Structure and polity of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Encyclopedia
The governance of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
is based on democratic
representation, and therefore resembles the Presbyterian
system of church organization. The organizational structure of the church consists of the following levels:
Each level of organization holds a "general session" at certain intervals, when elected representatives gather to vote on general decisions and church business. The president of the General Conference, for instance, is elected at the General Conference Session
every five years.
At the local churches, decisions are made by elected committees through vote of members. The day-to-day running of churches is governed by a church board formed by members of that church, together with the pastor of that congregation.
In contrast to congregational polity, the conference corporation owns church property, employs and pays ministers, and receives tithes from members. In contrast to episcopal polity
, the ministers or pastors are a single level of ordained clergy and there are no bishops; elders and deacons are lay ministries.
A 2002 survey of Adventists worldwide showed three quarters "affirm the structure, polity, and financial policies of the church."
or minister
. Adventists believe that pastors are divinely called to ministry and they are ordained by the church for their ministry. The position of church pastor is not elected by the local church, but rather appointed by a local conference.When the minister transferred to the local church for pastor ship he also transfer his membership to that local congregation.Adventist believe in clerical marriage
and not a celibate priesthood. In the majority of cases the pastor works with the head elder of the church and is responsible for guiding the church's spiritual direction, chairing the church board and leading out in services.
, like the elder, is an elected and ordained role. The deacon's primary roles are the assistance in running of services, the visitation of members, the care of the sick and the maintenance of church property.
is an elected position responsible for the keeping of church funds. The treasurer is responsible for keeping accounts and the safeguarding of the money.
The officially endorsed abbreviation of "Seventh-day Adventist" is "Adventist", not "SDA".
George Knight
has argued for change. Raymond Cottrell
has argued for a truly international General Conference with an independent North American Division
.
On the other hand, Clifford Goldstein
has claimed the General Conference shows much grace to its employees.
An estimated 75% of Adventists support items relating to the "cohesiveness of organization" of the church, according to a 2002 worldwide survey of local church leaders. This statistic is composed of the following four individual items:
William G. Johnsson
has forecasted future changes in the church, including a decreased role of structures and formal leaders in favor of initiatives by ordinary church members. He also argues that maintaining certain church institutions (like schools, hospitals, publishing houses, and health food factories) may in some cases not be worth the resources spent.
Seventh-day Adventist Church
The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Protestant Christian denomination distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the original seventh day of the Judeo-Christian week, as the Sabbath, and by its emphasis on the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ...
is based on democratic
Democracy
Democracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...
representation, and therefore resembles the Presbyterian
Presbyterian polity
Presbyterian polity is a method of church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of presbyters, or elders. Each local church is governed by a body of elected elders usually called the session or consistory, though other terms, such as church board, may apply...
system of church organization. The organizational structure of the church consists of the following levels:
- The global church is called the "General ConferenceGeneral Conference of Seventh-day AdventistsThe General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the governing organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is located in Silver Spring, Maryland, United States, where it moved in 1989...
", composed operatively of 13 "Division"s. - Each division is composed of "Union Conferences" and/or "Union Missions" (112 total). Union Conferences are self-supporting financially, while Union Missions are not.
- Each union conference is composed of [local] "Conferences" and/or "Missions" (572 total). Local Conferences are self-supporting financially, while Local Missions are not. Certain unions are composed of local congregations. They do not have local conferences/missions.
- Each local conference/mission is composed of local churches (congregations). Often a number of local congregations are grouped operatively as a district, led by one senior pastor. In the United States, these numbers tend to be smaller (2-4 churches per district, perhaps), while in most of the worldwide church, the numbers tend to be larger (5+ per district and per pastor, sometimes as many as 15 or more).
Each level of organization holds a "general session" at certain intervals, when elected representatives gather to vote on general decisions and church business. The president of the General Conference, for instance, is elected at the General Conference Session
General Conference Session
The General Conference Session is the official world meeting of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. The first session was held on May 20, 1863 with 20 delegates in attendance, and it is now held quinquennially ....
every five years.
