Spurdog
Encyclopedia
Squalus is a large genus
of dogfish sharks, one of two genera in the family Squalidae
. Commonly known as spurdogs, these sharks are characterized by smooth dorsal fin
spines, teeth in upper and lower jaws similar in size, caudal peduncle with lateral keels; upper precaudal pit usually present, and caudal fin without subterminal notch.
The name comes from squalus, the Latin
for shark
; this word is the root for numerous words related to sharks such as squaline, and scientific names for sharks, such as the order Squaliformes
.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of dogfish sharks, one of two genera in the family Squalidae
Squalidae
Squalidae is the family of dogfish sharks. They are found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, from tropical equatorial climates to the Arctic and Antarctic....
. Commonly known as spurdogs, these sharks are characterized by smooth dorsal fin
Dorsal fin
A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of various unrelated marine and freshwater vertebrates, including most fishes, marine mammals , and the ichthyosaurs...
spines, teeth in upper and lower jaws similar in size, caudal peduncle with lateral keels; upper precaudal pit usually present, and caudal fin without subterminal notch.
The name comes from squalus, the Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
for shark
Shark
Sharks are a type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago....
; this word is the root for numerous words related to sharks such as squaline, and scientific names for sharks, such as the order Squaliformes
Squaliformes
Squaliformes is an order of sharks that includes about 97 species in seven families.Members of the order have two dorsal fins, which usually possess spines, no anal fin or nictitating membrane, and five gill slits. In most other respects, however, they are quite variable in form and size...
.
Species
- Squalus acanthias LinnaeusCarolus LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus , also known after his ennoblement as , was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology...
, 1758 (Spiny dogfish) - Squalus acutirostrisSqualus acutirostrisSqualus acutirostris, is a dogfish shark of the family Squalidae, found in the western Pacific Ocean from the South China Sea and off New South Wales, Australia, at depths down to 390 m. They reach up to 60 cm in length....
Y. T. Chu, Q. W. Meng & S. Li, 1984 - Squalus albifrons Last, W. T. White & Stevens, 2007 (Eastern highfin spurdog)
- Squalus altipinnis Last, W. T. White & Stevens, 2007 (Western highfin spurdog)
- Squalus blainville (RissoAntoine RissoGiuseppe Antonio Risso , called Antoine Risso, was a Niçard naturalist.Risso was born in Nice, County of Nice, a part of the Duchy of Savoy, and studied under Giovanni Battista Balbis. He published , and . Risso's dolphin was named after him...
, 1827) (Longnose spurdog) - Squalus brevirostris TanakaShigeho Tanakawas a Japanese ichthyologist and professor of zoology at the Imperial University of Tokyo. He published numerous works on fishes and sharks and co-authored a book on Japanese fish with famous American scientist David Starr Jordan.Publications:...
, 1917 - Squalus bucephalus Last, Séret & Pogonoski, 2007 (Bighead spurdog)
- Squalus chloroculus Last, W. T. White & Motomura, 2007 (Greeneye spurdog)
- Squalus crassispinus Last, Edmunds & Yearsley, 2007 (Fatspine spurdog)
- Squalus cubensis Howell-RiveroLuis Howell-RiveroLuis Howell-Rivero was a Cuban biologist and anthropologist. In the 1920's and 30's he identified numerous new species of animals, especially fish, in Cuba and the rest of the Caribbean. One example is Squalus cubensis, the Cuban dogfish...
, 1936 (Cuban dogfish) - Squalus edmundsi W. T. White, Last & Stevens, 2007 (Edmund's spurdog)
- Squalus formosusSqualus formosusSqualus formosus is a species in the genus of Squalus. It was accidentally found in Taiwan's Tashi Fish Market by William T. White and a colleague of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Hobart, Australia. They named it S. formosus ....
W. T. White & Iglésias, 2011 - Squalus grahami W. T. White, Last & Stevens, 2007 (Eastern longnose spurdog)
- Squalus griffini Phillipps, 1931 (Northern spiny dogfish)
- Squalus hemipinnis W. T. White, Last & Yearsley, 2007 (Indonesian shortsnout spurdog)
- Squalus japonicus IshikawaChiyomatsu Ishikawawas a Japanese biologist, zoologist, evolutionary theorist, and ichthyologist at the Naples Zoological Station starting 1887. He was responsible for disseminating Darwin's ideas on evolution in Japan. After graduating from the University of Tokyo, he studied in Germany under eminent evolutionary...
, 1908 (Japanese spurdog) - Squalus lalannei Baranes, 2003
- Squalus megalops (MacleayWilliam John MacleaySir William John Macleay . was an Australian politician, zoologist and naturalist.-Early life:Macleay was born at Wick, Caithness, Scotland, second son of Kenneth Macleay of Keiss and his wife Barbara, née Horne...
, 1881) (Shortnose spurdog) - Squalus melanurus FourmanoirPierre FourmanoirPierre Fourmanoir was a French ichthyologist working mainly in New Caledonia. He has described many new species of fish including several sharks.-References:*...
& Rivaton, 1979 (Blacktailed spurdog) - Squalus mitsukurii JordanDavid Starr JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist, educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University.-Early life and education:...
& SnyderJohn Otterbein SnyderJohn Otterbein Snyder was an American zoologist.As a student he met David Starr Jordan who inspired him to enter zoology. He eventually became a zoology instructor at Stanford University and served there from 1899 until 1943. He went on several major collecting expeditions aboard the USS Albatross...
, 1903 (Shortspine spurdog) - Squalus montalbani WhitleyGilbert Percy WhitleyGilbert Percy Whitley was a British-born Australian ichthyologist and malacologist who was Curator of Fishes at the Australian Museum in Sydney for about 40 years. He was born at Swaythling, Southampton, England, and was educated at King Edward VI School, Southampton and Osborne House...
, 1931 (Indonesian greeneye spurdog) - Squalus nasutus Last, L. J. Marshall & W. T. White, 2007 (Western longnose spurdog)
- Squalus notocaudatus Last, W. T. White & Stevens, 2007 (Bartail spurdog)
- Squalus rancureli FourmanoirPierre FourmanoirPierre Fourmanoir was a French ichthyologist working mainly in New Caledonia. He has described many new species of fish including several sharks.-References:*...
& Rivaton, 1979 (Cyrano spurdog) - Squalus raoulensis Duffy & Last, 2007 (Kermadec spiny dogfish)
- Squalus suckleyi (GirardCharles Frédéric GirardCharles Frédéric Girard was a French biologist specializing in ichthyology and herpetology.Born in Mulhouse, France, he studied at the College of Neuchâtel, Switzerland as a student of Louis Agassiz. In 1847, he accompanied Agassiz as his assistant to Harvard...
, 1854) (Spotted spiny dogfish) - Squalus uyato Rafinesque, 1810 (Little gulper shark)
See also
- Roughskin spurdogRoughskin spurdogThe roughskin spurdog, Cirrhigaleus asper, is a dogfish of the family Squalidae, found circumglobally between latitudes 35°N and 35°S, at depths of between 200 and 600 m...
Cirrhigaleus asper - List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish