Social Threefolding
Encyclopedia
Social threefolding is a sociological theory that suggests increasing the independence of society's three primary realms (economy
, politics
and culture
) in such a way that those three realms can mutually correct each other in an ongoing process. The movement aims for equality of rights in political life, freedom in cultural life, and associative cooperation in economic life. It originated out of the philosophy of Anthroposophy
founded by Rudolf Steiner
. Steiner held that it is socially destructive when one of the three spheres attempts to dominate the others; for example, theocracy means a cultural impulse dominates economy and politics; conventional shareholder capitalism means economic life dominates the polity and culture; and state socialism means government dominates culture and economy. A more specific example: Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter has suggested that governments frequently fail when they begin to give "discretionary, particularly preferential privileges to competitive industry." Steiner said the three social spheres had very gradually, over thousands of years, been growing independent of each other, and would naturally tend to continue to do so. Consciously effecting stages of this independence thus works in accordance with society's natural evolution, and gradually leads society beyond the three forms of domination mentioned.
Many institutions have striven to realize a relative independence of the three spheres within their own structures; the Waldorf schools deserve special mention in this regard. Another application has been the creation of various socially-responsible banks and foundations. Though many concrete reform proposals to advance a "threefold social order" at various scales have been advanced, Steiner emphasized that the specifics of how this could best be done are contingent on the particular situation. Bernard Lievegoed
incorporated significant aspects of social threefolding in his work on organizational development.
, Steiner spoke increasingly often of the dangerous tensions inherent in the contemporary societal structures and political entanglements. He suggested that a collapse of traditional social forms was imminent, and that every aspect of society would soon have to be built up consciously rather than relying on the inheritance of the past. After the war, he saw a unique opportunity to establish a healthy social and political constitution and began lecturing throughout post-war Germany
, often to extremely large audiences, about his social ideas. These were taken up by a number of prominent cultural and political leaders of the time, but did not succeed in affecting the reconstitution of Germany that was taking place at the time.
After the failure of this political initiative, Steiner ceased lecturing on the subject. The impulse continued to be active in other ways, however, in particular through economic initiatives that were intended to provide support for non-governmental cultural organizations. Banks, such as;
All were later founded to provide loans (and sometimes grants) to socially relevant and ethically responsible initiatives. Steiner himself saw the continuation of this impulse in the Waldorf schools, the first of which also opened in 1919.
He suggested that the three would only function together harmoniously when each was granted sufficient independence. This has become known as "social threefolding".
A government
should not be able to control culture; i.e., how people think, learn, or worship. A particular religion
or ideology
should not control the levers of the State. Steiner held that pluralism and freedom were the ideal for education
and cultural life. Concerning children, Steiner held that all families, not just those with economic means, should be enabled to choose among a wide variety of independent, non-government schools from kindergarten through high school.
The fact that places of worship do not make the ability to enter and participate depend on the ability to pay, and that libraries and some museums are open to all free of charge, is in tune with Steiner’s notion of a separation between cultural and economic life. In a similar spirit, Steiner held that all families, not just those with the economic means, should have freedom of choice in education and access to independent, non-government schools for their children. Other examples: A corporation
should not be able to control the cultural sphere by using economic power to bribe schools into accepting ‘educational’ programs larded with advertising
, or by paying scientists to produce research results favorable to the business’s economic interests.
A rich man should be prevented from buying politicians and laws.
A politician shouldn’t be able to parlay his political position into riches earned by doing favors for businessmen. Slavery is unjust, because it takes something political, a person’s inalienable rights, and absorbs them into the economic process of buying and selling. Steiner said, "In the old days, there were slaves. The entire man was sold as commodity... Today, capitalism is the power through which still a remnant of the human being—his labor power—is stamped with the character of a commodity." Yet Steiner held that the solution that state socialism gives to this problem only makes it worse.
By contrast, uncoerced, freely self-organizing forms of cooperative economic life, in a society where there is freedom of speech, of culture, and of religion, will 1) make State intervention in the economy less necessary or called for, and 2) will tend to permit economic interests of a broader, more public-spirited sort to play a greater role in relations extending from the economy to the State. Those two changes will keep State and economy apart more than can absolute economic competition in which economic special interests corrupt the State and make it too often resemble a mere appendage of the economy. The latter corruption leads in turn to a pendulum swing in the opposite direction: government forces, sometimes with the best of intentions, seek to turn the economy increasingly into a mere appendage of the State. State and economy thus merge through an endless iteration of pendulum swings from one to the other, increasingly becoming corrupt appendages of each other.
