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South African Class 19D 4-8-2
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Between 1937 and 1949 the South African Railways placed two hundred and thirty-five Class 19D steam locomotive
Steam locomotive
A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning some combustible material, usually coal, wood or oil, to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine...

s wirh a 4-8-2
4-8-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles , eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle...

 Mountain wheel arrangement in service. Between 1951 and 1953 thirty-three more were built for other operators like the Rhodesian and Angolan railways and the Nkana and Wankie mines.

Manufacturers

The Class 19D 4-8-2 steam locomotive was the final development of the Class 19 series of locomotives. At the request of Colonel F.R. Collins, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the South African Railways (SAR) from 1922 to 1929, the original basic design of the Class 19
South African Class 19 4-8-2
In 1928 the South African Railways placed four Class 19 steam locomotives with a wheel arrangement in service. One of them was later reboilered and reclassified to Class 19R.-Manufacturer:At the request of Colonel F.R...

 was done in the late 1920s by Test Engineer M.M. Loubser, himself later to serve as the CME from 1939 to 1949. The final development was done in 1937 by W.A.J. Day, CME from 1936 to 1939. The Class 19D was built in batches by several locomotive manufacturers in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

, Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992...

 and the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

.
  • The first forty were built in Germany in 1937, twenty by Friedrich Krupp AG
    Krupp
    The Krupp family , a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th...

     in Essen
    Essen
    - Origin of the name :In German-speaking countries, the name of the city Essen often causes confusion as to its origins, because it is commonly known as the German infinitive of the verb for the act of eating, and/or the German noun for food. Although scholars still dispute the interpretation of...

    , numbered 2506 to 2525, and twenty by the Borsig Lokomotiv Werke in Hennigsdorf
    Hennigsdorf
    Hennigsdorf is a town in the district of Oberhavel, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated north-west of Berlin, just across the city border, which is formed mainly by the Havel river.-History:...

    , Berlin
    Berlin
    Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...

    , numbered 2526 to 2545.
  • In 1938 a further ninety-five locomotives were ordered, built by three manufacturers. Škoda Works
    Škoda Works
    Škoda Works was the largest industrial enterprise in Austro-Hungary and later in Czechoslovakia, one of its successor states. It was also one of the largest industrial conglomerates in Europe in the 20th century...

     in Czechoslovakia
    Czechoslovakia
    Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992...

     built fifteen, numbered 2626 to 2640, Krupp built forty, numbered 2641 to 2680, and Borsig built forty, numbered 2681 to 2720.
  • Locomotive building was interrupted by World War II
    World War II
    World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

     and post-war locomotive procurement saw German suppliers being replaced by British ones. In 1947 the first fifty post-war Class 19D locomotives were delivered by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns
    Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns
    Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns Ltd was a locomotive builder with works in North East England.-History:The company was formed in September 1937 when Robert Stephenson and Company, which was based in Darlington took over the locomotive building department of Hawthorn Leslie and Company, based in...

     (RSH) of Darlington
    Darlington
    Darlington is a market town in the Borough of Darlington, part of the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. It lies on the small River Skerne, a tributary of the River Tees, not far from the main river. It is the main population centre in the borough, with a population of 97,838 as of 2001...

    , England
    England
    England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

    , numbered 2721 to 2770.
  • The final batch of fifty Class 19D locomotives for the SAR were delivered in 1949 by the North British Locomotive Company
    North British Locomotive Company
    The North British Locomotive Company was created in 1903 through the merger of three Glasgow locomotive manufacturing companies; Sharp Stewart and Company , Neilson, Reid and Company and Dübs and Company , creating the largest locomotive manufacturing company in Europe.Its main factories were...

     (NBL) of Glasgow
    Glasgow
    Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands...

    , Scotland
    Scotland
    Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...

    , numbered 3321 to 3370.
  • Between 1951 and 1953 Henschel and Son
    Henschel & Son
    Henschel & Son was a German company, situated in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment, including locomotives, trucks, buses and trolleybuses, and armoured fighting vehicles and weapons....

     built twenty-one more for the Rhodesian Railways (RR), and altogether twelve more were built for the Angolan railway and for industry.


The Class 19D, nicknamed "Dolly", was very similar to its predecessor Class 19C
South African Class 19C 4-8-2
In 1935 the South African Railways placed fifty Class 19C steam locomotives with a Mountain wheel arrangement in service.-Manufacturer:When the need for more branch line locomotives became apparent in 1934, tenders were invited by the South African Railways for another fifty Class 19B locomotives...

, but W.A.J. Day specified piston valves and Walschaerts valve gear instead of RC Poppet valve gear. The cylinders were redesigned with straighter steam ports, while the valve gear itself was revamped with a longer steam lap and greater travel. In all other respects they were identical to the Class 19C.

The table shows the Class 19D running numbers, builders, years built and works numbers.

