Speaker of the Canadian Senate
Encyclopedia
The Speaker of the Senate of Canada is the presiding officer of the Senate of Canada. The speaker represents the Senate at official functions, rules on questions of parliamentary procedure
Parliamentary procedure
Parliamentary procedure is the body of rules, ethics, and customs governing meetings and other operations of clubs, organizations, legislative bodies, and other deliberative assemblies...

 and parliamentary privilege
Parliamentary privilege
Parliamentary privilege is a legal immunity enjoyed by members of certain legislatures, in which legislators are granted protection against civil or criminal liability for actions done or statements made related to one's duties as a legislator. It is common in countries whose constitutions are...

, and oversee debates and voting in the red chamber. This position is often misunderstood as being equivalent to that in the House of Commons
Canadian House of Commons
The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 308 members known as Members of Parliament...

, but it is not. The current speaker is the Honourable Noël Kinsella
Noël Kinsella
Noël A. Kinsella is a Canadian politician and Speaker of the Canadian Senate.-Education:Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, he received a Bachelor of Arts in psychology from University College in Dublin, Ireland. He received an L.Ph. and a Ph.D. degree from Pontifical University of St. Thomas...

, a Conservative
Conservative Party of Canada
The Conservative Party of Canada , is a political party in Canada which was formed by the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 2003. It is positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum...

 Senator representing the province of New Brunswick
New Brunswick
New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only province in the federation that is constitutionally bilingual . The provincial capital is Fredericton and Saint John is the most populous city. Greater Moncton is the largest Census Metropolitan Area...

.

Appointment and precedence

The Speaker of the Senate is appointed by the governor general
Governor General of Canada
The Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II...

, on behalf of the monarch, and on the advice of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Queen's Privy Council for Canada
The Queen's Privy Council for Canada ), sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or simply the Privy Council, is the full group of personal consultants to the monarch of Canada on state and constitutional affairs, though responsible government requires the sovereign or her viceroy,...

. By convention, however, this advice is generally expressed exclusively by the prime minister
Prime Minister of Canada
The Prime Minister of Canada is the primary minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government for Canada, charged with advising the Canadian monarch or viceroy on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution...

.

The Speaker of the Senate takes precedence only after the queen, the governor general
Governor General of Canada
The Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II...

, other members of the royal family, former governors general and their spouses, the prime minister
Prime Minister of Canada
The Prime Minister of Canada is the primary minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government for Canada, charged with advising the Canadian monarch or viceroy on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution...

, former prime ministers, and the chief justice
Chief Justice of Canada
The Chief Justice of Canada, like the eight puisne Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada, is appointed by the Governor-in-Council . All nine are chosen from either sitting judges or barristers who have at least ten years' standing at the bar of a province or territory...

 on the order of precedence
Canadian order of precedence
The Canadian order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the Government of Canada. It has no legal standing but is used to dictate ceremonial protocol....

 and, therefore, is qualified to represent Canada at official state functions, both in Canada and abroad.

History of the speakership

The role of the Speaker in the Senate was originally based on that of the Lord Chancellor
Lord Chancellor
The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor, is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom. He is the second highest ranking of the Great Officers of State, ranking only after the Lord High Steward. The Lord Chancellor is appointed by the Sovereign...

 in the United Kingdom. In keeping with the role of the Lord Chancellor, the Speaker of the Senate was expected to be partisan; they would, at all times, have the right to leave the chair, to participate in debates, and to hold an original vote—unlike the Speaker of the House of Commons
Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons
The Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada is the presiding officer of the lower house of the Parliament of Canada and is elected at the beginning of each new parliament by fellow Members of Parliament...

, who has a vote only in the event of a tie.

The Speaker of the Senate was also similar to the Lord Chancellor, in being considered equal to other senators. Decisions of the chair were not binding on the Senate
Canadian Senate
The Senate of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the House of Commons, and the monarch . The Senate consists of 105 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister...

 unless the speaker's decision was also the pleasure of a majority of senators. Also similar to the practice of the Lords was that the speaker would not intervene unless another senator brought the matter to the attention of the speaker. Decisions from the chair remain subject to appeals from the Senate.

Canada has more recently departed with the traditions of the House of Lords
House of Lords
The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster....

