Swedish Ingria
Encyclopedia
Swedish Ingria was a dominion
of the Swedish Empire
from 1580 to 1595 and then again from 1617 to 1721, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire
in the Treaty of Nystad
.
Ingria was ceded to Sweden by Russia
together with the County of Kexholm by the Treaty of Stolbovo
in 1617. It consisted of the area along the basin of the river Neva, between the Gulf of Finland
, the Narva River
, Lake Peipsi in South-West, and Lake Ladoga
in North-East. Bordering to Kexholm and Swedish Karelia by the Sestra
(Rajajoki /Systerbäck) river in North-West.
Ingria fell to Sweden in the 1580s, was returned to Russia by the Treaty of Teusina (1595), and again ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Stolbovo
(1617). Sweden's interest of the territory was strategic: as a buffer zone
against Russian attacks on the Karelian Isthmus
and present-day Finland; and Russian trade was to pass through Swedish territory. In addition, Ingria became the destination for Swedish deportees.
Ingria remained sparsely populated. In 1664 the population was counted to 15,000. Swedish attempts to introduce Lutheranism
were met with repugnance by the Orthodox
peasantry obliged to attend Lutheran services; converts were promised grants and tax reductions, but Lutheran gains were most of all due to voluntary resettlements from Savonia
and Karelia. Ingria was enfeoffed to noble
militaries and state officials, bringing their own Lutheran servants and workmen.
Nyen
became the trading centre of Ingria, and in 1642 was made its administrative centre. In 1656 a Russian attack badly damaged the town, and the administrative centre was moved to Narva
in neighbouring Swedish Estonia
.
In the early 18th century the area was reconquered by Russia
in the Great Northern War
after a bare century in Swedish
possession. On the place of the Swedish town Nyen
or in Finnish Nevanlinna
(Castle of Neva) close to the Neva river's estuary at the Gulf of Finland, the new Russian capital Saint Petersburg
was founded in 1703.
Ingrian Governors (Narva, Ivangorod, Jaama, Koporje and Nöteborg)
Ingrian and Livonian Governors-General
Ingrian and county of Kexholm Governors-General
Ingrian Governors
Ingrian Governors-General
Dominions of Sweden
The Dominions of Sweden or Svenska besittningar were territories that historically came under control of the Swedish Crown, but never became fully integrated with Sweden. This generally meant that they were ruled by Governors-General under the Swedish monarch, but within certain limits retained...
of the Swedish Empire
Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire refers to the Kingdom of Sweden between 1561 and 1721 . During this time, Sweden was one of the great European powers. In Swedish, the period is called Stormaktstiden, literally meaning "the Great Power Era"...
from 1580 to 1595 and then again from 1617 to 1721, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
in the Treaty of Nystad
Treaty of Nystad
The Treaty of Nystad was the last peace treaty of the Great Northern War. It was concluded between the Tsardom of Russia and Swedish Empire on 30 August / 10 September 1721 in the then Swedish town of Nystad , after Sweden had settled with the other parties in Stockholm and Frederiksborg.During...
.
Ingria was ceded to Sweden by Russia
Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 till Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km2 a year...
together with the County of Kexholm by the Treaty of Stolbovo
Treaty of Stolbovo
The Treaty of Stolbovo is a peace treaty of 1617 that ended the Ingrian War, fought between Sweden and Russia.After nearly two months of negotiations, representatives from Sweden and Russia met at the village of Stolbova, south of Lake Ladoga, on 27 February 1617.From the outset, Sweden had gone...
in 1617. It consisted of the area along the basin of the river Neva, between the Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Finland
The Gulf of Finland is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland and Estonia all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it. Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn...
, the Narva River
Narva River
The Narva is a river flowing into the Baltic Sea, the largest river in Estonia. Draining Lake Peipsi, the river forms the border of Estonia and Russia and flows through the towns of Narva/Ivangorod and Narva-Jõesuu into Narva Bay. Though the river is only 77 km long, in terms of volume...