State and economy, given increased separateness through a self-organizing and voluntarily more cooperative economic life, can increasingly check, balance, and correct each other for the sake of continual human progress. Steiner held that the place of the State, vis-a-vis the self-organizing, cooperative economy, is not to own the economy or run it, but to regulate/deregulate it, enforce laws, and protect human rights as determined by the state's open democratic process. Steiner emphasized that none of these proposals would be successful unless the cultural sphere of society maintained and increased its own freedom and autonomy vis-a-vis economic and State power. Nothing would work without spiritual, cultural, and intellectual freedom.
Cooperative forms of capitalism are more widespread now than they were in Steiner's time, so perhaps there is reason to expect their continued expansion and growing sophistication, as Steiner hoped and advocated. One example is the Mondragon Industrial Cooperatives (started by Catholic priest José Mª Arizmendiarrieta, who was not associated with Steiner, but whose economic views overlapped in some important ways with Steiner's economic views). By the end of 2010, the Mondragon Industrial Cooperatives employed over 80,000 people.
Money could be defined as: 'A token or representation of the work done for society by a business or individual; the amount society is indebted to the individual in services'. Money is earned through effort by the individual/business carrying out work for society, i.e. producing a product.
Dr D. Brüll suggested that all the profits from businesses - i.e. what remains after the workers have been paid a share and loans and interest have been paid back - should be freely donated to education and cultural endeavors.
According to social three-folding giving rights of all profits to shareholders leads to an unhealthy social organism.
In 'Maatschappijstructuren in beweging' it states that "In business profits are made through creativity and inspiration. People get creativity and inspiration from the cultural realm. It therefore makes sense to return the profit back to the cultural realm of society. Taxes are a form of forced donation, it acts as a pump forcing profits from businesses into the cultural realm. It means, since taxes are controlled by the government, that the cultural realm is indirectly controlled by the government, which leads to an unhealthy social organism."
According to social three-folding, in a healthy social organism money ideally should be donated in freedom to the cultural sphere.
According to Steiner, these values, each one applied to its proper social realm, would tend to keep the cultural, economic and political realms from merging unjustly, and allow these realms and their respective values to check, balance and correct one another. The result would be a society-wide separation of powers. Steiner argued that increased autonomy for the three spheres would not eliminate their mutual influence, but would cause that influence to be exerted in a more healthy and legitimate manner, because the increased separation would prevent any one of the three spheres from dominating. In the past, according to Steiner, lack of autonomy had tended to make each sphere merge in a servile or domineering way with the others. Among the various kinds of macrosocial imbalance Steiner observed, there were three major types:
Steiner points toward social conditions where domination by any one sphere is increasingly reduced, so that theocracy, state socialism, and traditional forms of capitalism might all be gradually transcended.
For Steiner, threefolding was not a social recipe or blueprint. It could not be "implemented" like some utopian program in a day, a decade, or even a century. It was a complex open process that began thousands of years ago and that he thought was likely to continue for thousands more.
-- non-profits that for the most part are independent of both the State and the economic life—are globally on the rise. This is seen by some observers as a sign of the cultural realm developing independence from governmental and economic institutions.
, winner of the alternative Nobel prize, has recently (in 2009) announced his candidacy for the presidency of the Philippines. Perlas has developed and applied Steiner's social threefolding ideas for decades.
Books, journals and articles
Training programs
Economy
An economy consists of the economic system of a country or other area; the labor, capital and land resources; and the manufacturing, trade, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area...
, politics
Politics
Politics is a process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the...
and culture
Culture
Culture is a term that has many different inter-related meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions...
) in such a way that those three realms can mutually correct each other in an ongoing process. The movement aims for equality of rights in political life, freedom in cultural life, and associative cooperation in economic life. It originated out of the philosophy of Anthroposophy
Anthroposophy
Anthroposophy, a philosophy founded by Rudolf Steiner, postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world accessible to direct experience through inner development...
founded by Rudolf Steiner
Rudolf Steiner
Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner was an Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect, and esotericist. He gained initial recognition as a literary critic and cultural philosopher...
. Steiner held that it is socially destructive when one of the three spheres attempts to dominate the others; for example, theocracy means a cultural impulse dominates economy and politics; conventional shareholder capitalism means economic life dominates the polity and culture; and state socialism means government dominates culture and economy. A more specific example: Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter has suggested that governments frequently fail when they begin to give "discretionary, particularly preferential privileges to competitive industry." Steiner said the three social spheres had very gradually, over thousands of years, been growing independent of each other, and would naturally tend to continue to do so. Consciously effecting stages of this independence thus works in accordance with society's natural evolution, and gradually leads society beyond the three forms of domination mentioned.
