State Bar of Georgia
Encyclopedia
The State Bar of Georgia is the governing body of the legal profession in Georgia, operating under the supervision of the Supreme Court of Georgia. Membership is a condition of admission to practice law in Georgia.
The State Bar was established in 1964 as the successor of the prior voluntary Georgia Bar Association which was founded in 1884. The stated purpose of the State Bar of Georgia is to foster among the members of the Bar of this state the principles of duty and service to the public; to improve the administration of justice; and to advance the science of law.
The Bar has strict codes of ethics and discipline that are enforced by the Supreme Court of Georgia through the State Bar's Office of the General Counsel. Membership dues and other contributions help the Bar provide programs that are mutually beneficial to its members and the general public.
Following are statistics regarding State Bar of Georgia members as of July 1, 2011: active members in good standing, 33,904;
inactive members in good standing, 8,073;
emeritus members, 1,119;
affiliate members, 13;
student members, 68;
foreign law consultants, 5.
Overall Membership: 43,182
Although the Supreme Court of Georgia retains ultimate authority to regulate the legal profession, the State Bar of Georgia's Office of the General Counsel serves as the Court's arm to investigate and prosecute claims that a lawyer has violated the ethics rules.
The Rules of Professional Conduct are found at Part IV, Chapter 1 of the Bar Rules. Part IV, Chapter 2 contains the procedural rules for disciplinary actions against lawyers. In addition to the Rules, the Bar and the Supreme Court periodically have issued Formal Advisory Opinions that clarify a lawyer's obligations in certain situations. A complete list of Formal Advisory Opinions follows Part IV, Chapter 3 of the Bar Rules.
Lawyers who would like to discuss an ethics dilemma with a member of the Office of the General Counsel staff should contact the Lawyer Helpline at 404-527-8720 or 800-334-6865. Members of the public who believe that a Georgia lawyer has violated the rules of ethics should contact the Bar's Consumer Assistance Program at 800-334-6865.
The Executive Director of the State Bar is Cliff Brashier.
The Board of Governors is the 160-member policymaking authority of the State Bar, with representation from each of Georgia's judicial circuits. The board holds regular meetings five times per year.
The Board of Governors elects six of its members to serving on the Executive Committee with the organization's officers. The Executive Committee meets monthly and exercises the power of the Board of Governors when the board is not in session.
The headquarters of State Bar of Georgia, known as the Bar Center, is located at 104 Marietta Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30303. Phone 404-527-8700.
The South Georgia Office is located at 244 E. Second Street, Tifton, GA 31793. Phone 229-387-0446.
The Coastal Georgia Office is located at 18 E. Bay Street, Savannah, GA 31401. Phone 912-239-9970.
which opened in 1918, designed by A. Ten Eyck Brown
, one of the most notable architects of public buildings in Atlanta in the first third of the 20th century.
was founded at Saratoga Springs, NY. It soon began to encourage its members to form organizations of the legal profession in their respective states.
Five years later, in 1883, coincidental events occurred that would be entwined in history. In June, a frail, lonely and dyslexic Woodrow Wilson
gave up on his failing law practice on Spring Street in Atlanta, which he described as “dreadful drudgery.” Few noticed or cared when he boarded a northbound train bound for graduate school at Johns Hopkins. There was scarcely a less likely prospect to become, 30 years, President of the United States. In September, the General Assembly, meeting at a building that combined the Atlanta city hall and Fulton County courthouse, appropriated one million dollars to build a new state capitol building on the same site. An in Macon, five Georgia members of the American Bar Association had a conversation about forming a Georgia Bar Association.
The next year, 1884, there was a meeting in Atlanta to form the Georgia Bar Association. The initial members of the Georgia Bar Association were all the Georgia members of the ABA. They chose as the first state bar president L. N. Whittle, who was commander of the Macon Militia during the Civil War. Anyone experienced in the ways of voluntary organizations may appreciate the fact that Col. Whittle was detained at a college trustees meeting in Tennessee, so he was unable to attend the meeting at which he was elected president. His service as the first president Georgia Bar was a point too insignificant to be mentioned in his obituary two years later.
Macon headquarters.
In the late 19th century, Macon was not only in the middle of the state geographically speaking; it was essentially the population center of Georgia and was easily accessible to the rest of the state. All roads and rail lines seemingly led to Macon. While neighboring Milledgeville had lost its status as state capital to Atlanta in the aftermath of a Civil War ransacking, Macon had been bypassed on Sherman’s march to the sea, and the city by the Ocmulgee River prospered through the Reconstruction era. When the state’s legal community formed the Georgia Bar Association in 1883, Macon was chosen as its headquarters location, and it remained so for the next 90 years. L.N. Whittle was the first of 10 Macon lawyers to serve as president of the Georgia Bar Association during its eight decades of existence. He and Walter B. Hill, also of Macon, who served as the first secretary/treasurer, were among 11 petitioners from around the state listed on the association’s corporate charter when it was granted by the Superior Court of Bibb County on July 19, 1884.
Although membership remained strictly voluntary, the Georgia Bar Association gradually expanded its activities and organizational efforts throughout the state. In 1942, the association set up an office in downtown Macon, utilizing space in the Persons Building offered by the law firm of John B. Harris, who was then the secretary of the Georgia Bar and later served as its president. Beginning a practice in the same building in 1950, one floor above the Harris Firm, was a new lawyer named Frank C. Jones, who would later become president of the State Bar of Georgia. “During those years, I had frequent contact with Mr. Harris and his firm’s personnel, including Madrid Williams, a remarkably able and talented individual,” Jones said in a recent interview. “I was president of the Younger Lawyers Section in 1956-57 and worked closely with Mrs. Williams in that respect. John D. Comer, who was then practicing with the Harris Firm, and I served for several years as associate editors of the Georgia Bar Journal. We would review proposed articles and meet on a regular basis with Mr. Harris and Madrid to discuss the acceptability of these articles and other matters.”
