Stereo Realist
Encyclopedia
Stereo camera
A stereo camera is a type of camera with two or more lenses with a separate image sensor or film frame for each lens. This allows the camera to simulate human binocular vision, and therefore gives it the ability to capture three-dimensional images, a process known as stereo photography. Stereo...
that was manufactured by the David White Company from 1947 to 1971. It was the most popular 35mm stereo camera ever manufactured and started the era of stereo photography for the masses that continued even after it was no longer manufactured.
History
Seton Rochwite was a camera hobbyist who began designing and building his own stereo cameras in 1929. In 1938, he began work on one that would be suitable for commercial manufacture; he built the first prototype in 1940. He brought it to the David White Company of MilwaukeeMilwaukee, Wisconsin
Milwaukee is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. According to 2010 census data, the...
who, interested in the design, hired him in 1943. The company began advertising the "Stereo Realist" in photography magazines in 1945, although it would not end up being produced until late 1947.
The David White Company had great success marketing the Stereo Realist system to the public. In addition to the stereo cameras there were special viewers, projectors, film cutters, slide mounting aids, cases, and other accessories available. They also offered a stereo slide mounting service. Several camera models were offered over the years, some with premium lenses and features. The basic camera architecture was shared among all the variants.
The Stereo Realist system proved so popular that several companies, such as Revere, Bell and Howell, Three Dimension Company (TDC) and Kodak came out with their own cameras using the same format. Some of the competitors offerings had features that the Realist lacked and/or were easier to use, and most were less expensive but none were as popular. The Kodak stereo camera
Kodak Stereo Camera
The Kodak Stereo Camera was a 35mm film stereo camera produced between 1954 and 1959. Similar to the Stereo Realist, the camera employed two lenses to take twin shots of scenes, which could then be viewed in dedicated image viewers. The lenses supported adjustable apertures and variable shutter...
in particular, which was both less expensive and easier to use, might have outsold the Realist, had it been released prior to the end of 1954.
By the mid-1950s the public's fascination with stereo imaging faded, and by 1960 the Stereo Realist was the only stereo camera of the 50s era that was still manufactured. Realist production limped on at much reduced numbers throughout the 1960s and finally ceased in 1971. The David White Company, which in the 50s changed its name to "Realist inc.", changed it back in 1990.
Design and engineering
The Realist uses standard 135 film135 film
The term 135 was introduced by Kodak in 1934 as a designation for cartridge film wide, specifically for still photography. It quickly grew in popularity, surpassing 120 film by the late 1960s to become the most popular photographic film format...
. The unusual proportions of the slides (the image was 5 sprockets wide) became the standard for 3-D slides, and is known as "5P" or "Realist Format". It marked a significant milestone in stereoscopy
Stereoscopy
Stereoscopy refers to a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by presenting two offset images separately to the left and right eye of the viewer. Both of these 2-D offset images are then combined in the brain to give the perception of 3-D depth...
. The arrangement of images on the film (1L-blank-2L-1R-3L-2R-4L...) seemed arbitrary but allowed for a simple film advance mechanism with little film wastage. A special accessory was available that used the otherwise blank frame near the start of the roll to identify the roll, though the procedure for using it was rather elaborate.
Because camera lenses invert the image and flip it left-to-right, orienting the film strip so that the image's "up" is up, and its "left" is to the left, the left-eye image of the stereo pair is to the viewer's right. (See the photograph above.) Note that in the Realist 45 the film cartridge is loaded on the right side of the camera, causing the images to be upside down relative to the numbers. The standard Realist and Kodak stereo camera have the cartridge on the left side, so the images have the same orientation as the numbers.
The routine for taking a photograph with a Stereo Realist is elaborate, compared to a modern camera. One must lift the lens cover, focus, cock the shutter, and manually set the aperture
Aperture
In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture of an optical system is the opening that determines the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. The aperture determines how collimated the admitted rays are,...
and shutter speed
Shutter speed
In photography, shutter speed is a common term used to discuss exposure time, the effective length of time a camera's shutter is open....
. The wind release button must be depressed briefly while beginning to wind the film to the next frame. The film winding is then completed so that the camera is ready to shoot another pair of images.
Later-model cameras featured a double exposure button which could be pulled out to make a double exposure but could otherwise be left alone as well as a depth of field scale on the focusing knob. Many also had red marks on f6.3, 1/50 and on 20 feet. This was called the "The Three R's in Outdoor Stereo Photography" and is based on the then standard ASA 10 color slide film. Earlier cameras lacked these features but they could be added.
