Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom

Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and Affiliates (often shortened to Skadden Arps, Skadden, or SASM&F), founded in 1948, is a prominent law firm

Law firm

A law firm is a business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law. The primary service rendered by a law firm is to advise clients about their legal rights and responsibilities, and to represent clients in civil or criminal cases, business transactions, and other...

based in New York City

New York City

New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...

. With over 2,000 attorneys, it is one of the largest and highest-grossing law firms in the world. Forbes
Forbes
Forbes is an American publishing and media company. Its flagship publication, the Forbes magazine, is published biweekly. Its primary competitors in the national business magazine category are Fortune, which is also published biweekly, and Business Week...

magazine calls Skadden "Wall Street

Wall Street

Wall Street refers to the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, or...

's most powerful law firm". In most jurisdictions, the firm is organized as a limited liability partnership

Limited liability partnership

A limited liability partnership is a partnership in which some or all partners have limited liability. It therefore exhibits elements of partnerships and corporations. In an LLP one partner is not responsible or liable for another partner's misconduct or negligence. This is an important...

(LLP). The firm's best-known alumni include former New York Governor

Governor of New York

The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the State of New York. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military and naval forces. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy title of His/Her...

Eliot Spitzer

Eliot Laurence Spitzer is an American lawyer, former Democratic Party politician, and political commentator. He was the co-host of In the Arena, a talk-show and punditry forum broadcast on CNN until CNN cancelled his show in July of 2011...

, and comedian Greg Giraldo

Greg Giraldo

Greg Giraldo was an American stand-up comedian, television personality, and retired lawyer. Giraldo was best known for his appearances on Comedy Central's televised roast specials, and for his work on that network's television shows Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Lewis Black's Root of All Evil, and...

. Chelsea Football Club's Chairman Bruce Buck

Bruce Buck

Bruce M. Buck is an American attorney and founding managing partner of the London office of U.S. law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom . He is also Chairman of Chelsea Football Club...

is a Skadden partner.

Size

Ranking among law firms by revenue

With US$2.2 billion in annual revenue, Skadden is the largest law firm in the U.S. in revenue

Revenue

In business, revenue is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, revenue is referred to as turnover....

. The firm has held this position for ten years running and in 1999 became the first law firm to exceed US$1 billion in annual revenue. Its revenue also makes Skadden the third largest law firm in the world, behind two U.K. firms.

Ranking among law firms by number of attorneys

Skadden has about 1,886 attorneys in 23 offices. The total number of employees is nearly 4,200. In number of attorneys, Skadden is the second-largest law firm in the state of New York, the sixth largest in the United States, and the tenth largest in the world.

In 2010, the National Law Journal ranked Skadden 6th in its list of the 250 largest law firms in the United States.

Despite its size, Skadden has been distinguished by its refusal to expand by mergers with other law firms or large acquisitions of practice groups. The firm has never acquired a practice group larger than six attorneys, in sharp contrast with rivals such as Baker & McKenzie

Baker & McKenzie

Baker & McKenzie is an international law firm, founded in Chicago in 1949 by Russell Baker and John McKenzie. It is home to more than 3,800 lawyers spread over 70 offices in 42 different countries....

, which has repeatedly absorbed local practices, or DLA Piper

DLA Piper

DLA Piper is a global law firm with 76 offices across 30 countries and more than 4,200 lawyers. As of May 2011, it was the largest law firm in the world by number of attorneys. The firm's global revenues were $1.92 billion in 2009-2010. The firm is composed of two partnerships, DLA Piper...

and Clifford Chance

Clifford Chance

Clifford Chance LLP is a global law firm headquartered in London, United Kingdom and a member of the 'Magic Circle' of leading UK law firms. It is one of the ten largest law firms in the world measured by both number of lawyers and revenue...

, which are the products of large mergers (often across national and continental borders). This consistent approach to the selection and training of its attorneys has helped Skadden to avoid the charges of varying quality across offices often faced by comparably-sized firms.