Many institutions have striven to realize a relative independence of the three spheres within their own structures; the Waldorf schools deserve special mention in this regard. Another application has been the creation of various socially-responsible banks and foundations. Though many concrete reform proposals to advance a "threefold social order" at various scales have been advanced, Steiner emphasized that the specifics of how this could best be done are contingent on the particular situation. Bernard Lievegoed
Bernard Lievegoed
Bernardus Cornelis Johannes Lievegoed was a Dutch medical doctor, psychiatrist and author. He is most famous for establishing a theory of organizational development. He founded the N.P.I., or Netherlands Pedagogical Institute, which works with organizations and individuals to help these realize...
incorporated significant aspects of social threefolding in his work on organizational development.
Historical Origins
Prior to the end of World War IWorld War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, Steiner spoke increasingly often of the dangerous tensions inherent in the contemporary societal structures and political entanglements. He suggested that a collapse of traditional social forms was imminent, and that every aspect of society would soon have to be built up consciously rather than relying on the inheritance of the past. After the war, he saw a unique opportunity to establish a healthy social and political constitution and began lecturing throughout post-war Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, often to extremely large audiences, about his social ideas. These were taken up by a number of prominent cultural and political leaders of the time, but did not succeed in affecting the reconstitution of Germany that was taking place at the time.
After the failure of this political initiative, Steiner ceased lecturing on the subject. The impulse continued to be active in other ways, however, in particular through economic initiatives that were intended to provide support for non-governmental cultural organizations. Banks, such as;
- The GLS GemeinschaftsbankGLS bankThe GLS Bank is a German bank that was founded in 1974 as an anthroposophical initiative. It was the first bank in Germany that operated with an ethical philosophy. According to GLS Bank, its focus is on cultural, social and ecological initiatives, initiated by people, and not anonymous interests...
(Community Bank) in BochumBochumBochum is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, western Germany. It is located in the Ruhr area and is surrounded by the cities of Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Herne, Castrop-Rauxel, Dortmund, Witten and Hattingen.-History:...
, Germany - Triodos BankTriodos BankTriodos Bank N.V. is a bank based in the Netherlands with branches in Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom and Spain. It is a pioneer in ethical banking. Triodos Bank finances companies which it thinks add cultural value and benefit both people and the environment...
in the United KingdomUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
and the NetherlandsNetherlandsThe Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders... - The Rudolf Steiner Foundation in the United States
All were later founded to provide loans (and sometimes grants) to socially relevant and ethically responsible initiatives. Steiner himself saw the continuation of this impulse in the Waldorf schools, the first of which also opened in 1919.
Three realms of society
Steiner distinguished three realms of society:- the economyEconomyAn economy consists of the economic system of a country or other area; the labor, capital and land resources; and the manufacturing, trade, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area...
; - politicsPoliticsPolitics is a process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the...
and human rightsHuman rightsHuman rights are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." Human rights are thus conceived as universal and egalitarian . These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national...
; and - cultural institutionsCultureCulture is a term that has many different inter-related meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions...
, including science, education, arts and religion.
He suggested that the three would only function together harmoniously when each was granted sufficient independence. This has become known as "social threefolding".
Separation between the state and cultural life
Examples:A government
Government
Government refers to the legislators, administrators, and arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a state at a given time, and to the system of government by which they are organized...
should not be able to control culture; i.e., how people think, learn, or worship. A particular religion
Religion
Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to...
or ideology
Ideology
An ideology is a set of ideas that constitutes one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things , as in common sense and several philosophical tendencies , or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to...
should not control the levers of the State. Steiner held that pluralism and freedom were the ideal for education
Education
Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts...
and cultural life. Concerning children, Steiner held that all families, not just those with economic means, should be enabled to choose among a wide variety of independent, non-government schools from kindergarten through high school.
Separation between the economy and cultural life
Examples:The fact that places of worship do not make the ability to enter and participate depend on the ability to pay, and that libraries and some museums are open to all free of charge, is in tune with Steiner’s notion of a separation between cultural and economic life. In a similar spirit, Steiner held that all families, not just those with the economic means, should have freedom of choice in education and access to independent, non-government schools for their children. Other examples: A corporation
Corporation
A corporation is created under the laws of a state as a separate legal entity that has privileges and liabilities that are distinct from those of its members. There are many different forms of corporations, most of which are used to conduct business. Early corporations were established by charter...
should not be able to control the cultural sphere by using economic power to bribe schools into accepting ‘educational’ programs larded with advertising
Advertising
Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common...
, or by paying scientists to produce research results favorable to the business’s economic interests.