Unified Bar.
Efforts to bring about a unified bar in Georgia began in the late 1920s and continued almost without interruption. In 1963, soon after his inauguration, Governor Carl Sanders was visited by Atlanta lawyers Gus Cleveland and Harry Baxter, who had been delegated by the voluntary Georgia Bar Association to approach the Governor about supporting legislation to create a unified State Bar. It turned out to be an easier task than they expected, as the 37-year-old new lawyer-Governor immediately saw the advantages of an organized Bar capable of enforcing academic and professional standards for would-be lawyers along with a disciplinary process to protect the public from lawyer misconduct.
Sanders later recalled that, “Up until that time, while a fairly rigorous written Bar exam was required of every applicant, it was not nearly as comprehensive and onerous as the one we have today, and there was no multistate component. Also, the Bar association at the time was a toothless tiger, unorganized, with no right to discipline its members.” The governor told Baxter and Cleveland (who later served as State Bar president in 1971-72) that his administration would indeed support the unified Bar proposal. He directed his House of Representatives floor leader, future Attorney General Arthur Bolton, and the lieutenant governor, future Supreme Court Justice George T. Smith, to head up the legislative effort.
The harder task was actually passing the bill. “Any time you seek to change something that has been in existence for that many years, it’s going to be difficult,” Sanders said. “Like many other lawyers, I knew there were going to be some who would not be able to meet the requirements.” He recalls there was vigorous opposition to the proposal under the Gold Dome. “I remember Johnnie Caldwell (who later served as the state’s insurance commissioner) making a long speech in the House about Abraham Lincoln having read the law by candlelight in a log cabin in Illinois,” Sanders said. “He said if that was good enough for Abe Lincoln, it was good enough for Georgia.”
In 1963 the General Assembly passed an Act (Ga. L. 1963, p. 70) stating that ". . . the Supreme Court of this State shall be authorized, upon a petition presented by the Georgia Bar Association, to establish, as an administrative arm of the court, a unified self-governing bar association to be known as the 'State Bar of Georgia' composed of all persons now or hereafter licensed to practice law in this State." This Act recited that it gave the Supreme Court authority, upon recommendation of the Georgia Bar Association, to adopt rules and regulations for the organization of a unified bar and to define the rights, duties and obligations of members, including payment of a reasonable license fee, and to otherwise regulate and govern the practice of law in Georgia.
A committee of 22 lawyers was charged with taking the next steps, which included the preparation and filing of a petition with the Supreme Court of Georgia, asking for the Court’s approval. Although some opposition was voiced at a hearing in October, the Court issued an order on Dec. 6, 1963, establishing the State Bar of Georgia.Pursuant to this grant of authority, the Supreme Court of Georgia created and established the State Bar of Georgia by court order on December 6, 1963. Thus, the State Bar of Georgia was created pursuant to the authority of the Supreme Court of Georgia and the Act of the Georgia General Assembly
approved by the Governor on March 11, 1963 (Georgia Laws 1963, page 70).
The initial draft of the proposed rules for the new State Bar was discussed and agreed upon in an all-day meeting in the conference room of Frank Jones’ law firm in Macon, under the leadership of Newell Edenfield of Atlanta, who chaired the organizational committee, and Holcombe Perry of Albany, who was president of the Georgia Bar Association in 1962-63. Attributing the successful incorporation of the Bar in large part to Perry’s leadership as president, Jones said, “Holcombe worked hundreds of hours on this undertaking, and few, if any, other lawyers in Georgia could have achieved the success that he did.”
In 1968, Jones was elected as the unified Bar’s sixth president and the first of three from Macon. He says a highlight of his term was the Supreme Court of Georgia issuing resounding opinions in Wallace v. Wallace and Sams v. Olah, rejecting constitutional challenges to the State Bar of Georgia’s existence.
Creation of the unified Bar was not without controversy.In fact, the only member of the Board of Governors ever "impeached" by the lawyers in his circuit was due to his support of bar unification. Irwin Stolz was informally impeached -- as there was no procedure for that -- at a meeting of the Lookout Mountain Circuit Bar Association in 1963. He later served as State Bar president and on the Georgia Court of Appeals, and his law partner, Norman Fletcher
, became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In their post-judicial careers, Stolz practices law in Athens and Fletcher practices law and mediates in Rome.
Move of headquarters to Atlanta.
During Frank Jones' presidency of the State Bar, the potential benefits of moving the Bar headquarters from Macon to Atlanta started to become obvious to him. In addition to quarterly meetings of the Board of Governors that were held around the state and the annual meeting that was almost always in Savannah, there were meetings of the Executive Committee and various general and special committees and other meetings that Jones sought to attend. “The great majority of these meetings were held in Atlanta, with virtually none in Macon, because Atlanta was more convenient to a majority of attendees and the facilities were limited in Macon,” Jones said. “Madrid Williams or Judge Mallory C. Atkinson, our first general counsel, and sometimes both, usually accompanied me in traveling to Atlanta for such meetings and we would talk from time to time about the probable need someday to move the office to Atlanta.” Jones also noted that Atlanta was shedding its reputation as what he called “kind of a sleepy metropolis.” Starting in the 1960s, there was an explosive growth in the number of lawyers practicing in the Atlanta metropolitan area, and many law firms greatly increased in size.
In 1971-72, Jones served on the Governor’s Commission on Judicial Processes, chaired by Hon. Bob Hall. The panel’s recommendations resulted in the establishment of the Judicial Qualifications Commission (JQC) as a constitutional body and the Judicial Nominating Commission (JNC) by executive order of each of Georgia’s governors. “The meetings of the JQC were invariably held in the Judicial Building because we reported our findings and recommendations to the Supreme Court of Georgia, and the meetings of the JNC were normally held in Atlanta as well,” Jones said. “This is another illustration of how Atlanta increasingly became the focus of the activities of the State Bar and related organizations.”