Ranking among all private U.S. companies by revenue

In 1995, Forbes Largest Private Companies ranked Skadden as 335th largest all private U.S. companies by revenue, by 2003 Skadden had risen to 194th before falling back to 213th in 2010.

Reputation

In addition to its headquarters in New York — the largest single law office in the U.S. — Skadden's domestic practice is particularly renowned in its Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston

Boston

Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...

, Wilmington

Wilmington, Delaware

Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States, and is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine Creek, near where the Christina flows into the Delaware River. It is the county seat of New Castle County and one of the major cities in the Delaware Valley...

and Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....

, offices. Internationally, the firm also has particularly high-profile overseas practices in London, Frankfurt

Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main , commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2010 population of 688,249. The urban area had an estimated population of 2,300,000 in 2010...

, Munich

Munich

Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...

, Tokyo, and Hong Kong.

Among Skadden's main practice areas are mergers and acquisitions

Mergers and acquisitions

Mergers and acquisitions refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying, selling, dividing and combining of different companies and similar entities that can help an enterprise grow rapidly in its sector or location of origin, or a new field or...

(M&A), litigation, securities law

Security (finance)

A security is generally a fungible, negotiable financial instrument representing financial value. Securities are broadly categorized into:* debt securities ,* equity securities, e.g., common stocks; and,...

, taxation, and bankruptcy

Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is a legal status of an insolvent person or an organisation, that is, one that cannot repay the debts owed to creditors. In most jurisdictions bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor....

representation. The firm has counted a majority of the Fortune 500's top 50 companies as clients. Skadden has been selected for each of the past six years as the best corporate law firm in the U.S. according to a survey of 1,390 directors and 279 general counsel of publicly traded companies by Corporate Board Member magazine and FTI Consulting.

Although called a sweatshop by some, Skadden is also known for its generous attorney compensation. Like other top national firms, it pays its first-year associates $160,000. This does not include the annual discretionary bonus.

Layoffs, Deferrals, and Skadden "Sidebar" and "Sidebar Plus"

Skadden has engaged in several rounds of layoffs, affecting staff attorneys and support staff. There is no evidence that Skadden has laid off any associate attorneys. But in March 2009, it instituted a "Sidebar Plus" program. The "Sidebar" program at Skadden has been in existence for a number of years and permits attorneys to take up to two years off to pursue personal interests. The "Sidebar" program, in contrast to the "Sidebar Plus" program, does not typically give participants any benefits other than a guaranteed job offer. Under the "Sidebar Plus" program, associates may leave the firm for up to a year to pursue public interest or other opportunities and receive one-third of their base salary, student loan payments, and reimbursement of COBRA payments during this time. Incoming associates of the Class of 2009 may also participate in the program and defer their start dates until 2010. The program is currently voluntary. It has been praised as an innovative and creative response to the recession by some while others express skepticism and question whether the firm is going to welcome these associates back. The Summer Class of 2009 will not be starting as full-time attorneys in 2010. It has been deferred until 2011.

Key people

As of February 2011, there are 432 partners at Skadden. Unlike some firms which have introduced two-tier partnerships with equity and non-equity partners

Equity partner

An equity partner is a partner in a partnership who is a part owner of the business, and is entitled to a proportion of the distributable profits of the partnership...

, Skadden maintains a one-tier partnership, in which all partners are equity partners and share ownership of the firm. Among the more notable partners are:

Greg Craig
Greg Craig
Gregory Bestor "Greg" Craig is a Washington-based lawyer and former White House Counsel under President Barack Obama. He has represented numerous high-profile clients, including John W. Hinckley, Jr., who was acquitted of the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan by reason of insanity, and, in...

, former White House Counsel to President Obama, heads the firm's global policy and litigation strategy group.
Judith Kaye
Judith Kaye
Judith S. Kaye is a retired New York judge who served as Chief Judge of New York from March 23, 1993 until December 31, 2008. She was the first woman to occupy the State Judiciary's highest office.-Early life and education:...

