The Spanish language

Spanish language

Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...

 uses determiners in a similar way to English. The main difference is that they agree

Agreement (linguistics)

In languages, agreement or concord is a form of cross-reference between different parts of a sentence or phrase. Agreement happens when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates....

 with the noun that they modify in terms of both number

Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....

 (singular/plural) and gender

Grammatical gender

Grammatical gender is defined linguistically as a system of classes of nouns which trigger specific types of inflections in associated words, such as adjectives, verbs and others. For a system of noun classes to be a gender system, every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be...

 (masculine/feminine).

Demonstrative determiners

The Spanish has three kinds of demonstrative, whose use depends on the distance between the speaker and the described thing/person.

Demonstratives	Near	Middle	Far
Masculine singular	este	ese	aquel
Masculine plural	estos	esos	aquellos
Femenine singular	esta	esa	aquella
Femenine plural	estas	esas	aquellas

English also used to have a three-way system: "this hill (here)", "that hill (there)" or "yon hill (yonder)" — in Spanish, "esta colina", "esa colina", "aquella colina". Standard English lost the third level, so that the "that, there" series covers the ground of "yon, yonder".

Este usually refers to something near the speaker (the first person). Ese usually refers to something nearer the hearer (the second person). Aquel usually refers to something away from both the speaker and the hearer.

The demonstrative determiners can also be used as pronouns, with the addition of the neutral singular forms esto, eso, aquello.

A similar three-way system of demonstratives is found in Portuguese, as well as in Slavic languages

Slavic languages

The Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia.-Branches:Scholars traditionally divide Slavic...

, Japanese and Turkish

Turkish language

Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,...

.

Definite articles

The definite article in Spanish, corresponding to "the", is el. It agrees for gender and number as follows:

• el hombre = "[the] man"
• los hombres = "[the] men"
• la mujer = "[the] woman"
• las mujeres = "[the] women"

The usually masculine form el is used instead of la before feminine nouns beginning with a stressed a sound:

• el águila (pequeña)
• el agua (fresca)
• el hacha (afilada)

Exceptions: la is used despite this when use of el would imply a man:

• la ácrata (because el ácrata would be a male anarchist)
• la árabe (because el árabe would be a male Arab, or the Arabic language)

Azúcar is a very special case. Its a- is unstressed, and yet it usually takes el even when feminine; in addition, azúcar can be of both genders in Spanish (other words with double gender are sal (salt), mar (sea) and sartén (frying pan)):

• el azúcar refinada (el azúcar refinado and la azúcar refinada are also possible)

N.B.: this feminine el does not have the same origin as the masculine el. The latter is from the Old Castilian ele, whereas the former is from ela, just as la is.
This historic finesse is lost to those who use non-standard forms such as los águilas.

There is also a "neuter article", used before adjectives, that make them work like nouns:

• lo bueno = "what is good, the good stuff"
• lo importante = "the important thing"
• lo indefinible = "the indefinable"
• lo desconocido = "the unknown"

Indefinite articles

• un hombre = "a man"
• una mujer = "a woman"
• unos hombres = "some men"
• unas mujeres = "some women"

Near synonyms of unos include: unos cuantos, algunos and unos pocos.

As in English, the plural indefinite article is not always required.

• Hay [unas] cosas en la mesa = "There are [some] things on the table"

Possessive determiners

These are often known as possessive or genitive determiners. They are used before the noun they possess (and before the rest of the whole noun phrase, for example when an adjective precedes the noun). They agree in number with the noun, and sometimes in gender, too.

• 1st person singular (yo): mi(s)
• 2nd person singular (tú): tu(s)
• 3rd person singular (él, ella): su(s)
• 1st person plural (nosotros/as): nuestro/a(s)
• 2nd person plural(vosotros/as): vuestro/a(s)
• 3rd person plural (ellos/as): su(s)

Note the following:

• There is no distinction in number for the third person possessives (i.e. between "his"/"her"/"its" and "their").
• The possessive for usted and ustedes is su(s) as for other third-person pronouns. The ambiguity that this causes (especially considering that su(s) already covers "his", "her", "its" and "their") can be allieviated by treating usted(es) as a noun and thereby saying la casa de ustedes instead of su casa. It is also possible to disambiguate by saying la casa de él or la casa de ella, etc.

Dialectal variation:

• The archaic pronoun vos has the possessive form vuestro, just like vosotros does. However, in modern dialectal use, tu replaces vuestro. Therefore, an Argentinian would say Che, decime tu dirección rather than decidme vuestra dirección or dime tu dirección.
• Dialectally, usted/ustedes may replace tú/vosotros without any intention to be formal. The corresponding possessive determiner su(s) is used. Therefore, a Colombian may say Hijo, enséñeme sus deberes instead of Hijo, enséñame tus deberes ("Son, show me your homework").

Combining demonstratives and possessives

Demonstrative pronouns can be combined with possessives as follows:

• Esta nuestra tierra = "This Earth of ours"
• Este mi amor = "This love of mine"

Strictly speaking, the presence of the first determiner means that the possessive must be interpreted as an adjective rather than a determiner. Note however that the normal adjectival form (mío, tuyo, suyo...) is not used in this construction.

It is also possible to use the normal adjectival form. In this case, it goes after the noun.

• Esta tierra nuestra = "This Earth of ours"
• Este amor mío = "This love of mine"

Miscellaneous determiners

There are many more words that can be used as determiners in Spanish. They mostly end in -o and have the usual four forms (-o, -a, -os, -as) to agree with their noun.

• ¡Otra cerveza, por favor! = "Another beer, please!"
• Mucha gente pasa por aquí = "Many people pass through here"
• No hay tanta gente como en verano = "There are not as many people as in summer"
• Ciertos vinos son muy dulces = "Certain wines are very sweet"
• He salido con varias chicas = "I have been out with several girls"