, notably since 1991, when new rules for the Senate were adopted. The new standing orders made it clear that the Speaker of the Senate could intervene without being called to do so by the Senate. The new guidelines move the Senate further from the self-governing practices of the House of Lords, and more toward the chair-governed customs of the House of Commons
Canadian House of Commons
The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 308 members known as Members of Parliament...

.

The position was predecessed by the Speaker of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada.

Role of the speakership

The Speaker of the Senate is historically responsible for deciding on points of order, only once risen by another senator. However, with the 1991 amendments to the standing orders and guidelines that govern the Senate of Canada
Canadian Senate
The Senate of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the House of Commons, and the monarch . The Senate consists of 105 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister...

, the speakership has generally begun to assert its right to intervene, where appropriate, without being prompted to do so. Therefore the speaker is, broadly speaking, responsible for the maintenance of order and decorum in the Senate
Canadian Senate
The Senate of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the House of Commons, and the monarch . The Senate consists of 105 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister...

.

As a high-ranking individual on the order of precedence
Canadian order of precedence
The Canadian order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the Government of Canada. It has no legal standing but is used to dictate ceremonial protocol....

, the Speaker of the Senate often receives heads of state and heads of government — this role is not merely ceremonial; the speaker is a real delegate and representative of Canada abroad. They are expected to represent Canada internationally, and sometimes visit other nations on behalf of the Government of Canada
Government of Canada
The Government of Canada, formally Her Majesty's Government, is the system whereby the federation of Canada is administered by a common authority; in Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions or specifically the Queen-in-Council...

.

While the speaker is an officer of the Senate
Canadian Senate
The Senate of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the House of Commons, and the monarch . The Senate consists of 105 members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister...

, they also remain a representative of the province from which they were appointed. Unlike the Speaker of the House of Commons
Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons
The Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada is the presiding officer of the lower house of the Parliament of Canada and is elected at the beginning of each new parliament by fellow Members of Parliament...

, the Speaker has the right to participate in debates on behalf of the citizens of their province or territory. The speaker has the right to cast an original vote, and to simultaneously preside over the voting process (rather than the speaker delivering a casting vote in the event of an equality, the question before the House is deemed to have been rejected).

Another significant difference between the two speakers is that the Speaker of the House of Commons
Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons
The Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada is the presiding officer of the lower house of the Parliament of Canada and is elected at the beginning of each new parliament by fellow Members of Parliament...

 holds a management role within the administration of the House of Commons
Canadian House of Commons
The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 308 members known as Members of Parliament...

 as Chair of the Board of Internal Economy. The Speaker of the Senate holds no similar role, and the Standing Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets, and Administration is chaired by another Senator.

In the absence of the Speaker in the Chamber, his duties are carried by the speaker pro tempore
Speaker pro tempore of the Canadian Senate
The Speaker pro tempore is an officer of the Canadian Senate who nominated by a selection committee to assume the role of Speaker pro tempore, or acting Speaker. The nomination is then confirmed through a vote in the Senate...

, a senator appointed at the beginning of each session by the Senate. Should both chair officers be absent, any senator can be called upon to take the chair. Irrespective of who is in the chair, their decisions hold the same force as that of the speaker.

List of Speakers of the Senate

Speaker Tenure Party
The Hon. Joseph Cauchon
Joseph Édouard Cauchon
Joseph Édouard Cauchon, PC was a prominent Quebec politician in the middle years of the nineteenth-century...

November 5, 1867 – May 16, 1869 Independent Conservative
The Hon. John Ross
John Ross (Canadian senator)
John Ross was a Canadian lawyer, politician, and businessman.Born in County Antrim, Ireland, he was brought to Canada as an infant. Ross married twice, first to Margaret Crawford who died in 1847, secondly to Augusta Elizabeth Baldwin 4 February 1851, the daughter of Robert Baldwin...

May 17, 1869 – May 26, 1869 Conservative
The Hon. Joseph Cauchon
Joseph Édouard Cauchon
Joseph Édouard Cauchon, PC was a prominent Quebec politician in the middle years of the nineteenth-century...