A Special Committee on State Bar Headquarters was appointed in 1970, with Jones as chairman and Ben L. Weinberg Jr. as vice chairman. Also serving were B. Carl Buice, Wilton D. Harrington, G. Conley Ingram, H.H. Perry Jr., Hon. Paul W. Painter and Frank W. “Sonny” Seiler, with then- Bar President Irwin W. Stolz Jr., A.G. Cleveland Jr. and Thomas E. Dennard Jr. as ex-officio members. In November 1971, the committee submitted its final report during a meeting of the Board of Governors, officially recommending that the State Bar headquarters be moved from Macon to downtown Atlanta because, in part, “Ideally, the headquarters should be reasonably close to the State Capitol area, as accessible as possible to those lawyers throughout the state who would enter Atlanta on the interstate and other highways, and at the same time not inconvenient to the large number of State Bar of Georgia members who have their offices in the business and financial district in Atlanta.” The fact that the State Bar had been authorized by the Supreme Court of Georgia, and its rules had to be approved by the Supreme Court, was another persuasive reason why the headquarters should be in downtown Atlanta and within reasonable proximity to the Supreme Court.
The report acknowledged that the anticipated doubling of office space, addition of at least one more staff member, higher rental rates and salary scales prevailing in Atlanta and various other factors would result in a substantial increase in operating expenses. A dues increase would undoubtedly be required. One of the committee’s recommendations specified: “The State Bar of Georgia should not give any further consideration at this time to building its own headquarters building (as some other state bars have done).” Jones said, “That was a wise decision at the time, I believe. We needed to walk before we could run.”
After the committee’s recommendations were unanimously approved by the Board of Governors, the wheels were set in motion for the move from Macon to Atlanta. F. Jack Adams joined committee members Seiler and Cleveland in submitting a detailed report concerning costs and a proposed dues increase, which was approved by the board in July 1972. Increased expenditures were estimated at just over $75,000, necessitating a dues increase of $20 per year. The target date for opening the new headquarters in the Fulton National Bank building was July 1, 1973. By Feb. 9, the contract had already been signed, construction of the offices was underway and moving vans were packed and ready to leave Macon for Atlanta. Seiler, who was the State Bar president that year, recounted, in his endof- year report for the 1973 annual meeting, what happened next.
“I’ll never forget that day,” Seiler said of the planned moving day of Feb. 9. “Gus Cleveland, Jack Adams and I were in Cleveland, Ohio, attending the ABA National Conference of Bar Presidents. It was extremely cold in Cleveland, but the skies were clear. We knew that winter storms were harassing the South, and Gus and I had speculated as to whether or not the move could be accomplished. On the day of the intended move, I picked up a Cleveland paper and the headlines read ‘Heavy Snow Hits Macon, Georgia,’ and I knew darn well they weren’t talking about Cubbege Jr. or Sr.!” (Cubbege Snow was the name of a father-son legal duo in Macon, with a third generation having since joined the practice.) The snow melted a few days later, and the new office was fully occupied on Law Day, May 1, 1973, two months ahead of schedule.
Performing an integral role in the move was Madrid Williams, who had originally informed the officers of her intention to retire as executive secretary on Jan. 1, 1973, rather than make the move to Atlanta. “But she got caught up in the excitement,” Jones said, and instead of retiring, Williams wound up personally supervising the entire project, coordinating the moving and purchase of equipment, furniture and decorations, as well as interviewing and hiring new staff members. “Her help was invaluable during those first years after the move,” Jones said of Williams, who in 1970 became one of the first women to serve as president of the National Association of Bar Executives. She did retire in 1976, a full 34 years after opening the first Georgia Bar Association office.f
According to Jones, opposition to the move from Macon to Atlanta was virtually non-existent, and the only backlash he received from below Georgia’s fall line for having spearheaded the effort was some good-natured ribbing from his hometown colleagues. “When I accepted an invitation to become a partner in the firm of King & Spalding LLP in Atlanta as of July 1, 1977, several of my friends jokingly remarked that I was being run out of Macon because I had been instrumental in the move,” Jones said. “But I had realized it would be an easier pill to swallow if a past president from Macon was the one making the recommendation.”
Jones concluded, “In my judgment both then and now, it was essential that the State Bar have its headquarters conveniently located in downtown Atlanta in order to maximize its service to the lawyers of Georgia, the judiciary and the general public. Such a location provides ready access to the Supreme Court of Georgia, the Governor’s Office, the General Assembly and other governmental agencies with which the State Bar has dealings from time to time. It is also consistent with the extraordinary growth in the number of practicing lawyers residing in the greater Atlanta area.”
Georgia Bar Center.
In 1995, the State Bar began an effort to establish a Bar Center that would be a professional gathering place for members of the profession from around the state. After an exhaustive search and a struggle with financing, the State Bar purchased the former home of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. The Georgia Bar Center is reputedly the finest state bar headquarters in the United States, in the assessment of delegates to the ABA midyear meeting in 2011. It includes a conference center used for continuing legal education seminars and professional meetings almost daily, a law related education program that hosts over 10,000 school children each year, the offices of the State Bar and a number of other law related organizations In addition, visiting bar members enjoy free parking when attending events in downtown Atlanta.
And adjoining the lobby is a small museum depicting a nineteenth century law office near the site of the Bar Center, where Woodrow Wilson labored until he gave up the "dreadful drudgery" of law practice and boarded a northbound train in 1883.