, Lake Peipsi in South-West, and Lake Ladoga
Lake Ladoga
Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, not far from Saint Petersburg. It is the largest lake in Europe, and the 14th largest lake by area in the world.-Geography:...
in North-East. Bordering to Kexholm and Swedish Karelia by the Sestra
Sestra River (Leningrad Oblast)
Sestra River is a river in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, Russia.The length of the river is 74 km . The area of its basin is 393 km² . The Sestra River flows over the Karelian Isthmus. It used to fall into the Gulf of Finland until the early 18th century...
(Rajajoki /Systerbäck) river in North-West.
Ingria fell to Sweden in the 1580s, was returned to Russia by the Treaty of Teusina (1595), and again ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Stolbovo
Treaty of Stolbovo
The Treaty of Stolbovo is a peace treaty of 1617 that ended the Ingrian War, fought between Sweden and Russia.After nearly two months of negotiations, representatives from Sweden and Russia met at the village of Stolbova, south of Lake Ladoga, on 27 February 1617.From the outset, Sweden had gone...
(1617). Sweden's interest of the territory was strategic: as a buffer zone
Buffer zone
A buffer zone is generally a zonal area that lies between two or more other areas , but depending on the type of buffer zone, the reason for it may be to segregate regions or to conjoin them....
against Russian attacks on the Karelian Isthmus
Karelian Isthmus
The Karelian Isthmus is the approximately 45–110 km wide stretch of land, situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia, to the north of the River Neva . Its northwestern boundary is the relatively narrow area between the Bay of Vyborg and Lake Ladoga...
and present-day Finland; and Russian trade was to pass through Swedish territory. In addition, Ingria became the destination for Swedish deportees.
Ingria remained sparsely populated. In 1664 the population was counted to 15,000. Swedish attempts to introduce Lutheranism
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German reformer. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the church launched the Protestant Reformation...
were met with repugnance by the Orthodox
Russian Orthodox Church
The Russian Orthodox Church or, alternatively, the Moscow Patriarchate The ROC is often said to be the largest of the Eastern Orthodox churches in the world; including all the autocephalous churches under its umbrella, its adherents number over 150 million worldwide—about half of the 300 million...
peasantry obliged to attend Lutheran services; converts were promised grants and tax reductions, but Lutheran gains were most of all due to voluntary resettlements from Savonia
Savonia (historical province)
Savonia is a historical province in the east of Finland. It borders to Uusimaa, Tavastia, Ostrobothnia, and Karelia. Largest cities in Savo by population are Kuopio, Mikkeli, Savonlinna and Varkaus.-Administration:...
and Karelia. Ingria was enfeoffed to noble
Swedish nobility
The Swedish nobility were historically a legally and/or socially privileged class in Sweden, part of the so-called frälse . Today, the nobility is still very much a part of Swedish society but they do not maintain many of their former privileges...
militaries and state officials, bringing their own Lutheran servants and workmen.
Nyen
Nyen
Nyenschantz was a Swedish fortress built in 1611 at the mouth of the Neva river in Swedish Ingria on the site of the present day St. Petersburg in Russia.-History:...
became the trading centre of Ingria, and in 1642 was made its administrative centre. In 1656 a Russian attack badly damaged the town, and the administrative centre was moved to Narva
Narva
Narva is the third largest city in Estonia. It is located at the eastern extreme point of Estonia, by the Russian border, on the Narva River which drains Lake Peipus.-Early history:...
in neighbouring Swedish Estonia
Swedish Estonia
The Duchy of Estonia , also known as Swedish Estonia, was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721, when it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, following its capitulation in the Great Northern War. The dominion arose when the northern parts of present-day Estonia were united...
.