Watson Standard boilers

The Class 19D was delivered with a Watson Standard no. 1A boiler, one of the range of standard type boilers designed by Day’s predecessor as CME, A.G. Watson, as part of his standardisation policy. It was also equipped with a Watson cab with its distinctive slanted front.

Domeless boilers

Despite the specifications the first batch of Class 19D locomotives, built by Krupp and Borsig and delivered in 1937 and 1938, came in two variations. The Krupp built locomotives were delivered with domeless boilers while the Borsig built locomotives conformed to specifications with domed boilers.

While the domeless boilers did not conform to the specified Watson Standard no. 1A boiler as far as the dome was concerned, they were accepted nevertheless, probably since all their other dimensions were identical to that of the Watson Standard boiler. It appears that Krupp had decided on their own accord that a dome was not necessary since there was no regulator in the dome, but merely a standpipe.

They substituted it with a manhole cover on which the two safety valves were mounted, while the steam was collected through a battery of collecting pipes situated high up in the boiler in a similar manner to that which was used in the Class 16E
South African Class 16E 4-6-2
In 1935 the South African Railways placed six Class 16E steam locomotives with a Pacific wheel arrangement in passenger train service.-Manufacturer:...

. All of the subsequent Class 19D orders were delivered with domed Watson Standard no. 1A boilers.

The Watson Standard boilers are interchangeable between locomotives and, in the process of locomotives undergoing major overhauls, these domeless boilers migrated between locomotives during subsequent years. As a result locomomotives from the other builders and even some Class 19C locomotives eventually ended up with domeless boilers.

Tenders

Over the eleven years during which the Class 19D was being produced for the SAR, some alterations occurred.
  • The pre-war locomotives as well as the first post-war order from RSH were all equipped with Type MR tenders, a type that first saw service in 1912.
  • All the post-war locomotives came equipped with vacuum brake systems.
  • The final batch from NBL had Type MX Vanderbilt tenders with cylindrical water tanks that ran on three axle Buckeye
    Buckeye Steel Castings
    Buckeye Steel Castings was a Columbus, Ohio steelmaker best known today for its longtime president, Samuel P. Bush, who was the grandfather of President George H.W. Bush and great-grandfather of President George W. Bush....

     bogies. These became commonly known as "Torpedo" tenders.


During the service life of the Class 19D, several tender exchanges occurred in order to best equip a locomotive for the region it was allocated to and the type of service it was to be employed in. In line service, type MX Vanderbilt tenders were usually preferred for their larger coal and water capacities. The result was that by the time the Class 19D was withdrawn from service circa 1980, many had exchanged their Type MR tenders for Type MX Vanderbilt tenders and vice versa.

Red Devil predecessor

As a trial run before SAR mechanical engineer David Wardale was granted permission to proceed to rebuild a Class 25NC 4-8-4 to the Class 26 "Red Devil" in 1979, he was allowed to carry out modifications to a Class 19D locomotive. The locomotive selected for the experiment was Krupp built number 2644, a particularly poor-steaming member of the Class at the time.

A gas producer combustion system (GPCS) and dual Lempor exhaust were installed along with some other small improvements. The Lempor had a four jet blastpipe with extended petticoats to provide truer ejector proportions. To accommodate the arrangement, the smokebox was extended by 300 millimetres (11.8 in), and steam flow in the cylinders was improved by streamlining the edges of the piston valves, which were each equipped with an additional valve ring to reduce leakage. The firebox was modified to the GPCS system wherein principal combustion is effected using secondary air introduced above the firebed through ducts in the firebox sides, while primary air was restricted through dampers and a redesigned grate.

Firebox turbulence was created by steam jets and clinkering was inhibited by introducing exhaust steam under the grate. Sanding was improved and de-sanding jets were installed to clean the rails after the locomotive had passed.

The modifications improved the locomotive’s steaming rate and enabled it to achieve significantly higher power and significantly lower fuel consumption than other unmodified Class 19D locomotives, the coal savings and increased output being in the order of 20% to 25%. The success of this experiment convinced the SAR management at the time of the viability of the project which culminated in the Class 26 Red Devil.

South African Railways

The Class 19D was the most numerous South African branch line locomotive and, at two hundred and thirty five built, was only twenty less in number than the Class 15F
South African Class 15F 4-8-2
The Class 15F was the most numerous steam locomotive class in South African Railways service. Between 1938 and 1946 two hundred and fifty-five of these steam locomotives with a 4-8-2 Mountain wheel arrangement were placed in service.-Manufacturers:...

 main line locomotive, the most numerous South African steam class. The Class 19D was very versatile and saw main and branch line service all over South Africa with the exception of the Western Cape
Western Cape
The Western Cape is a province in the south west of South Africa. The capital is Cape Town. Prior to 1994, the region that now forms the Western Cape was part of the much larger Cape Province...

, where the Class 19C was used.