, former Chief Judge of the State of New York, is of counsel, and in March 2010 was tapped to lead the investigation of New York Governor David Patterson.

History

1948 — The firm was founded in New York by Marshall Skadden, John Slate and Les Arps.
1954 — Joseph Flom became a partner.
1959 — Bill Meagher joined the firm. Elizabeth Head, the firm's first female attorney, was hired.
1961 — The firm's name became Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom.
1973 — The firm opened its Boston office, the firm's second.
1981 — Peggy Kerr became the first female partner.
1985 — Skadden became one of the U.S.'s three largest law firms.
1987 — The firm opened its first international office in Tokyo.
1988 — The firm founded the Skadden Fellowship Foundation.
2000 — New York City headquarters moved to Four Times Square, also called the Condé Nast Building
Condé Nast Building
The Condé Nast Building, officially 4 Times Square, is a modern skyscraper in Times Square in Midtown Manhattan. Located on Broadway between 42nd Street and 43rd, the structure was finished in January 2000 as part of a larger project to redevelop 42nd Street...

.
2011 — Joseph Flom, the last living name partner dies.

Locations

Skadden has 24 offices world wide. It has nine offices in the United States of America including the headquarters in New York

New York

New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...

, one in Toronto

Toronto

Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from...

, Canada and one in São Paulo

São Paulo

São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...

, Brazil

Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

. Outside the Americas, Skadden has seven offices in Europe

Europe

Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...

, five in Asia

Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...

and one in Sydney

Sydney

Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...

, Australia.

Skadden Fellowship Foundation

Through the Skadden Fellowship Foundation, the firm sponsors law school graduates who wish to practice public interest law. The foundation

Foundation (charity)

A foundation is a legal categorization of nonprofit organizations that will typically either donate funds and support to other organizations, or provide the source of funding for its own charitable purposes....

was established in 1988 at the time of the firm's 40th anniversary. The Los Angeles Times
Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the second-largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008 and the fourth most widely distributed newspaper in the country....

has called the program "a legal Peace Corps." Fellow

Fellow

A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. The term fellow is also used to describe a person, particularly by those in the upper social classes. It is most often used in an academic context: a fellow is often part of an elite group of learned people who are awarded...

s work with a sponsoring organization in the field of providing legal services to the poor

Poverty

Poverty is the lack of a certain amount of material possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution is inability to afford basic human needs, which commonly includes clean and fresh water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing and shelter. About 1.7 billion people are estimated to live...

, the elderly

Old age

Old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the average life span of human beings, and thus the end of the human life cycle...

, the homeless

Homelessness

Homelessness describes the condition of people without a regular dwelling. People who are homeless are unable or unwilling to acquire and maintain regular, safe, and adequate housing, or lack "fixed, regular, and adequate night-time residence." The legal definition of "homeless" varies from country...

, the disabled

Disability

A disability may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental or some combination of these.Many people would rather be referred to as a person with a disability instead of handicapped...

, and the disenfranchised

Disfranchisement

Disfranchisement is the revocation of the right of suffrage of a person or group of people, or rendering a person's vote less effective, or ineffective...

. Skadden pays fellows a salary

Salary

A salary is a form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract. It is contrasted with piece wages, where each job, hour or other unit is paid separately, rather than on a periodic basis....

of $46,000 (as of 2006), plus all fringe benefits the sponsoring organization offers its employees. As of 2006, the firm has awarded 473 fellowships.

Notable alumni

In addition to numerous professors and partners, both at Skadden and other firms, some of the more notable former Skadden attorneys include:

Preeta D. Bansal
Preeta D. Bansal
Preeta D. Bansal is an American lawyer who served as the General Counsel to the federal Office of Management and Budget from 2009 until announcing her departure for an undisclosed think tank in June 2011...