In the early 18th century the area was reconquered by Russia
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
in the Great Northern War
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in northern Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I the Great of Russia, Frederick IV of...
after a bare century in Swedish
Swedish Empire
The Swedish Empire refers to the Kingdom of Sweden between 1561 and 1721 . During this time, Sweden was one of the great European powers. In Swedish, the period is called Stormaktstiden, literally meaning "the Great Power Era"...
possession. On the place of the Swedish town Nyen
Nyen
Nyenschantz was a Swedish fortress built in 1611 at the mouth of the Neva river in Swedish Ingria on the site of the present day St. Petersburg in Russia.-History:...
or in Finnish Nevanlinna
Nevanlinna
Nevanlinna may refer to:* Nyenskans, a Swedish fortress on the river Neva from 1617 to 1703, at the location of today's Saint Petersburg* Rolf Nevanlinna, a Finnish mathematician* The Nevanlinna Prize...
(Castle of Neva) close to the Neva river's estuary at the Gulf of Finland, the new Russian capital Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...
was founded in 1703.
Governors-General
Stadtholder- Samuel Nilsson till Hässle (1601–1607)
- Filip Scheiding (1607–1613)
- Evert Karlsson Horn af Kanckas (1613–1615)
- Anders Eriksson HästehufvudAnders Eriksson HästehufvudAnders Eriksson Hästehufvud was a Swedish officer, governor of the Estonia province between 1617–1619 and Governors-General of the Livonia province 1628.-External links: - Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon at Project Runeberg...
(1615–1617)
Ingrian Governors (Narva, Ivangorod, Jaama, Koporje and Nöteborg)
- Carl Carlsson GyllenhielmCarl Carlsson GyllenhielmBaron Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm was a Swedish soldier and politician. He was appointed Field Marshal in 1616, Privy Councilor in 1617, Governor General of Ingria in 1617 and Lord High Admiral in 1620. He was an illegitimate son of Duke Carl, later King Charles IX of Sweden, and Karin Nilsdotter,...
(1617–1620) - Henrik Klasson Fleming (1620–1622)
- Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud (1622–1626)
- Nils Assersson Mannersköld (1626–1629)
- Heinrich Matthias von Thurn (1629)
Ingrian and Livonian Governors-General
- Johan SkytteJohan SkytteJohan Skytte was a Swedish politician.Skytte was son of the Mayor of Nyköping, Bengt Nilsson Skräddare...
(1629–1634) - Bengt Bengtsson OxenstiernaBengt OxenstiernaBengt Oxenstierna may refer to:*Bengt Oxenstierna , Swedish Privy Councillor, Governor-General of Ingria and Livonia*Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna , President of the Royal Swedish Chancellery...
(1634–1643)
Ingrian and county of Kexholm Governors-General
- Erik Carlsson Gyllenstierna (1642–1645)
- Carl Mörner (1645–1651)
- Erik Stenbock (1651–1654)
- Gustaf Evertsson Horn (1654–1657)
- Krister Klasson Horn af Åminne (1657–1659)
- Simon Grundel-HelmfeltSimon Grundel-HelmfeltBaron Simon Grundel-Helmfelt was a Swedish Field marshal. Helmfelt is most notable for the overwhelming victory he won despite being heavily outnumbered at the Battle of Lund....
(1659–1664) - Jacob Johan Taube (Kudina mõisast) (1664–1668)
- Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (1668–1673)
- Jacob Johan Taube (1673–1678)
- Gustaf Adam Banér (1678)
- Jacob Johan Taube (1678–1681)
Ingrian Governors
- Martin Schultz von Ascheraden (1681–1682)
- Hans von Fersen the older (1682–1683)
- Göran von Sperling (1683–1687)
Ingrian Governors-General
- Göran von Sperling (1687–1691)
- Otto Wilhelm von FersenOtto Wilhelm von FersenOtto Wilhelm von Fersen was a Swedish general and nobleman of the Fersen family, governor general of Ingmermanland and Kexholm from 1691 to 1698, field marshal 1693. He was the son of Hermann von Fersen the elder and cousin to Fabian von Fersen.-See also:*Fersen...
(1691–1698) - Otto VellingkOtto Vellingk-Biography:He was born in 1649 to Otto Gotthardsson Vellingk and Christina Nilsdotter Mannersköld, and had a brother, Mauritz Wellingk. He was promoted to general in 1698....
(1698–1703)