At the local churches, decisions are made by elected committees through vote of members. The day-to-day running of churches is governed by a church board formed by members of that church, together with the pastor of that congregation.
In contrast to congregational polity, the conference corporation owns church property, employs and pays ministers, and receives tithes from members. In contrast to episcopal polity
Episcopal polity
Episcopal polity is a form of church governance that is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a bishop...
, the ministers or pastors are a single level of ordained clergy and there are no bishops; elders and deacons are lay ministries.
A 2002 survey of Adventists worldwide showed three quarters "affirm the structure, polity, and financial policies of the church."
General Conference President
A President is elected at the General Conference Session every 5 years and presides over the Executive Committee.Local Church offices
There are a number of church offices that are elected by the church body as specified by the Church Manual. Positions must be filled by baptised members who attend regularly and the position is held for a 12 month term, except in special circumstances where the church chooses to elect offices once every 24 months. Offices are never elected permanently, although persons my be reelected.Pastor
The most prominent church office is that of the pastorPastor
The word pastor usually refers to an ordained leader of a Christian congregation. When used as an ecclesiastical styling or title, this role may be abbreviated to "Pr." or often "Ps"....
or minister
Minister of religion
In Christian churches, a minister is someone who is authorized by a church or religious organization to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs; leading services such as weddings, baptisms or funerals; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community...
. Adventists believe that pastors are divinely called to ministry and they are ordained by the church for their ministry. The position of church pastor is not elected by the local church, but rather appointed by a local conference.When the minister transferred to the local church for pastor ship he also transfer his membership to that local congregation.Adventist believe in clerical marriage
Clerical marriage
Clerical marriage is the practice of allowing clergy to marry. Churches such as the Eastern Orthodox and the Oriental Orthodox exclude this practice for their priests, while accepting already married men for ordination to priesthood...
and not a celibate priesthood. In the majority of cases the pastor works with the head elder of the church and is responsible for guiding the church's spiritual direction, chairing the church board and leading out in services.
Elder
Working with the pastor in the local church is the elder who is appointed by the local church and ordained by the local pastor. The elder is seen as a religious leader in the local church and is able to conduct ordinances. The elder, or elders in some cases (who are led by a "head elder"), is largely responsible for the running of the church and the distribution of responsibility in the church. In the Adventist Church "elder" is not a title. It's a function. The term "pastor" is a function and often used as a title. The "local elder's position authority is limited to the local church he is serving. The "pastor's" authority is universal. The local elder gets his authority from the pastor he is serving under or otherwise from the field administration. The pastor's authority is inherent in his position as pastor.Deacon
The deaconDeacon
Deacon is a ministry in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions...
, like the elder, is an elected and ordained role. The deacon's primary roles are the assistance in running of services, the visitation of members, the care of the sick and the maintenance of church property.
Deaconess
The deaconess holds a similar position to a deacon. Earlier no provision was given for their ordination, but the 2010 General Conference Session held in Atlanta, USA, decided for the ordination of deaconesses as is the case of deacons, a polity change. The duties of a deaconess are very similar to the deacon, with particular emphasis placed on assistance in running services and the care of the sick.Church Clerk
The clerk is an elected position, and is responsible for the keeping of church records. The clerk facilitates the addition and removal of members from church records at the request of the church and helps with the generation of church reports to be presented to the conference.Treasurer
The treasurerTreasurer
A treasurer is the person responsible for running the treasury of an organization. The adjective for a treasurer is normally "tresorial". The adjective "treasurial" normally means pertaining to a treasury, rather than the treasurer.-Government:...
is an elected position responsible for the keeping of church funds. The treasurer is responsible for keeping accounts and the safeguarding of the money.
The officially endorsed abbreviation of "Seventh-day Adventist" is "Adventist", not "SDA".