Separation between the state and the economy
Examples:A rich man should be prevented from buying politicians and laws.
A politician shouldn’t be able to parlay his political position into riches earned by doing favors for businessmen. Slavery is unjust, because it takes something political, a person’s inalienable rights, and absorbs them into the economic process of buying and selling. Steiner said, "In the old days, there were slaves. The entire man was sold as commodity... Today, capitalism is the power through which still a remnant of the human being—his labor power—is stamped with the character of a commodity." Yet Steiner held that the solution that state socialism gives to this problem only makes it worse.
Cooperative economic life
Steiner advocated cooperative forms of capitalism (what might today be called stakeholder capitalism) because conventional shareholder capitalism and state socialism, though in different ways, tend to absorb the State and human rights into the economic process and transform laws into mere commodities. Steiner rejects state socialism because of that, but also because it reduces the vitality of the economic process. Yet Steiner disagrees with the kind of libertarian view that holds that the way to keep the State and the economy apart is through absolute economic competition. For one thing, under absolute competition, the most dominant economic forces tend to corrupt and take over the State, in that respect merging State and economy. Second, the State tends to fight back counter-productively under such circumstances by increasingly taking over the economy and merging with it, in a mostly doomed attempt to ameliorate the sense of injustice that emerges when special economic interests take over the State.By contrast, uncoerced, freely self-organizing forms of cooperative economic life, in a society where there is freedom of speech, of culture, and of religion, will 1) make State intervention in the economy less necessary or called for, and 2) will tend to permit economic interests of a broader, more public-spirited sort to play a greater role in relations extending from the economy to the State. Those two changes will keep State and economy apart more than can absolute economic competition in which economic special interests corrupt the State and make it too often resemble a mere appendage of the economy. The latter corruption leads in turn to a pendulum swing in the opposite direction: government forces, sometimes with the best of intentions, seek to turn the economy increasingly into a mere appendage of the State. State and economy thus merge through an endless iteration of pendulum swings from one to the other, increasingly becoming corrupt appendages of each other.
State and economy, given increased separateness through a self-organizing and voluntarily more cooperative economic life, can increasingly check, balance, and correct each other for the sake of continual human progress. Steiner held that the place of the State, vis-a-vis the self-organizing, cooperative economy, is not to own the economy or run it, but to regulate/deregulate it, enforce laws, and protect human rights as determined by the state's open democratic process. Steiner emphasized that none of these proposals would be successful unless the cultural sphere of society maintained and increased its own freedom and autonomy vis-a-vis economic and State power. Nothing would work without spiritual, cultural, and intellectual freedom.
Cooperative forms of capitalism are more widespread now than they were in Steiner's time, so perhaps there is reason to expect their continued expansion and growing sophistication, as Steiner hoped and advocated. One example is the Mondragon Industrial Cooperatives (started by Catholic priest José Mª Arizmendiarrieta, who was not associated with Steiner, but whose economic views overlapped in some important ways with Steiner's economic views). By the end of 2010, the Mondragon Industrial Cooperatives employed over 80,000 people.
Three realms of money
Dr D. Brüll, a co-founder of the Triodos bank, did work on social three-folding and its relationship to money in a study group. Several books were published on this by Dr D. Brüll and his colleagues in the Netherlands. Similar work has been done by Michael Spence, an English author.Money could be defined as: 'A token or representation of the work done for society by a business or individual; the amount society is indebted to the individual in services'. Money is earned through effort by the individual/business carrying out work for society, i.e. producing a product.
Consumption
Money used to purchase goods is earned by doing services for society and can be exchanged for services or consumables in society.Loans
Money lent to fund economic ventures has been earned by individuals or businesses who have chosen to use it for this purpose rather than to purchase consumables. This includes capital venture, which is effectively a loan which gives rights of all or a share of the profits to a funder.Donations
The cultural realm (education, religion, research etc.) by businesses and individuals is largely supported by donations.Dr D. Brüll suggested that all the profits from businesses - i.e. what remains after the workers have been paid a share and loans and interest have been paid back - should be freely donated to education and cultural endeavors.
According to social three-folding giving rights of all profits to shareholders leads to an unhealthy social organism.
In 'Maatschappijstructuren in beweging' it states that "In business profits are made through creativity and inspiration. People get creativity and inspiration from the cultural realm. It therefore makes sense to return the profit back to the cultural realm of society. Taxes are a form of forced donation, it acts as a pump forcing profits from businesses into the cultural realm. It means, since taxes are controlled by the government, that the cultural realm is indirectly controlled by the government, which leads to an unhealthy social organism."
According to social three-folding, in a healthy social organism money ideally should be donated in freedom to the cultural sphere.
