Sodium:neurotransmitter symporter
Encyclopedia
Sodium:neurotransmitter symporters is a family
of neurotransmitter transporters.
Neurotransmitter transport systems are responsible for the release, re-uptake and recycling of neurotransmitter
s at synapse
s.
High affinity transport proteins found in the plasma membrane of presynaptic nerve terminals and glial cell
s are responsible for the removal from the extracellular space of released-transmitters, thereby terminating their actions. Plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporters fall into two structurally and mechanistically distinct families.
The majority of the transporters constitute an extensive family of homologous proteins that derive energy from the co-transport
of Na+ and Cl-, in order to transport neurotransmitter molecules into the cell against their concentration gradient. The family has a common structure of 12 presumed transmembrane helices and includes carriers for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline/adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, proline, glycine, choline, betaine and taurine.
They are structurally distinct from the second more-restricted family of plasma membrane transporters, which are responsible for excitatory amino acid transport. The latter couple glutamate and aspartate uptake to the cotransport of Na+ and the counter-transport of K+, with no apparent dependence on Cl-. In addition, both of these transporter families are distinct from the vesicular neurotransmitter transporters.
Sequence analysis of the Na+/Cl- neurotransmitter superfamily reveals that it can be divided into four subfamilies, these being transporters for monoamines, the amino acids proline and glycine, GABA, and a group of orphan transporters.
, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, SLC6A5
, SLC6A6
, SLC6A7, SLC6A8
, SLC6A9
, SLC6A11, SLC6A12, SLC6A13, SLC6A14
, SLC6A15
, SLC6A16, SLC6A17, SLC6A18
, SLC6A19
, SLC6A20
Protein family
A protein family is a group of evolutionarily-related proteins, and is often nearly synonymous with gene family. The term protein family should not be confused with family as it is used in taxonomy....
of neurotransmitter transporters.
Neurotransmitter transport systems are responsible for the release, re-uptake and recycling of neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles clustered beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to...
s at synapse
Synapse
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell...
s.
High affinity transport proteins found in the plasma membrane of presynaptic nerve terminals and glial cell
Glial cell
Glial cells, sometimes called neuroglia or simply glia , are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the autonomous nervous system...
s are responsible for the removal from the extracellular space of released-transmitters, thereby terminating their actions. Plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporters fall into two structurally and mechanistically distinct families.
The majority of the transporters constitute an extensive family of homologous proteins that derive energy from the co-transport
Co-transport
Co-transport, also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes in a fixed ratio...
of Na+ and Cl-, in order to transport neurotransmitter molecules into the cell against their concentration gradient. The family has a common structure of 12 presumed transmembrane helices and includes carriers for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline/adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, proline, glycine, choline, betaine and taurine.
They are structurally distinct from the second more-restricted family of plasma membrane transporters, which are responsible for excitatory amino acid transport. The latter couple glutamate and aspartate uptake to the cotransport of Na+ and the counter-transport of K+, with no apparent dependence on Cl-. In addition, both of these transporter families are distinct from the vesicular neurotransmitter transporters.
Sequence analysis of the Na+/Cl- neurotransmitter superfamily reveals that it can be divided into four subfamilies, these being transporters for monoamines, the amino acids proline and glycine, GABA, and a group of orphan transporters.
Subfamilies
- Betaine transporter
- Creatine transporterSLC6A8Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A8 gene.-External links:*-Further reading:...
- Dopamine neurotransmitter transporter
- Inebriated neurotransmitter transporter
- GABA neurotransmitter transporter GAT-1SLC6A1GABA transporter 1 also known as sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A1 gene.- Function :...
- GABA neurotransmitter transporter GAT-2
- GABA neurotransmitter transporter GAT-3
- Glycine neurotransmitter transporter, type 1SLC6A9Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A9 gene.-Selective inhibitors:Elevation of extracellular synaptic glycine concentration by blockade of GlyT1 has been hypothesized to potentiate NMDA receptor function in vivo and to represent a...
- Noradrenaline neurotransmitter transporter
- Orphan neurotransmitter transporterSLC6A15Solute carrier family 6 member 15 also known as the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter BAT2 ' is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A15 gene.- Function :...
- Serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter transporter, N-terminal
- Taurine transporterSLC6A6Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A6 gene.-Further reading:...
Human proteins containing this domain
SLC6A1SLC6A1
GABA transporter 1 also known as sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A1 gene.- Function :...
, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, SLC6A5
SLC6A5
Glycine transporter 2 also known as the sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 or solute carrier family 6 member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A5 gene....
, SLC6A6
SLC6A6
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A6 gene.-Further reading:...
, SLC6A7, SLC6A8
SLC6A8
Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A8 gene.-External links:*-Further reading:...
, SLC6A9
SLC6A9
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A9 gene.-Selective inhibitors:Elevation of extracellular synaptic glycine concentration by blockade of GlyT1 has been hypothesized to potentiate NMDA receptor function in vivo and to represent a...
, SLC6A11, SLC6A12, SLC6A13, SLC6A14
SLC6A14
Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A14 gene.-Further reading:...
, SLC6A15
SLC6A15
Solute carrier family 6 member 15 also known as the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter BAT2 ' is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A15 gene.- Function :...
, SLC6A16, SLC6A17, SLC6A18
SLC6A18
Solute carrier family 6, member 18 also known as SLC6A18 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC6A18 gene.- Function :...
, SLC6A19
SLC6A19
Solute carrier family 6 member 19 also known as the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter BAT1 or system B neutral amino acid transporter AT1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A19 gene.- Function :...
, SLC6A20
SLC6A20
Solute carrier family 6, member 20 also known as SLC6A20 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC6A20 gene.- Function :...