Criticism and affirmation
Critics of Seventh-day Adventist church governance have frequently pointed out that the denomination has a superfluity of church structure, and spends a great deal of its resources maintaining four levels of administrative structure—a structure which is frequently redundant, and per member costs more than that of any other Protestant denomination. Meanwhile local churches may struggle for funds. Pastors named to denominational positions beyond the local congregation may achieve a virtual sinecure in administrative posts, some of which have few defined duties. Members' appeals for the denomination to simplify its structure have generally been poorly received, resisted by leaders in administrative posts, and others hesitant to change established tradition.George Knight
George R. Knight
George Raymond Knight is a Seventh-day Adventist historian and educator. He is emeritus professor of church history at Andrews University.- Biography :Knight joined the Adventist church through the ministry of Ralph Larson...
has argued for change. Raymond Cottrell
Raymond Cottrell
Raymond Forrest Cottrell was a respected Adventist theologian, missionary, teacher, writer and editor. He was an associate editor of both the Adventist Review and the Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary...
has argued for a truly international General Conference with an independent North American Division
North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists
The Seventh-day Adventist Church in the United States, Canada, and Bermuda is officially organized as the North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists...
.
On the other hand, Clifford Goldstein
Clifford Goldstein
Clifford R. Goldstein is an American author and editor. He is a leading figure in the Seventh-day Adventist denomination and espouses traditional Adventist beliefs.- Biography :...
has claimed the General Conference shows much grace to its employees.
An estimated 75% of Adventists support items relating to the "cohesiveness of organization" of the church, according to a 2002 worldwide survey of local church leaders. This statistic is composed of the following four individual items:
- Question "39. Members have a responsibility to give 10% tithe to the local conference and additional offerings as able" – an estimated 81% agree
- "40. The Adventist church financial structure is a fair and proper way to support the world work of the church" – 79%
- "41. The Adventist world church organization was inspired by God" – 87%
- "43. Different world divisions should be allowed to have different church standards in order to meet differing needs" – 50%
William G. Johnsson
William G. Johnsson
William G. "Bill" Johnsson is a Seventh-day Adventist editor and church leader.- Biography :Born in Australia, he earned a degree in chemical technology before attending Avondale College, where he met his wife Nolene Johnsson. Johnsson earned his Th.D. in theology from Vanderbilt University...
has forecasted future changes in the church, including a decreased role of structures and formal leaders in favor of initiatives by ordinary church members. He also argues that maintaining certain church institutions (like schools, hospitals, publishing houses, and health food factories) may in some cases not be worth the resources spent.
See also
- General Conference of Seventh-day AdventistsGeneral Conference of Seventh-day AdventistsThe General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is the governing organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It is located in Silver Spring, Maryland, United States, where it moved in 1989...
- Seventh-day Adventist ChurchSeventh-day Adventist ChurchThe Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Protestant Christian denomination distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the original seventh day of the Judeo-Christian week, as the Sabbath, and by its emphasis on the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ...
- History of the Seventh-day Adventist ChurchHistory of the Seventh-day Adventist ChurchThe Seventh-day Adventist Church had its roots in the Millerite movement of the 1830s and 1840s, during the period of the Second Great Awakening, and was officially founded in 1863. Prominent figures in the early church included Hiram Edson, James Springer White and his wife Ellen G. White, Joseph...
External links
- Adventist Yearbook The Official Organizational Directory
- "Seventh-day Adventist Polity: Its Historical Development" by Andrew G. Mustard, from the Biblical Research InstituteBiblical Research InstituteThe Biblical Research Institute is a service department of the Seventh-day Adventist Church with the three stated functions of research, apologetics , and service to the church. It serves as a theological consultant to the General Conference...
website - "Organizational Restructuring" blog by Jeff Crocombe, October 31, 2006
- Spectrum issue 8:4 (August 1977) articles on publishing houses and a proposal for church tribunals
- Articles about Church polity, Administration, and Organization (more pertinent to personal organization) as cataloged in the Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index (SDAPI)