Past Presidents
Past presidents of the former Georgia Bar Association and the State Bar of Georgia include the following. (* denotes deceased)
Georgia Bar Association
State Bar of Georgia
1968 David H. Gambrell, Atlanta
1969 Frank C. Jones, Macon
1971 Irwin W. Stolz Jr., LaFayette
1973 Frank W. Seiler, Savannah
1975 Cubbedge Snow Jr., Macon
1976 W. Stell Huie, Atlanta
1977 Harold G. Clarke, Forsyth
1980 Kirk M. McAlpin, Atlanta
1982 J. Douglas Stewart, Gainesville
1983 Frank Love Jr., Atlanta
1984 Richard Y. Bradley, Columbus
1987 Robert M. Brinson, Rome
1988 J. Littleton Glover Jr., Newnan
1989 A. James Elliott, Atlanta
1991 Evans J. Plowden Jr., Albany
1992 Charles T. Lester Jr., Atlanta
1993 Paul Kilpatrick Jr., Columbus
1994 John C. Sammon, Decatur
1995 Harold T. Daniel Jr., Atlanta
1996 Robert W. Chasteen Jr., Fitzgerald
1997 Ben F. Easterlin IV, Atlanta
1998 Linda A. Klein, Atlanta
1999 William E. Cannon Jr., Albany
2000 Rudolph N. Patterson, Macon
2001 George E. Mundy, Cedartown
2002 James B. Franklin, Statesboro
2003 James B. Durham, Brunswick
2004 William D. Barwick, Atlanta
2005 Rob Reinhardt, Tifton
2006 Robert Ingram, Marietta
2007 J. Vincent Cook, Athens
2008 Gerald M. Edenfield, Statesboro
2009 Jeffrey O. Bramlett, Atlanta
2010 Bryan M. Cavan, Newnan
2011 S. Lester Tate III, Cartersville
The State Bar was established in 1964 as the successor of the prior voluntary Georgia Bar Association which was founded in 1884. The stated purpose of the State Bar of Georgia is to foster among the members of the Bar of this state the principles of duty and service to the public; to improve the administration of justice; and to advance the science of law.
The Bar has strict codes of ethics and discipline that are enforced by the Supreme Court of Georgia through the State Bar's Office of the General Counsel. Membership dues and other contributions help the Bar provide programs that are mutually beneficial to its members and the general public.
Membership
By order of the Supreme Court of Georgia (219 GA 873 and subsequent amendments), one is required before engaging in the practice of law to register with the State Bar and to pay the prescribed dues.Following are statistics regarding State Bar of Georgia members as of July 1, 2011: active members in good standing, 33,904;
inactive members in good standing, 8,073;
emeritus members, 1,119;
affiliate members, 13;
student members, 68;
foreign law consultants, 5.
Overall Membership: 43,182
Programs
To better serve its members, the Bar offers a variety of programs. For more information, visit www.gabar.org.- B.A.S.I.C.S.
- Committee to Promote Inclusion in the Profession
- Consumer Assistance Program
- Continuing Legal Education
- Fee Arbitration
- Georgia Diversity Program
- Judicial District Professionalism Program
- Law-Related Education Program
- Law Practice Management
- Lawyer Assistance Program
- Legislative Program
- Military Legal Assistance Program
- Pro Bono Project
- Transition Into Law Practice Program
- Unlicensed Practice of Law
Ethics
Georgia lawyers are bound by strict rules of ethics in all of their professional dealings. The Georgia Rules of Professional Conduct help define a lawyer's obligations to clients, to the judicial system, and to the public.Although the Supreme Court of Georgia retains ultimate authority to regulate the legal profession, the State Bar of Georgia's Office of the General Counsel serves as the Court's arm to investigate and prosecute claims that a lawyer has violated the ethics rules.
The Rules of Professional Conduct are found at Part IV, Chapter 1 of the Bar Rules. Part IV, Chapter 2 contains the procedural rules for disciplinary actions against lawyers. In addition to the Rules, the Bar and the Supreme Court periodically have issued Formal Advisory Opinions that clarify a lawyer's obligations in certain situations. A complete list of Formal Advisory Opinions follows Part IV, Chapter 3 of the Bar Rules.
Lawyers who would like to discuss an ethics dilemma with a member of the Office of the General Counsel staff should contact the Lawyer Helpline at 404-527-8720 or 800-334-6865. Members of the public who believe that a Georgia lawyer has violated the rules of ethics should contact the Bar's Consumer Assistance Program at 800-334-6865.
Sections
Forty-four sections provide service to the legal profession and public. A conduit for information in particular areas of law, sections provide newsletters, programs and the chance to exchange ideas with other practitioners. The sections include:- Administrative Law
- Agriculture Law
- Animal Law
- Antitrust Law
- Appellate Practice Section
- Aviation Law
- Bankruptcy Law
- Business Law
- Consumer Law
- Corporate Counsel Law
- Creditors' Rights
- Criminal Law
- Dispute Resolution
- Elder Law
- Eminent Domain
- Employee Benefits Law
- Entertainment and Sports Law
- Environmental Law
- Equine Law
- Family Law
- Fiduciary Law
- Franchise and Distribution Law
- General Practice and Trial Law
- Government Attorneys
- Health Law
- Immigration Law Section
- Individual Rights Law
- Intellectual Property Law
- International Law
- Judicial Section
- Labor and Employment Law
- Legal Economics Law
- Local Government Law
- Military/Veterans Law
- Nonprofit Law
- Product Liability Law
- Professional Liability
- Real Property Law
- School and College Law
- Senior Lawyers
- Taxation Law
- Technology Law
- Tort and Insurance Practice
- Workers' Compensation Law
Leadership
State Bar of Georgia Officers, June 2011 - June 2012:- President Kenneth L. Shigley
- President-Elect Robin Frazer Clark
- Treasurer Charles L. Ruffin
- Secretary Patrise M. Perkins-Hooker
- Immediate Past President S. Lester Tate III
- Young Lawyers Division (YLD) President Stephanie Joy Kirijan
- YLD President-Elect Jonathan B. Pannell
- YLD Immediate Past President Michael G. Geoffroy
The Executive Director of the State Bar is Cliff Brashier.
The Board of Governors is the 160-member policymaking authority of the State Bar, with representation from each of Georgia's judicial circuits. The board holds regular meetings five times per year.