A drawback of "Stereo Realist" type cameras is that the lenses are at a fixed separation, known as "fixed stereo base", which was slightly more than the average distance between the human eyes.The stereo base was ideal for subjects that were 7 to 20 feet from the camera, which worked well for most pictures but was somewhat lacking for more distant scenic shots. Accessories were available to effectively lengthen the stereo base for scenic shots and reduce it for macro shots, but these were seldom used.
Accessories and mounting services
Because the Realist effectively created a new format of slide, its users needed a new line of accessories and services. The David White company obliged by producing a whole system which included everything needed to take, mount, view, and store stereo slides.Among the mounting accessories were a complete mounting kit which included sorting tray, film cutter, and tweezers, three different types of aluminum masks, cardboard folders, a mounting jig, and mounting glass. Mounting glass could be secured with mounting tape or with plastic permamounts.
Permamounts were considered premium mounts with a label on one side and a neat viewing window on the other. They were considered suitable for projection because the rigid plastic construction was stiff enough for automatic magazines but no plastic covered the image area so there was no interference with polarization. The operator of the projector did need to be careful not to leave the same slide in the projector for too long though, because the heat would eventually start to warp the mount.
Viewing accessories included several types of viewers, the Realist stereo projector,
and polarized glasses.
There were also various types of slide storage cases available, some of which could also accommodate the viewer as well.
Most of these accessories were also made by other companies, some of which were more versatile than the Realist offerings.
The Stereo projectors made by TDC (Three Dimension Company), for example, were far more popular than the Realist stereo projector.
Some users preferred cardboard slip in mounts made by 3rd parties because of their ease of use even though they were generally considered to be of lower quality and were not suitable for projection. The Brumberger binder frames and mounting glass were very popular among users of Stereo projectors.
All of these can be found on eBay in used or occasionally NOS
New old stock
New old stock refers to obsolete equipment, or original parts for obsolete equipment, that have never been sold at retail.The term refers to merchandise being offered for sale which was manufactured long ago but that has never been used...
condition and some of them (or their modern equivalents) are still manufactured.
The Realist stereo mounting service used several different types of mounts during its run. The earliest mounts used a type of aluminized cardboard mask inside a cardboard foldover. This tended to warp with exposure to humidity thus changing the alignment of the film chips. In older slide collections, the film chips may have slipped to the point that the slide is unviewable without readjustment and one film chip may have even fallen out!
Later slides from this service were usually in "precision mounts" which contained an aluminum mask inside the same style of cardboard foldover. The precision mounts may or may not have the words "precision mount" printed on the outside.
Kodak also had a stereo slide mounting service. Whereas the mounts used in the Realist service appear to have been designed for hand mounting, the Kodak mounts look like they were made exclusively for high volume machine mounting. The Kodak mounts are all cardboard and have the appearance of being a single piece of cardboard. Purists didn't recommend them for projection because the stereo window wasn't very precise and the mount wasn't stiff enough for the automatic feeding mechanism of some deluxe stereo projectors.
Other models
Aside from the standard 3.5 Realist (aka ST-41, model 1041) There were several other models.Realist 2.8 (aka ST-42, model 1042)
This model featured 4 element f 2.8 lenses rather than the 3 element f3.5 lenses used by the standard Realist. Most users under normal use will not notice the difference, though the 3.5 lenses have slightly better contrast. The 3.5 lenses all show vignetting at smaller apertures whereas the 2.8 lenses don't. The 2.8 lenses also work better with supplementary lenses.In more recent times, the 2.8 Realists have been favored for 7P widening, because their lenses adequately cover the wider frame whereas the 3.5 lenses cannot.
Realist Custom (model 1050)
The Realist custom features higher quality f 2.8 "rare earth" lenses. It also has a higher quality brushed satin chromefinish and larger knobs.
The custom used thicker coarse grain kangaroo leather rather than the standard goat leather used on other models.
The range finder has detents that make audible clicks as the camera is focused. The exposure counter counted down rather than up with red marks at stereo exposure numbers 16 (for 20 exposure rolls) and 29 (for 36 exp rolls).
The custom also comes with an engraved name plate which says "Realist Custom".
Aside from the more obvious differences, the custom had other refinements. Only the finest parts were used for customs and the "rare earth" lenses were more precisely matched than on other cameras.