May 27, 1869 – June 2, 1872 Independent Conservative
The Hon. Amos Botsford
Amos Edwin Botsford
Amos Edwin Botsford, PC was a Canadian farmer, judge, politician, and businessman.Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of William Botsford, and moved with his family to Westcock in 1808. He was a justice of the peace and a senior judge for the Inferior Court of Common Pleas in Westmorland...

June 3, 1872 – June 5, 1872 Conservative
The Hon. Joseph Cauchon
Joseph Édouard Cauchon
Joseph Édouard Cauchon, PC was a prominent Quebec politician in the middle years of the nineteenth-century...

June 6, 1872 – June 30, 1872 Independent Conservative
The Hon. Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau
Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau
Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau , born in Charlesbourg, near Quebec City, was the first Premier of the Canadian province of Quebec following the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. He led a Conservative Party government. He was also the Minister of Education and Provincial Secretary...

February 21, 1872 – January 8, 1874 Conservative
The Hon. David Christie
David Christie
David Christie, was a Canadian politician.Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, he came to Canada with his family in 1833....

January 9, 1874 – October 16, 1878 Liberal
The Hon. Robert Wilmot November 7, 1878 – February 10, 1880 Conservative
The Hon. Sir David Macpherson
David Lewis Macpherson
Sir David Lewis Macpherson, was a Canadian businessman and political figure. He was a member of the Senate of Canada from 1867 to 1896. He was knighted for his service to the country in 1884....

February 11, 1880 – February 15, 1880 Conservative
The Hon. Amos Botsford
Amos Edwin Botsford
Amos Edwin Botsford, PC was a Canadian farmer, judge, politician, and businessman.Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of William Botsford, and moved with his family to Westcock in 1808. He was a justice of the peace and a senior judge for the Inferior Court of Common Pleas in Westmorland...

February 16, 1880 – April 18, 1880 Conservative
The Hon. Sir David Macpherson
David Lewis Macpherson
Sir David Lewis Macpherson, was a Canadian businessman and political figure. He was a member of the Senate of Canada from 1867 to 1896. He was knighted for his service to the country in 1884....

April 19, 1880 – October 16, 1883 Conservative
The Hon. William Miller
William Miller (Canadian politician)
William Miller, PC was a Canadian politician.Born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, the son of Charles Miller and Elizabeth Smith, he was educated at the Antigonish Academy, studied law and was called the bar of Nova Scotia in 1860...

October 17, 1883 – April 3, 1887 Liberal-Conservative
The Hon. Josiah Plumb
Josiah Burr Plumb
Josiah Burr Plumb was an American-born Canadian businessman and parliamentarian. Born in East Haven, Connecticut, Plumb immigrated to Canada in 1865 and settled near Niagara Falls, Ontario. Soon thereafter he became active in the Conservative Party of Canada...

April 4, 1887 – March 12, 1888 Conservative
The Hon. George Allan
George William Allan
George William Allan, was a Canadian politician. His mother Leah Tyrer, daughter of Dr. John Gamble, married Hon. William Allan, of York , U.C. Allan's father, William, was a pioneer who settled what was then the Township of York during John Graves Simcoe's term as Governor...

March 17, 1888 – April 26, 1891 Conservative
The Hon. Sir Alexandre Lacoste
Alexandre Lacoste
Sir Alexandre Lacoste, PC was a Canadian lawyer, professor, and politician.He was born in Boucherville, Quebec in 1842, the son of Louis Lacoste. From 1880 to 1923, he was a professor of law at the Université de Montréal.In 1882, he was appointed to the Legislative Council of Quebec...

April 27, 1891 – September 13, 1891 Conservative
The Hon. John Jones Ross
John Jones Ross
John Jones Ross, PC was born in Quebec City, Canada. He was the son of a Scots-Quebecer merchant, George McIntosh Ross, and his French-Canadian wife Sophie-Éloïse Gouin.-Province of Canada Assembly:...

September 14, 1891 – July 12, 1896 Conservative
The Hon. Sir Charles Pelletier
Charles Alphonse Pantaléon Pelletier
Sir Charles Alphonse Pantaléon Pelletier, KCMG, PC was a Canadian lawyer, militia officer, politician, publisher, judge, and the ninth Lieutenant Governor of Quebec....

July 13, 1896 – January 28, 1901 Liberal
The Hon. Lawrence Power
Lawrence Geoffrey Power
Lawrence Geoffrey Power, PC was a Canadian lawyer and politician.Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the son of Patrick Power and Ellen Gaul, he was educated at St. Mary's College, Carlow College, the Catholic University of Ireland and Harvard University and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1880, he...

January 29, 1901 – January 8, 1905 Liberal
The Hon. Raoul Dandurand
Raoul Dandurand
Raoul Dandurand, PC was a Canadian politician and longtime organizer in Quebec for the Liberal Party of Canada....

January 9, 1905 – January 13, 1909 Liberal
The Hon. James Kerr
James Kirkpatrick Kerr
James Kirkpatrick Kerr, PC, QC was a Canadian lawyer and Senator. He served as Speaker of the Canadian Senate during the 11th Parliament from 14 January 1909 to 22 October 1911....

January 14, 1909 – October 22, 1911 Liberal
The Hon. Auguste Landry October 23, 1911 – June 2, 1916 Conservative
The Hon. Joseph Bolduc
Joseph Bolduc
Joseph Bolduc, PC was Speaker of the Canadian Senate from 1916 to 1922.He was born in Beauce County, Canada East in 1847, the son of Augustin Bolduc, and was educated at College Sainte-Marie and Université Laval. He graduated as a public notary in 1874 but also earned his living as a farmer and...

June 3, 1916 – February 6, 1922 Nationalist Conservative
The Hon. Hewitt Bostock
Hewitt Bostock
Hewitt Bostock, PC was a Canadian publisher, businessman and politician.He was born in Walton Heath, Epsom, England and studied at Trinity College, Cambridge graduating with honours in mathematics. Bostock then studied law and was called to the bar in 1888...

February 7, 1922 – May 12, 1930 Liberal
The Hon. Arthur Hardy
Arthur Charles Hardy
Arthur Charles Hardy, was a Canadian politician.Born in Brantford, Ontario, he ran unsuccessfully for the Canadian House of Commons in the Ontario riding of Leeds in the 1917 federal election. In 1922, he was called to the Canadian Senate representing the senatorial division of Leeds, Ontario...

May 13, 1930 – September 2, 1930 Liberal
The Hon. Pierre Blondin
Pierre Édouard Blondin
Pierre Édouard Blondin, PC was a Canadian politician.He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons representing the Quebec riding of Champlain in 1908 and 1911...

September 3, 1930 – January 10, 1936 Conservative
The Hon. Walter Foster
Walter Edward Foster
Walter Edward Foster, PC was a politician and businessman in New Brunswick, Canada.Foster was born in St. Martins, New Brunswick. He began work as a clerk with the Bank of New Brunswick at Saint John...

January 11, 1936 – May 8, 1940 Liberal
The Hon. Georges Parent
Georges Parent
Georges Parent was a Canadian lawyer, politician and Speaker of the Canadian Senate from 1940 until 1942....

May 9, 1940 – December 14, 1942 Liberal
The Hon. Thomas Vien
Thomas Vien
Thomas Vien, PC, QC was a Canadian politician.Born in Lauzon, Quebec on 19 July 1881. He studied at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, then studied law at the Collège de Lévis. After, he studided law at the Université Laval. He was called to the Quebec Bar in 1905...

January 23, 1943 – August 23, 1945 Liberal
The Hon. James King
James Horace King
James Horace King, PC was a physician and Canadian parliamentarian.Born in Chipman, New Brunswick, James King was the son of George Gerald King, a businessman and Canadian politician in his own right...

August 24, 1945 – August 2, 1949 Liberal
The Hon. Elie Beauregard
Elie Beauregard
Elie Beauregard, PC was a Canadian lawyer and politician.Born in La Patrie, Quebec, he studied law and was admitted to the Bar of Quebec in 1909. Active in the Liberal Party of Canada in Quebec, he was called to the Canadian Senate in 1940 representing the senatorial division of Rougemont, Quebec....

August 3, 1949 – October 13, 1953 Liberal
The Hon. Wishart Robertson
Wishart McLea Robertson
Wishart McLea Robertson, PC was a politician in Nova Scotia, Canada.Robertson's paternal grandfather, Robert Robertson, was a member of Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1854 until 1878. His father, Thomas Robertson was also a member of the provincial legislature, as well as serving as a Liberal...