The Board of Governors elects six of its members to serving on the Executive Committee with the organization's officers. The Executive Committee meets monthly and exercises the power of the Board of Governors when the board is not in session.
Offices
The State Bar of Georgia has three offices, in Atlanta, Savannah and Tifton.The headquarters of State Bar of Georgia, known as the Bar Center, is located at 104 Marietta Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30303. Phone 404-527-8700.
The South Georgia Office is located at 244 E. Second Street, Tifton, GA 31793. Phone 229-387-0446.
The Coastal Georgia Office is located at 18 E. Bay Street, Savannah, GA 31401. Phone 912-239-9970.
Headquarters building
The headquarters building was originally the Federal Reserve Bank of AtlantaFederal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta is responsible for the sixth district, which covers the states of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, 74 counties in the eastern two-thirds of...
which opened in 1918, designed by A. Ten Eyck Brown
A. Ten Eyck Brown
Albert Anthony Ten Eyck Brown was an architect active in Atlanta, Georgia and other areas. Brown was born in 1878 in Albany, New York. He studied at the Academy of Design in New York.His works include:* St...
, one of the most notable architects of public buildings in Atlanta in the first third of the 20th century.
Young Lawyers Division
The Young Lawyers Division has been strengthened over the years through guidance by the State Bar of Georgia, its Executive Committee and Board of Directors, the Supreme Court, and through dedicated service rendered by its members. In keeping with its motto of "working for the profession and the public," the YLD has 27 hard-working committees that provide service to the public, the profession, and the Bar through an array of projects and programs. Through the years, the YLD has also gained national recognition by winning several American Bar Association awards for its projects and publications.History
In 1878, the American Bar AssociationAmerican Bar Association
The American Bar Association , founded August 21, 1878, is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. The ABA's most important stated activities are the setting of academic standards for law schools, and the formulation...
was founded at Saratoga Springs, NY. It soon began to encourage its members to form organizations of the legal profession in their respective states.
Five years later, in 1883, coincidental events occurred that would be entwined in history. In June, a frail, lonely and dyslexic Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...
gave up on his failing law practice on Spring Street in Atlanta, which he described as “dreadful drudgery.” Few noticed or cared when he boarded a northbound train bound for graduate school at Johns Hopkins. There was scarcely a less likely prospect to become, 30 years, President of the United States. In September, the General Assembly, meeting at a building that combined the Atlanta city hall and Fulton County courthouse, appropriated one million dollars to build a new state capitol building on the same site. An in Macon, five Georgia members of the American Bar Association had a conversation about forming a Georgia Bar Association.
The next year, 1884, there was a meeting in Atlanta to form the Georgia Bar Association. The initial members of the Georgia Bar Association were all the Georgia members of the ABA. They chose as the first state bar president L. N. Whittle, who was commander of the Macon Militia during the Civil War. Anyone experienced in the ways of voluntary organizations may appreciate the fact that Col. Whittle was detained at a college trustees meeting in Tennessee, so he was unable to attend the meeting at which he was elected president. His service as the first president Georgia Bar was a point too insignificant to be mentioned in his obituary two years later.
Macon headquarters.
In the late 19th century, Macon was not only in the middle of the state geographically speaking; it was essentially the population center of Georgia and was easily accessible to the rest of the state. All roads and rail lines seemingly led to Macon. While neighboring Milledgeville had lost its status as state capital to Atlanta in the aftermath of a Civil War ransacking, Macon had been bypassed on Sherman’s march to the sea, and the city by the Ocmulgee River prospered through the Reconstruction era. When the state’s legal community formed the Georgia Bar Association in 1883, Macon was chosen as its headquarters location, and it remained so for the next 90 years. L.N. Whittle was the first of 10 Macon lawyers to serve as president of the Georgia Bar Association during its eight decades of existence. He and Walter B. Hill, also of Macon, who served as the first secretary/treasurer, were among 11 petitioners from around the state listed on the association’s corporate charter when it was granted by the Superior Court of Bibb County on July 19, 1884.
Although membership remained strictly voluntary, the Georgia Bar Association gradually expanded its activities and organizational efforts throughout the state. In 1942, the association set up an office in downtown Macon, utilizing space in the Persons Building offered by the law firm of John B. Harris, who was then the secretary of the Georgia Bar and later served as its president. Beginning a practice in the same building in 1950, one floor above the Harris Firm, was a new lawyer named Frank C. Jones, who would later become president of the State Bar of Georgia. “During those years, I had frequent contact with Mr. Harris and his firm’s personnel, including Madrid Williams, a remarkably able and talented individual,” Jones said in a recent interview. “I was president of the Younger Lawyers Section in 1956-57 and worked closely with Mrs. Williams in that respect. John D. Comer, who was then practicing with the Harris Firm, and I served for several years as associate editors of the Georgia Bar Journal. We would review proposed articles and meet on a regular basis with Mr. Harris and Madrid to discuss the acceptability of these articles and other matters.”
Unified Bar.
Efforts to bring about a unified bar in Georgia began in the late 1920s and continued almost without interruption. In 1963, soon after his inauguration, Governor Carl Sanders was visited by Atlanta lawyers Gus Cleveland and Harry Baxter, who had been delegated by the voluntary Georgia Bar Association to approach the Governor about supporting legislation to create a unified State Bar. It turned out to be an easier task than they expected, as the 37-year-old new lawyer-Governor immediately saw the advantages of an organized Bar capable of enforcing academic and professional standards for would-be lawyers along with a disciplinary process to protect the public from lawyer misconduct.
Sanders later recalled that, “Up until that time, while a fairly rigorous written Bar exam was required of every applicant, it was not nearly as comprehensive and onerous as the one we have today, and there was no multistate component. Also, the Bar association at the time was a toothless tiger, unorganized, with no right to discipline its members.” The governor told Baxter and Cleveland (who later served as State Bar president in 1971-72) that his administration would indeed support the unified Bar proposal. He directed his House of Representatives floor leader, future Attorney General Arthur Bolton, and the lieutenant governor, future Supreme Court Justice George T. Smith, to head up the legislative effort.