Realist 45 (model 1045)
The Realist 45 is a stripped down version of the German made Iloca Stereo Rapid sans rangefinder. It was marketed by Realist incorporated in the U.S., apparently as an economical, easy to use camera to compete with the Kodak Stereo CameraKodak Stereo Camera
The Kodak Stereo Camera was a 35mm film stereo camera produced between 1954 and 1959. Similar to the Stereo Realist, the camera employed two lenses to take twin shots of scenes, which could then be viewed in dedicated image viewers. The lenses supported adjustable apertures and variable shutter...
.
Though the design is clearly different, the Realist 45 has several features in common with the Kodak Stereo camera. It features an automatically cocked shutter. There is built in double exposure prevention with manual override. There is also a film type indicator on top.
The Realist 45 also differs from the Kodak stereo camera in several ways, the Realist 45 film transport features a swing out lever that allows rapid winding, a handy feature for those wishing to take a lot of shots quickly. Unlike the Kodak, the Realist 45 has a top mounted focusing knob that moves the film plane in a fashion similar to the standard Realist. There is a depth of field scale built into the knob which goes up to f16. The top mounted exposure counter counts up rather than down like the Kodak counter.
Aperture settings are on a ring mounted on the left lens, apertures go from f3.5 to f16 with all whole f stops marked. The shutter speed it is set by a ring mounted on the right lens and includes b, 1/25, 1/50, 1/100 and 1/200.
The bottom of the camera contains the rewind knob release lever, the rewind release button and the rewind knob which is also used to open the back. Printing on the bottom includes loading instructions, daylight exposure table, flash exposure table, (both based on ASA 10 film) and suggestions for common focus settings.
The realist 45 also features the then standard, old style hot shoe (referred to as an accessory clip). This was more versatile at the time it was released because it allowed it to use most contemporary flash accessories, and in recent years it has made it much easier to find an adapter for modern electronic flash units than it was for the Kodak.
Unlike the Standard Realist, the Realist 45 is not constantly available on eBay, but does come up on a fairly regular basis and usually sells for $100–$200 in good clean condition.
Macro Realist (model 1060)
The Macro Realist aka model 1060 had the same body as the regular Stereo Realist but was a completely different camera. The macro Realist was designed to stereograph subjects that are 4 to 5 ½ inches away. It was invented by Clarence G. Henning.Unlike the regular Realist, it had fixed focus and fixed aperture. Technical requirements of macro work related to the interocular distance of 15mm dictated that the subject be a certain distance from the camera so a pair of "arms" located in front of the lens showed where the subject needed to be. The camera was held by a hand grip with a built in shutter button and lighting was through an electronic flash unit sold with the camera. The one missing feature that would have made it a truly convenient point and shoot was a motorized film advance, a rare feature indeed for cameras of that era!
There was a single shutter for both lenses, thus insuring perfect synchronization, an important consideration when stereographing live insects! Shutter speeds available ranged from "B" and "T" all the way up to 1/125 though the shutter speed made little difference when using the electronic flash.
Realist inc. also came out with an accessory lens kit, model 1525, that allowed getting further from the subject (-3) or much closer (+3, +6 and +10). The interocular remained at 15mm, of course, so the magnification given by the +10 lens resulted in excessive parallax, and many people found the pictures produced by it difficult to view.
The Macro Realist was manufactured for about 1 year, ending production in 1972. Existing stock sold slowly, however, and it was still available from Realist Inc. until 1976. It is estimated that only about 350 units were made. Unlike the more conventional Realist models, the Macro Realist rarely appears on eBay, and when it does the asking price is in the $6000 range.
Post 1971
The end of Realist production didn't spell the end of their use, or market support. Indeed, many avid Realist users were not even born when Realist ceased production in 1971.Mounting services
In the book Amazing 3D it is suggested that Kodak abandoned its mounting service in 1955 and then resumed it after the demise of the Realist. It should be noted, however, that in many stereo slide collections there are Kodak mounted slides with hand written dates from 1956 to 1957 as well as Kodak mounts with embossed dates from 1958 to 1971 (and later, of course!). This suggests that it was actually the Realist slide mounting service that ended in 1955, as no Realist mounted slides after that date seem to exist.
Kodak maintained its stereo slide mounting service into the late 1980s. There are still some companies which can process and mount stereo slides, mostly through mail order.
After the David White company got out of the stereo photography business, a company called Sigma continued to make Realist-style aluminum masks sans Realist branding until the supply of semi-rigid aluminum dried up. These were sold by companies such as Reel 3D Enterprises well into the 1980s.
Other slide mounting options are still available. For example, the cardboard Spicer Mounts. Supplies are generally available from stereo photography clubs, ebay or mail order companies.