October 14, 1953 – October 3, 1957 Liberal
The Hon. Mark Drouin
Mark Robert Drouin
Mark Robert Drouin, PC was Speaker of the Canadian Senate from 1957 until 1962.Drouin was born in Quebec City and educated at the Séminaire de Québec and Université Laval. He trained as a lawyer and was called to the Quebec bar in 1926 ultimately becoming senior partner in the firm of Drouin,...

October 4, 1957 – September 23, 1962 Progressive Conservative
The Hon. George White
George Stanley White
George Stanley White, PC was a Canadian parliamentarian and Speaker of the Canadian Senate from 1962 to 1963.White was born in Madoc, Ontario...

September 24, 1962 – April 26, 1963 Progressive Conservative
The Hon. Maurice Bourget
Maurice Bourget
Maurice Bourget, PC was a Canadian politician who was Speaker of the Canadian Senate from April 27, 1963 to January 6, 1966....

April 27, 1963 – January 6, 1966 Liberal
The Hon. Sydney Smith
Sydney John Smith
Sydney John Smith, PC , was a Canadian politician, farmer, rancher and businessman who served as Speaker of the Canadian Senate from 1966 to 1968.-Life and work:...

January 7, 1966 – September 4, 1968 Liberal
The Hon. Jean-Paul Deschatelets
Jean-Paul Deschatelets
Jean-Paul Deschatelets, PC was a Canadian parliamentarian.Born in Montreal, Quebec, he was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1953 as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the riding of Maisonneuve—Rosemont. He was re-elected in 1957, 1958, 1962, and 1963...

September 5, 1968 – December 13, 1972 Liberal
The Hon. Muriel Fergusson
Muriel McQueen Fergusson
Muriel McQueen Fergusson, was a Canadian Senator and the first woman Speaker of the Senate.Born in Shediac, New Brunswick, she graduated from Mount Allison University in 1921 with a B.A...

December 14, 1972 – September 11, 1974 Liberal
The Hon. Renaude Lapointe September 12, 1974 – October 4, 1979 Liberal
The Hon. Allister Grosart
Allister Grosart
Allister Grosart, PC was a Progressive Conservative politician, Senator, journalist and businessman in Canada....

October 5, 1979 – March 3, 1980 Progressive Conservative
The Hon. Jean Marchand
Jean Marchand
Jean Marchand, PC, CC was a well known French Canadian public figure, trade unionist and politician in Quebec, Canada....

March 4, 1980 – December 15, 1983 Liberal
The Hon. Maurice Riel
Maurice Riel
Maurice Riel, PC, QC was a lawyer and Canadian Senator.A distant relative of Louis Riel, Maurice Riel studied law and was admitted to the bar of Quebec in 1945. Establishing his own law firm in Montreal, Riel worked in international law with a number of clients in France...

December 16, 1983 – November 1, 1984 Liberal
The Hon. Guy Charbonneau
Guy Charbonneau
Guy Charbonneau, PC was the longest serving Speaker of the Canadian Senate, serving from 1984 to 1993. During his tenure, amendments to the Standing Orders of the Senate extended the powers of the Speaker....

November 2, 1984 – December 6, 1993 Progressive Conservative
The Rt. Hon. Roméo LeBlanc
Roméo LeBlanc
Roméo-Adrien LeBlanc was a Canadian journalist, politician, and statesman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 25th since Canadian Confederation....

December 7, 1993 – November 21, 1994 Liberal
The Hon. Gildas Molgat November 22, 1994 – January 25, 2001 Liberal
The Hon. Daniel Hays January 26, 2001 – February 7, 2006 Liberal
The Hon. Noël Kinsella
Noël Kinsella
Noël A. Kinsella is a Canadian politician and Speaker of the Canadian Senate.-Education:Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, he received a Bachelor of Arts in psychology from University College in Dublin, Ireland. He received an L.Ph. and a Ph.D. degree from Pontifical University of St. Thomas...

February 8, 2006 – Present Conservative

External links

  • Speakers of the Senate — Official site, maintained by the Government of Canada
    Government of Canada
    The Government of Canada, formally Her Majesty's Government, is the system whereby the federation of Canada is administered by a common authority; in Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions or specifically the Queen-in-Council...

    .
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