The harder task was actually passing the bill. “Any time you seek to change something that has been in existence for that many years, it’s going to be difficult,” Sanders said. “Like many other lawyers, I knew there were going to be some who would not be able to meet the requirements.” He recalls there was vigorous opposition to the proposal under the Gold Dome. “I remember Johnnie Caldwell (who later served as the state’s insurance commissioner) making a long speech in the House about Abraham Lincoln having read the law by candlelight in a log cabin in Illinois,” Sanders said. “He said if that was good enough for Abe Lincoln, it was good enough for Georgia.”
In 1963 the General Assembly passed an Act (Ga. L. 1963, p. 70) stating that ". . . the Supreme Court of this State shall be authorized, upon a petition presented by the Georgia Bar Association, to establish, as an administrative arm of the court, a unified self-governing bar association to be known as the 'State Bar of Georgia' composed of all persons now or hereafter licensed to practice law in this State." This Act recited that it gave the Supreme Court authority, upon recommendation of the Georgia Bar Association, to adopt rules and regulations for the organization of a unified bar and to define the rights, duties and obligations of members, including payment of a reasonable license fee, and to otherwise regulate and govern the practice of law in Georgia.
A committee of 22 lawyers was charged with taking the next steps, which included the preparation and filing of a petition with the Supreme Court of Georgia, asking for the Court’s approval. Although some opposition was voiced at a hearing in October, the Court issued an order on Dec. 6, 1963, establishing the State Bar of Georgia.Pursuant to this grant of authority, the Supreme Court of Georgia created and established the State Bar of Georgia by court order on December 6, 1963. Thus, the State Bar of Georgia was created pursuant to the authority of the Supreme Court of Georgia and the Act of the Georgia General Assembly
Georgia General Assembly
The Georgia General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is bicameral, being composed of the Georgia House of Representatives and the Georgia Senate....
approved by the Governor on March 11, 1963 (Georgia Laws 1963, page 70).
The initial draft of the proposed rules for the new State Bar was discussed and agreed upon in an all-day meeting in the conference room of Frank Jones’ law firm in Macon, under the leadership of Newell Edenfield of Atlanta, who chaired the organizational committee, and Holcombe Perry of Albany, who was president of the Georgia Bar Association in 1962-63. Attributing the successful incorporation of the Bar in large part to Perry’s leadership as president, Jones said, “Holcombe worked hundreds of hours on this undertaking, and few, if any, other lawyers in Georgia could have achieved the success that he did.”
In 1968, Jones was elected as the unified Bar’s sixth president and the first of three from Macon. He says a highlight of his term was the Supreme Court of Georgia issuing resounding opinions in Wallace v. Wallace and Sams v. Olah, rejecting constitutional challenges to the State Bar of Georgia’s existence.
Creation of the unified Bar was not without controversy.In fact, the only member of the Board of Governors ever "impeached" by the lawyers in his circuit was due to his support of bar unification. Irwin Stolz was informally impeached -- as there was no procedure for that -- at a meeting of the Lookout Mountain Circuit Bar Association in 1963. He later served as State Bar president and on the Georgia Court of Appeals, and his law partner, Norman Fletcher
Norman Fletcher
Norman Collings Fletcher was an American architect who was a co-founder and partner of the architectural firm The Architects' Collaborative , working there from 1945 until the firm's demise in 1995. His wife was Jean B. Fletcher.Fletcher was born in Providence, Rhode Island...
, became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In their post-judicial careers, Stolz practices law in Athens and Fletcher practices law and mediates in Rome.
Move of headquarters to Atlanta.
During Frank Jones' presidency of the State Bar, the potential benefits of moving the Bar headquarters from Macon to Atlanta started to become obvious to him. In addition to quarterly meetings of the Board of Governors that were held around the state and the annual meeting that was almost always in Savannah, there were meetings of the Executive Committee and various general and special committees and other meetings that Jones sought to attend. “The great majority of these meetings were held in Atlanta, with virtually none in Macon, because Atlanta was more convenient to a majority of attendees and the facilities were limited in Macon,” Jones said. “Madrid Williams or Judge Mallory C. Atkinson, our first general counsel, and sometimes both, usually accompanied me in traveling to Atlanta for such meetings and we would talk from time to time about the probable need someday to move the office to Atlanta.” Jones also noted that Atlanta was shedding its reputation as what he called “kind of a sleepy metropolis.” Starting in the 1960s, there was an explosive growth in the number of lawyers practicing in the Atlanta metropolitan area, and many law firms greatly increased in size.
In 1971-72, Jones served on the Governor’s Commission on Judicial Processes, chaired by Hon. Bob Hall. The panel’s recommendations resulted in the establishment of the Judicial Qualifications Commission (JQC) as a constitutional body and the Judicial Nominating Commission (JNC) by executive order of each of Georgia’s governors. “The meetings of the JQC were invariably held in the Judicial Building because we reported our findings and recommendations to the Supreme Court of Georgia, and the meetings of the JNC were normally held in Atlanta as well,” Jones said. “This is another illustration of how Atlanta increasingly became the focus of the activities of the State Bar and related organizations.”
A Special Committee on State Bar Headquarters was appointed in 1970, with Jones as chairman and Ben L. Weinberg Jr. as vice chairman. Also serving were B. Carl Buice, Wilton D. Harrington, G. Conley Ingram, H.H. Perry Jr., Hon. Paul W. Painter and Frank W. “Sonny” Seiler, with then- Bar President Irwin W. Stolz Jr., A.G. Cleveland Jr. and Thomas E. Dennard Jr. as ex-officio members. In November 1971, the committee submitted its final report during a meeting of the Board of Governors, officially recommending that the State Bar headquarters be moved from Macon to downtown Atlanta because, in part, “Ideally, the headquarters should be reasonably close to the State Capitol area, as accessible as possible to those lawyers throughout the state who would enter Atlanta on the interstate and other highways, and at the same time not inconvenient to the large number of State Bar of Georgia members who have their offices in the business and financial district in Atlanta.” The fact that the State Bar had been authorized by the Supreme Court of Georgia, and its rules had to be approved by the Supreme Court, was another persuasive reason why the headquarters should be in downtown Atlanta and within reasonable proximity to the Supreme Court.