Education's relation to the state and the economy
Steiner’s view of education’s social position calls for special comment. For Steiner, separation of the cultural sphere from the political and economic spheres meant education should be available to all children regardless of the ability of families to pay for it and, on the elementary and secondary level, should be provided for by private and|or state scholarships that a family could direct to the school of its choice. Steiner was a supporter of educational freedom, but was flexible, and understood that a few legal restrictions on schools (such as health and safety laws), provided they were kept to an absolute minimum, would be necessary and justified."Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Steiner held that the French Revolution's slogan, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, expressed in an unconscious way the distinct needs of the three social spheres at the present time:- Liberty in cultural life (education, science, art, religion),
- Equality in a democratic political life, and
- Uncoerced solidarity in economic life.
According to Steiner, these values, each one applied to its proper social realm, would tend to keep the cultural, economic and political realms from merging unjustly, and allow these realms and their respective values to check, balance and correct one another. The result would be a society-wide separation of powers. Steiner argued that increased autonomy for the three spheres would not eliminate their mutual influence, but would cause that influence to be exerted in a more healthy and legitimate manner, because the increased separation would prevent any one of the three spheres from dominating. In the past, according to Steiner, lack of autonomy had tended to make each sphere merge in a servile or domineering way with the others. Among the various kinds of macrosocial imbalance Steiner observed, there were three major types:
- Theocracy, in which the cultural sphere (in the form of a religious impulse) dominates the economic and political spheres.
- State Communism and state socialism, in which the state (political sphere) dominates the economic and cultural spheres.
- Traditional forms of capitalism, in which the shareholder is the only or primary stakeholder, and in which the economic sphere dominates the cultural and political spheres.
Steiner points toward social conditions where domination by any one sphere is increasingly reduced, so that theocracy, state socialism, and traditional forms of capitalism might all be gradually transcended.
For Steiner, threefolding was not a social recipe or blueprint. It could not be "implemented" like some utopian program in a day, a decade, or even a century. It was a complex open process that began thousands of years ago and that he thought was likely to continue for thousands more.
Civil society
Institutions of civil societyCivil society
Civil society is composed of the totality of many voluntary social relationships, civic and social organizations, and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society, as distinct from the force-backed structures of a state , the commercial institutions of the market, and private criminal...
-- non-profits that for the most part are independent of both the State and the economic life—are globally on the rise. This is seen by some observers as a sign of the cultural realm developing independence from governmental and economic institutions.
Politicians working out of a threefold social vision
Nicanor PerlasNicanor Perlas
Nicanor Jesus "Nicky"/"Nick" Pineda Perlas, III is a Filipino activist and a recipient of the Right Livelihood Award in 2003. He was a Philippine presidential aspirant for the 2010 presidential elections but lost to Liberal Party's President Benigno C...
, winner of the alternative Nobel prize, has recently (in 2009) announced his candidacy for the presidency of the Philippines. Perlas has developed and applied Steiner's social threefolding ideas for decades.
Works by Rudolf Steiner
Apart from his central book on social questions, Toward Social Renewal, there are at least two others available in English: World Economy (14 lectures from 1922) and The Social Future:- Rudolf Steiner, Towards Social Renewal: Rethinking the basis of society, Rudolf Steiner Press, 1999, ISBN 1-85584-072-3
- Rudolf Steiner, World Economy: The formation of a science of world-economics: fourteen lectures given in Dornach, 24 July-6 August 1922, Rudolf Steiner Press, 1990, ISBN 0-85440-266-7
- Rudolf Steiner, The Social Future, Anthroposophic Press, 1972, ISBN 0-91014-234-3
Works by others
- Guido Giacomo Preparata, "Perishable Money in a Threefold Commenwealth: Rudolf Steiner and the Social Economics of an Anarchist Utopia". Review of Radical Economics 38/4 (Fall 2006). pp. 619–648
- Folkert Wilken, The Liberation of Capital
- Folkert Wilken, The Liberation of Work
External links
- Global Network for Social Threefolding
- Institute of Social Threefolding
- Social Impulses - Initiative Network Threefolding
- Social Issues Section at the Rudolf Steiner Archive, An Online Library
Books, journals and articles
- Rudolf Steiner's fundamental sociological work, Toward Social Renewal: Basic Issues of the Social Question
- Rudolf Steiner's World Economy, 14 lectures
- Rudolf Steiner's The Social Future (lecture series)
- Three Lectures by Rudolf Steiner on Social Threefolding
- Editorial by Nicanor Perlas
- LILIPOH, a quarterly magazine featuring articles on anthroposophy and social threefolding
Training programs