, former General Counsel for the federal Office of Management and Budget; former Solicitor General of the State of New York
George B. Daniels
George B. Daniels
George B. Daniels is a United States federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.Daniels was born in Allendale, South Carolina. He received a B.A. from Yale University in 1975. He received a J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, Boalt Hall...

, judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York is a federal district court. Appeals from the Southern District of New York are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (in case...

(2000–)
Mark Filip
Mark Filip
Mark Filip is a former Deputy Attorney General of the United States, and in that capacity served as Acting Attorney General from January 20 to February 3, 2009...

, former Acting Attorney General and Deputy Attorney General of the United States; former judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
The United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois is the trial-level court with jurisdiction over the northern counties of Illinois....
Greg Giraldo
Greg Giraldo
Greg Giraldo was an American stand-up comedian, television personality, and retired lawyer. Giraldo was best known for his appearances on Comedy Central's televised roast specials, and for his work on that network's television shows Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, Lewis Black's Root of All Evil, and...

, international comedian
Eliot Spitzer
Eliot Spitzer
Eliot Laurence Spitzer is an American lawyer, former Democratic Party politician, and political commentator. He was the co-host of In the Arena, a talk-show and punditry forum broadcast on CNN until CNN cancelled his show in July of 2011...

, former Governor of New York
Governor of New York
The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the State of New York. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military and naval forces. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy title of His/Her...

, and his wife, Silda Wall Spitzer
Silda Wall Spitzer
Silda Alice Wall Spitzer is the founder and chair of the board of Children for Children, a not-for-profit organization that fosters community involvement and social responsibility in young people...
Leo Strine
Leo E. Strine, Jr.
Leo E. Strine, Jr. is a judge in the state of Delaware. He serves on Delaware's Court of Chancery with the title of Chancellor.-Career:Strine graduated magna cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1988 with his J.D., after having received his B.A. summa cum laude from the...

, Chancellor (2011–) and former Vice-Chancellor (1998–2011), Delaware Court of Chancery
Delaware Court of Chancery
The Delaware Court of Chancery is a court of equity in the American state of Delaware. It is one of Delaware's three constitutional courts, along with the Supreme Court and Superior Court.-Jurisdiction:...
Laura Ingraham
Laura Ingraham
Laura Anne Ingraham is an American radio host, author, and conservative political commentator. Her nationally syndicated talk show, The Laura Ingraham Show, airs throughout the United States on Talk Radio Network...

, conservative talk radio host
Chad S. Johnson
Chad S. Johnson
Chad S. Johnson , a Harvard-educated attorney, served as the Executive Director of National Stonewall Democrats from October 2, 2001 to January 1, 2003...

, former President of the Stonewall Democrats
Stonewall Democrats
The National Stonewall Democrats is an LGBT-rights group based in Washington, D.C. with a political affiliation to the Democratic Party. The word "Stonewall" in its name refers to the 1969 Stonewall riots, a pivotal event in the history of gay rights....
Faryar Shirzad
Faryar Shirzad
Faryar Shirzad formerly served on the staff of the National Security Council at the White House from March 2003 through August 2006, first as a special assistant to the President for International Economic Affairs, and then as deputy assistant to the President and deputy national security advisor...

, Managing Director and Global Head of Government Affairs at Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American multinational bulge bracket investment banking and securities firm that engages in global investment banking, securities, investment management, and other financial services primarily with institutional clients...
Keith Gottfried
Keith Gottfried
Keith E. Gottfried is an American lawyer, most notably nominated by President George W. Bush on July 29, 2005, and unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate on October 7, 2005, to serve as General Counsel for the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development .- Background :Keith...

, General Counsel for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2005–)
John Feerick
John Feerick
John D. Feerick is a law professor at Fordham University School of Law in New York City. He served as the school's eighth dean from 1982-2002. From 2002-2004, he was the Leonard F. Manning Professor of Law at Fordham, and in 2004 was named to the Sidney C. Norris Chair of Law in Public Service...