The report acknowledged that the anticipated doubling of office space, addition of at least one more staff member, higher rental rates and salary scales prevailing in Atlanta and various other factors would result in a substantial increase in operating expenses. A dues increase would undoubtedly be required. One of the committee’s recommendations specified: “The State Bar of Georgia should not give any further consideration at this time to building its own headquarters building (as some other state bars have done).” Jones said, “That was a wise decision at the time, I believe. We needed to walk before we could run.”
After the committee’s recommendations were unanimously approved by the Board of Governors, the wheels were set in motion for the move from Macon to Atlanta. F. Jack Adams joined committee members Seiler and Cleveland in submitting a detailed report concerning costs and a proposed dues increase, which was approved by the board in July 1972. Increased expenditures were estimated at just over $75,000, necessitating a dues increase of $20 per year. The target date for opening the new headquarters in the Fulton National Bank building was July 1, 1973. By Feb. 9, the contract had already been signed, construction of the offices was underway and moving vans were packed and ready to leave Macon for Atlanta. Seiler, who was the State Bar president that year, recounted, in his endof- year report for the 1973 annual meeting, what happened next.
“I’ll never forget that day,” Seiler said of the planned moving day of Feb. 9. “Gus Cleveland, Jack Adams and I were in Cleveland, Ohio, attending the ABA National Conference of Bar Presidents. It was extremely cold in Cleveland, but the skies were clear. We knew that winter storms were harassing the South, and Gus and I had speculated as to whether or not the move could be accomplished. On the day of the intended move, I picked up a Cleveland paper and the headlines read ‘Heavy Snow Hits Macon, Georgia,’ and I knew darn well they weren’t talking about Cubbege Jr. or Sr.!” (Cubbege Snow was the name of a father-son legal duo in Macon, with a third generation having since joined the practice.) The snow melted a few days later, and the new office was fully occupied on Law Day, May 1, 1973, two months ahead of schedule.
Performing an integral role in the move was Madrid Williams, who had originally informed the officers of her intention to retire as executive secretary on Jan. 1, 1973, rather than make the move to Atlanta. “But she got caught up in the excitement,” Jones said, and instead of retiring, Williams wound up personally supervising the entire project, coordinating the moving and purchase of equipment, furniture and decorations, as well as interviewing and hiring new staff members. “Her help was invaluable during those first years after the move,” Jones said of Williams, who in 1970 became one of the first women to serve as president of the National Association of Bar Executives. She did retire in 1976, a full 34 years after opening the first Georgia Bar Association office.f
According to Jones, opposition to the move from Macon to Atlanta was virtually non-existent, and the only backlash he received from below Georgia’s fall line for having spearheaded the effort was some good-natured ribbing from his hometown colleagues. “When I accepted an invitation to become a partner in the firm of King & Spalding LLP in Atlanta as of July 1, 1977, several of my friends jokingly remarked that I was being run out of Macon because I had been instrumental in the move,” Jones said. “But I had realized it would be an easier pill to swallow if a past president from Macon was the one making the recommendation.”
Jones concluded, “In my judgment both then and now, it was essential that the State Bar have its headquarters conveniently located in downtown Atlanta in order to maximize its service to the lawyers of Georgia, the judiciary and the general public. Such a location provides ready access to the Supreme Court of Georgia, the Governor’s Office, the General Assembly and other governmental agencies with which the State Bar has dealings from time to time. It is also consistent with the extraordinary growth in the number of practicing lawyers residing in the greater Atlanta area.”
Georgia Bar Center.
In 1995, the State Bar began an effort to establish a Bar Center that would be a professional gathering place for members of the profession from around the state. After an exhaustive search and a struggle with financing, the State Bar purchased the former home of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. The Georgia Bar Center is reputedly the finest state bar headquarters in the United States, in the assessment of delegates to the ABA midyear meeting in 2011. It includes a conference center used for continuing legal education seminars and professional meetings almost daily, a law related education program that hosts over 10,000 school children each year, the offices of the State Bar and a number of other law related organizations In addition, visiting bar members enjoy free parking when attending events in downtown Atlanta.
And adjoining the lobby is a small museum depicting a nineteenth century law office near the site of the Bar Center, where Woodrow Wilson labored until he gave up the "dreadful drudgery" of law practice and boarded a northbound train in 1883.
Past Presidents
Past presidents of the former Georgia Bar Association and the State Bar of Georgia include the following. (* denotes deceased)
Georgia Bar Association
- 1884 L. N. Whittle, Macon
- 1885 William M. Reese, Washington
- 1886 Joseph B. Cumming, Augusta
- 1887 Clifford Anderson, Macon
- 1888 Walter B. Hill, Macon
- 1889 Marshall J. Clarke, Atlanta
- 1890 George A. MercerJohnny MercerJohn Herndon "Johnny" Mercer was an American lyricist, songwriter and singer. He is best known as a lyricist, but he also composed music. He was also a popular singer who recorded his own songs as well as those written by others...
, Savannah - 1891 Frank H. Miller, Augusta
- 1892 John Peabody, Columbus
- 1893 Washington Dessau, Macon
- 1894 Logan E. Bleckley, Atlanta
- 1895 William H. Fleming, Augusta
- 1896 John W. Park, Greenville
- 1897 Henry R. Goetchius, Columbus
- 1898 John W. Akin, Cartersville
- 1899 Hamilton McWhorter Lexington
- 1900 Joseph Rucker LamarJoseph Rucker LamarJoseph Rucker Lamar was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court appointed by President William Howard Taft...