Realist photographers today usually mount the slides themselves. They have the film commercially developed and returned as an uncut strip.
Slide film
The Stereo Realist was designed to use slide film. Although it is possible to use print film in it, it has never been easy to find labs that could properly print 5P format prints.Slide film is no longer as commonly available as it once was. Slide film remained popular for general nonstereo uses through the 1980s, and as late as 2005 at least one type of slide film was available at most places that sold print film. By the end of 2006 the picture had changed and slide film became difficult to find. For general consumers, slides were replaced with technologies such as video camcorders, photo CDs (bundled with a set of prints); and later replaced film (both slides and print) with digital photography. Slides remain available as a professional and enthusiast product, and is available from camera stores and through mail order.
Most vintage stereo slides were taken on Kodachrome
Kodachrome
Kodachrome is the trademarked brand name of a type of color reversal film that was manufactured by Eastman Kodak from 1935 to 2009.-Background:...
slide film. Kodachrome was popular with stereo photographers because of the natural colour reproduction and low grain (especially in the Kodachrome 10 ASA film which was standard in the early 50s and later 25 ASA film). Stereo slides viewed in hand held viewers reveal a lot of detail, making grain more noticeable. Unfortunately, in 2009 Kodak ceased production of Kodachrome and the last laboratory stopped developing it at the end of 2010.
Other slide film are still available and can be used. For example, Ektachrome
Ektachrome
Ektachrome is a brand name owned by Kodak for a range of transparency, still, and motion picture films available in most formats, including 35 mm and sheet sizes to 11x14 inch size. Ektachrome has a distinctive look that became familiar to many readers of National Geographic, which used it...
from Kodak and Velvia
Velvia
Velvia is a brand of daylight-balanced color reversal film produced by the Japanese company Fujifilm. The name is a contraction of "Velvet Media", a reference to its smooth image structure. The original incarnation of the film was called "Velvia for Professionals", known as RVP, a classification...
from Fuji.
Digital stereo photography
Digital photography is changing the stereo photography market. Stereo photographers have always been keen experimenters, and many are now using two digital cameras and projecting stereo using data projectors and polarising lenses.With the recent popularity of 3D movies, 3D televisions and 3D computer gaming, there has been a renewed interest in stereo photography. Consumer stereo digital cameras are starting to appear on the market (such as the Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D W1
Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D W1
The Fujifilm FinePix W Series Real 3D is a line of consumer-grade digital cameras designed to capture stereoscopic images that recreate the perception of 3-D depth, having both still and video formats while retaining standard 2D still image and movie modes...
and its successor, the W3), but have yet become as well known as the Stereo Realist in its day, though the Fuji W3 has already outsold the Stereo Realist, and is expected to outsell all the 50s stereo cameras combined by September 2011.
Use and availability
The Realist format cameras are not dead.Realist cameras are still constantly for sale on eBay and still get bids; of course, it is difficult to say how many of these are from mere collectors, rather than potential users.
There are still dedicated Stereo Realist camera users, and active stereo photography clubs around the world.
Trademark
The "Stereo Realist" trademark expired and in 2001 was registered by John J. Zelenka.Published works with the Stereo Realist
Leo VillaLeo Villa
Period 3D photographs taken by Leo Villa on a Stereo Realist camera given to him by Donald Campbell.- References :...
, mechanic for Sir Malcom
Malcolm Campbell
Sir Malcolm Campbell was an English racing motorist and motoring journalist. He gained the world speed record on land and on water at various times during the 1920s and 1930s using vehicles called Blue Bird...
and Donald Campbell
Donald Campbell
Donald Malcolm Campbell, CBE was a British speed record breaker who broke eight world speed records in the 1950s and 1960s...
's record-breaking Bluebirds, was given a Stereo Realist by Campbell in 1955. Many of his photographs with it have recently been published in book form as polychromatic anaglyph
Anaglyph image
Anaglyph images are used to provide a stereoscopic 3D effect, when viewed with glasses where the two lenses are different colors, such as red and cyan. Images are made up of two color layers, superimposed, but offset with respect to each other to produce a depth effect...
s (i.e., single composite photographs viewed through colored viewing glasses).
Harold Lloyd
Harold Lloyd
Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr. was an American film actor and producer, most famous for his silent comedies....
took thousands of Stereo slides with his Realist and wrote the introduction to the Stereo Realist Manual published by Morgan and Lester. He also took several of the stereo pictures used in that book. Many of his pictures of Hollywood celebrities were published in the book 3D Hollywood and in Hollywood Nudes in 3-D! .