Tasks varied from main line local and international passenger trains en route between South Africa and Northern Rhodesia
Northern Rhodesia
Northern Rhodesia was a territory in south central Africa, formed in 1911. It became independent in 1964 as Zambia.It was initially administered under charter by the British South Africa Company and formed by it in 1911 by amalgamating North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia...

 (Zambia) via Bechuanaland (Botswana) and Southern Rhodesia
Southern Rhodesia
Southern Rhodesia was the name of the British colony situated north of the Limpopo River and the Union of South Africa. From its independence in 1965 until its extinction in 1980, it was known as Rhodesia...

 (Zimbabwe), hauled by Class 19D locomotives on the section between Warrenton and Mafeking, to secondary and branch line duties and, in later years, as shunters.

On occasion South African Class 19D locomotives worked through from Mafikeng in South Africa via Botswana all the way to Bulawayo
Bulawayo
Bulawayo is the second largest city in Zimbabwe after the capital Harare, with an estimated population in 2010 of 2,000,000. It is located in Matabeleland, 439 km southwest of Harare, and is now treated as a separate provincial area from Matabeleland...

 in Zimbabwe. SAR Class 19D locomotives were also hired out for shunting work, to the RR for use at Beit Bridge and to Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique , is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest...

 for use at Lourenco Marques
Lourenço Marques
Lourenço Marques was a 16th century Portuguese trader and explorer.-Biography:He explored the area that is now Maputo Bay in 1544. He settled permanently in present-day Mozambique, where he spent most of his life with his black wife and mixed-race children.By order of King John III the bay was...

 (Maputo).

They served until right at the end of the South African steam era and were amongst the last steam locomotives to be replaced by electric
Electric locomotive
An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or an on-board energy storage device...

 and diesel-electric traction.

Other operators

Other Southern African railroads and some industries also purchased locomotives built to the Class 19D design.
  • Henschel and Son
    Henschel & Son
    Henschel & Son was a German company, situated in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment, including locomotives, trucks, buses and trolleybuses, and armoured fighting vehicles and weapons....

     built twenty-one for RR, their Class 19 and Class 19D, with tenders similar to the SAR "Torpedo" type but with plate instead of Buckeye bogies. One of these, the sole RR Class 19D number 336, was built in 1953 as a condensing locomotive.
  • Six were built for the Caminho de Ferro de Benguela (CFB or Benguela Railway) in Angola
    Angola
    Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city...

    .
  • Two were built by Henschel for the Nkana
    Nkana
    Nkana is a section of the city of Kitwe, Copperbelt Province, Zambia which started off in the early part of the 20th century as a railway station to support the growing complex of copper mining operations. It was named after Chief Nkana, the local traditional ruler...

     copper mines in Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), numbered 337 and 338 in the RR number range.
  • Four were built without superheaters for Wankie Colliery
    Hwange Colliery
    Hwange Colliery is the name of a mining company in Zimbabwe and of the coal mine thereby. It was founded in 1899. Mining operations are located near Hwange in the province of Matabeleland North...

     in Rhodesia.


When these foreign versions are included, a total of two hundred and sixty eight locomotives were built to the Class 19D design, making them even more numerous than the Class 15F.

Industrial

As they were being retired, several Class 19D locomotives were sold into industrial service. By the late 1980s, some of them were already at work at Dunn’s, Saiccor, Loraine Gold Mine and Bamangwato Concessions in Botswana, and more were to follow.

Images

The main picture shows Rovos Rail’s "Bianca", Borsig built number 2702 with a domed boiler and a Type MX Vanderbilt tender.


See also

  • South African Class 19 4-8-2
    South African Class 19 4-8-2
    In 1928 the South African Railways placed four Class 19 steam locomotives with a wheel arrangement in service. One of them was later reboilered and reclassified to Class 19R.-Manufacturer:At the request of Colonel F.R...

  • South African Class 19A 4-8-2
    South African Class 19A 4-8-2
    In 1929 the South African Railways placed thirty-six Class 19A steam locomotives with a 4-8-2 wheel arrangement in service. Five of them were later reboilered and reclassified to Class 19AR.-Manufacturer:...

  • South African Class 19B 4-8-2
    South African Class 19B 4-8-2
    In 1930 the South African Railways placed fourteen Class 19B steam locomotives with a 4-8-2 Mountain wheel arrangement in service. One of them was later reboilered and reclassified to Class 19BR.-Manufacturer:...

  • South African Class 19C 4-8-2
    South African Class 19C 4-8-2
    In 1935 the South African Railways placed fifty Class 19C steam locomotives with a Mountain wheel arrangement in service.-Manufacturer:When the need for more branch line locomotives became apparent in 1934, tenders were invited by the South African Railways for another fifty Class 19B locomotives...

  • South African Class 26 4-8-4
  • Tender locomotive numbering and classification
  • Watson Standard boilers
  • The 4-8-2 "Mountain"
  • List of South African locomotive classes

External links

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