, Augusta - 1901 H. W. Hill, Greenville
- 1902 Charlton E. Battle, Columbus
- 1903 Burton Smith, Atlanta
- 1904 Peter W. Meldrim, Savannah
- 1905 A. P. Persons, Talbotton
- 1906 T. A. Hammond, Atlanta
- 1907 A. L. Miller, Macon
- 1908 Samuel B. Adams, Savannah
- 1909 Jos. Hansel Merrill, Thomasville
- 1910 T. M. Cunningham Jr., Savannah
- 1911 Joel Branham, Rome
- 1912 Alex W. Smith, Atlanta
- 1913 Andrew J. Cobb, Athens
- 1914 Robert C. Alston, Atlanta
- 1915 Sam S. Bennet, Albany
- 1916 George W. Owens, Savannah
- 1917 William H. Barrett, Augusta
- 1918 Orville A. Park, Macon
- 1919 Samuel H. Sibley, Atlanta
- 1920 Luther Z. Rosser, Atlanta
- 1921 Alexander R. Lawton, Savannah
- 1922 Arthur G. Powell, Atlanta
- 1923 Z. D. Harrison, Atlanta
- 1924 William M. Howard, Augusta
- 1925 H. H. Swift, Columbus
- 1926 Leo W. Branch, Quitman
- 1927 Warren Grice, Macon
- 1928 Millard Reese, Brunswick
- 1929 John M. Slaton, Atlanta
- 1930 Rembert Marshall, Atlanta
- 1931 A. W. Cozart, Columbus
- 1932 Hatton Lovejoy, LaGrange
- 1933 Marion Smith, Atlanta
- 1934 H. F. Lawson, Hawkinsville
- 1935 Graham Wright, Rome
- 1936 A. B. Lovett, Savannah
- 1937 Alexander W. Smith Jr., Atlanta
- 1938 William C. Turpin Jr., Macon
- 1939 Joseph B. Cumming, Augusta
- 1940 John L. Tye Jr., Atlanta
- 1941 William Y. Atkinson, Newnan
- 1942 Frank D. Foley, Columbus
- 1943 John B. Harris, Macon
- 1944 Marvin A. Allison, Lawrenceville
- 1945 Charles J. Bloch, Macon
- 1946 Charles L. Gowen, Brunswick
- 1947 Robert B. Troutman, Atlanta
- 1948 Vance Custer, Bainbridge
- 1949 Albert J. HendersonAlbert John HendersonAlbert John Henderson was a United States federal judge.Born in Canton, Georgia, Henderson was a Sergeant in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945, and then received an LL.B. from Mercer University School of Law in 1947...
, Canton - 1950 Alexander A. Lawrence, Savannah
- 1951 A. Edward Smith, Columbus
- 1952 F. M. Bird, Atlanta
- 1953 William Butt, Blue Ridge
- 1954 Edward A. Dutton, Savannah
- 1955 John J. Flynt Jr., Griffin
- 1956 Henry L. Bowden, Atlanta
- 1957 Howell Hollis, Columbus
- 1958 Carl K. Nelson, Dublin
- 1959 Robert M. Heard, Elberton
- 1960 Newell Edenfield, Atlanta
- 1961 H. C. Eberhardt, Valdosta
- 1962 Maurice C. Thomas, Macon
- 1963 H. H. Perry Jr., Albany
- 1964 Hugh M. Dorsey Jr., Atlanta
- 1965 Will Ed Smith, Eastman
State Bar of Georgia
- 1964 Hugh M. Dorsey Jr., Atlanta
- 1965 Will Ed Smith, Eastman
- 1966 Henry P. Eve, Augusta
- 1967 Omer W. Franklin Jr., Valdosta
1968 David H. Gambrell, Atlanta
1969 Frank C. Jones, Macon
- 1970 Howell C. Erwin Jr., Athens
1971 Irwin W. Stolz Jr., LaFayette
- 1972 A. Gus Cleveland, Atlanta
1973 Frank W. Seiler, Savannah
- 1974 F. Jack Adams, Cornelia
1975 Cubbedge Snow Jr., Macon
1976 W. Stell Huie, Atlanta
1977 Harold G. Clarke, Forsyth
- 1978 Wilton D. Harrington, Eastman
- 1979 Charles H. Hyatt, Decatur
1980 Kirk M. McAlpin, Atlanta
- 1981 Robert Reinhardt, Tifton
1982 J. Douglas Stewart, Gainesville
1983 Frank Love Jr., Atlanta
1984 Richard Y. Bradley, Columbus
- 1985 Duross Fitzpatrick, Macon
- 1986 Jule W. Felton Jr., Atlanta
1987 Robert M. Brinson, Rome
1988 J. Littleton Glover Jr., Newnan
1989 A. James Elliott, Atlanta
- 1990 Gene Mac Winburn, Athens
1991 Evans J. Plowden Jr., Albany
1992 Charles T. Lester Jr., Atlanta
1993 Paul Kilpatrick Jr., Columbus
1994 John C. Sammon, Decatur
1995 Harold T. Daniel Jr., Atlanta
1996 Robert W. Chasteen Jr., Fitzgerald
1997 Ben F. Easterlin IV, Atlanta
1998 Linda A. Klein, Atlanta
1999 William E. Cannon Jr., Albany
2000 Rudolph N. Patterson, Macon
2001 George E. Mundy, Cedartown
2002 James B. Franklin, Statesboro
2003 James B. Durham, Brunswick
2004 William D. Barwick, Atlanta
2005 Rob Reinhardt, Tifton
2006 Robert Ingram, Marietta
2007 J. Vincent Cook, Athens
2008 Gerald M. Edenfield, Statesboro
2009 Jeffrey O. Bramlett, Atlanta
2010 Bryan M. Cavan, Newnan
2011 S. Lester Tate III, Cartersville