, former Dean of Fordham University School of Law
Fordham University School of Law
Fordham University School of Law is a part of Fordham University in the United States. The School is located in the Borough of Manhattan in New York City, and is one of eight ABA-approved law schools in that city.-Overview:According to the U.S. News & World Report, 1,516 J.D. students attend...
Robert Del Tufo
Robert Del Tufo
Robert J. Del Tufo was the Attorney General of New Jersey from 1990 – 1993.-Biography:Del Tufo was born in 1933 in Newark, New Jersey to Raymond and Mary Del Tufo. His older brother, Raymond Del Tufo, Jr., would later serve as U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey. He graduated from...

, former New Jersey Attorney General
New Jersey Attorney General
The Attorney General of New Jersey is a member of the executive cabinet of the state. The office is appointed by the Governor of New Jersey and term limited...
Douglas Rediker
Douglas Rediker
Douglas Rediker is a member of the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund representing the United States. He was nominated by President Barack Obama on December 2, 2009...

, U.S. Alternate Executive Director, International Monetary Fund
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund is an organization of 187 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world...

(2010–)
Mary L. Smith
Mary L. Smith
Mary L. Smith is an American lawyer and current official in the United States Department of Justice Civil Division. From 2009 until August 2010, she had been a presidential nominee to be the Assistant Attorney General for the Tax Division of the United States Department of Justice...

, current official, United States Department of Justice Civil Division
United States Department of Justice Civil Division
The United States Department of Justice Civil Division represents the United States, its departments and agencies, Members of Congress, Cabinet officers and other Federal employees...

; former nominee, Assistant Attorney General, United States Department of Justice
United States Department of Justice
The United States Department of Justice , is the United States federal executive department responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice, equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries.The Department is led by the Attorney General, who is nominated...

Tax Division
Robert W. Sweet
Robert W. Sweet
Robert Workman Sweet is an American jurist and currently a senior United States federal judge serving on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.-Early life and career:...

, judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York is a federal district court. Appeals from the Southern District of New York are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (in case...

(1978–, senior status 1991–)
William H. Timbers
William H. Timbers
William Homer Timbers was a longtime federal judge in the United States.Timbers graduated from Dartmouth College and Yale Law School. He spent many years in private practice in New York City and Stamford, Connecticut, including several years as a member of the firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate & Timbers...

, former judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals...

(1971–1981, senior status 1981–1994); Chief Judge (1964–1971), judge (1960–1971), United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
The United States District Court for the District of Connecticut is the Federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of Connecticut. The court has offices in Bridgeport, Hartford and New Haven. Appeals from the court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit...

Political contributions

Skadden partners and employees tend to support and contribute more to Democratic political candidates than to Republicans.

Prominent lawyers at the firm endorsed and financially supported John Kerry

John Kerry

John Forbes Kerry is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, the 10th most senior U.S. Senator and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was the presidential nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2004 presidential election, but lost to former President George W...

in his campaign to become president of the United States in 2004.

In the run-up to Super Tuesday

Super Tuesday

In the United States, Super Tuesday, in general, refers to the Tuesday in February or March of a presidential election year when the greatest number of states hold primary elections to select delegates to national conventions at which each party's presidential candidates are officially nominated...

, 2008, Skadden hosted a phone bank in support of Barack Obama

Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.Born in...

Thomson Financial League Tables

Controversy

The Skadden Insider was a fairly innocuous blog

Blog

A blog is a type of website or part of a website supposed to be updated with new content from time to time. Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in...

, with few posts and little revelation. The blog is purportedly operated by two associates of the firm, as yet anonymous. The Skadden Insider was little known until the operators decided to conduct a poll to crown the hottest female associate, with the hottest male associates, female partners, male partners, and summer associates to be selected in subsequent months. The blog's contest became very public after a memo to all of Skadden's U.S. attorneys from firm of counsel and employment advisor Hank Baer was leaked to the media. In the memo, Baer chastised the "insiders" for not upholding the firm's values and professionalism.

External links

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