cover the finished cost, including 30 tenements for mill workers (HAER, 7).
The mill was originally built to run on hydropower
Hydropower
Hydropower, hydraulic power, hydrokinetic power or water power is power that is derived from the force or energy of falling water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower has been used for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as...
, transmitted from water turbines throughout the building by mechanical shafting
Line shaft
A line shaft is a power transmission system used extensively during the Industrial Revolution. Prior to the widespread use of electric motors small enough to be connected directly to each piece of machinery, line shafting was used to distribute power from a large central power source to machinery...
. The wheel pit was large enough to accommodate twice the capacity required to run the mill. In 1977, three water driven generators were observed with a combined capacity of 2625 kVA (HAER, 6-7).
Architecture
The elaborately decorated exterior of the four story building has been described as 'eclectic' and 'neo-gothic'. Two towers, one containing the bell and the other a water tank, form the central feature. The center of each wing is ornamented by a colorful cast iron coat of arms of the Sibley Family which includes the saying, Esse quam videri, meaning "To be, rather than just seem" (Sibley 1908, 33). Tall iron finials crown each of these features. The entire roof line is attractively crenelated, as is the office building in front.The tall chimney in front is a relic of the Confederate Powderworks and has no manufacturing function. It is not known why so much effort was put into appearance, and the King Mill which followed shortly is quite austere. The interior is typical of any other textile mill of the period (HAER, 8).
Business History
The mill opened with disappointing results in a time of overcapacity, nevertheless in 1884 additional machinery was purchased to bring the complement to 35,136 spindles and 672 looms. Automatic sprinklers were installed after a fire and consequent two month shutdown to repair damage. More machinery and higher demand increased the mill's cotton consumption from 2,153,747 pounds in 1883 to 8,547,016 pounds in 1894. In 1895, machinery was further increased to 40,250 spindles and 1,109 looms. The mill came to be regarded as a well managed and profitable operation, and its reputation was enhanced by its physical appearance (HAER, 5).The mill's sound management broke down after the retirement of William C. Sibley in 1896. Sales fell below capacity in 1911. An attempt to recruit immigrant labor from the north failed, as most of these workers left after only a few days. In 1914 the mill was criticised for lack of reinvestment in new machinery. The mill's status in the community declined as the city tried to reposition its image from "the Lowell of the South" to "the Garden City of the South" in order to attract northern winter tourists (HAER, 10).
In 1921 controlling interest was sold to the Graniteville Company, and by 1940 Graniteville had completely absorbed both the Sibley and the Enterprise mills. The last seven company-owned dwellings were sold in 1969 (HAER, 8). Graniteville Company was purchased in turn by Avondale Mills in 1996 (need citation).
- *NOTE* The following paragraph is very interesting but Wikipedia requires that all material must be attributable to a reliable published source. Please provide sources for the following paragraph. Any material lacking a reliable source directly supporting it may be removed. Please see Wikipedia:Verifiability *NOTE*
Sound management actually became suspect after father Josiah Sibley passed. Mis-management in the early 20th century spurred board members to replace leadership with T.S. Raworth the then paymaster/secretary as President. Shortly thereafter Raworth acquired a controlling interest in the mill and enjoyed numerous years of expanding profitability mainly through a relationship with the Ford Motor Company supplying cotton duck for automobile interiors (having 2 offices in Detroit, MI during this time period) and purchasing inexpensive raw materials from Cuba. During this time many of the homes in the Harrisburg section of Augusta were constructed by the Mill for labor and their families. Additionally, during his tenure Raworth invested in many community businesses to include several insurance companies, banks and savings and loans and was instrumental in erecting modern facilities for the local hospital and assisting the local media company, The Augusta Chronicle/Herald with financial assistance whereby he and other local business leaders acquired the paper and successfully ran it for many years till it was sold to the Morris family who continues to operate the paper. In the early to mid 1920 era Raworth purchased the Tombigbee Mills in Columbia, MS and sold his interest in Sibley Mill to the Verdery family who controlled Enterprise Mill which shortly thereafter disposed of its interest in the mills to the Gregg family which owned the nearby Graniteville Manufacturing Company. The Depression and downturn in cotton goods in the early 1930 era negatively affected mill operations in the Augusta, GA/Clearwater, SC area and its mills.
Closure
When observed in 1977, the mill manufactured denim for Levi-Strauss, using 32,700 spindles and 634 looms to produce 22 million pounds of product per year (HAER, 11). In 1999, carding and spinning operations were discontinued (Augusta Chronicle, 3 September 1999). Denim finishing continued until 2006, when the mill shuttered completely and all processing equipment was removed. Pressure from foreign competition was cited as a cause, as well as the 2005 Graniteville train derailment disaster which damaged upstream processing in Aiken County, SC (Augusta Chronicle, 30 June 2006).Future
In 2010 the idle Sibley Mill was purchased by the Augusta Canal Authority, which continues to operate the hydropower unit (Augusta Chronicle, 31 August 2010). The Authority plans to market the site for redevelopment and to have the site approved under the Brownfield Program pursuant to Georgia's Hazardous Site Reuse and Redevelopment Act (Augusta Chronicle, 10 September 2010 and 23 February 2010). A Kroc CenterKroc Center
A Kroc Center is one of many community centers run by the Salvation Army.-Ray and Joan Kroc Corps Community Centers:...
is presently under construction directly across the Augusta Canal, with architectural elements complementing the Sibley Mill (Augusta Kroc Center web site ... About Us).