Sydney Walter Josland was a New Zealand bacteriologist who specialised in research into Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is caused by infection with bacteria of the genus Leptospira, and affects humans as well as other mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles.The...

, Salmonella

Salmonella

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with diameters around 0.7 to 1.5 µm, lengths from 2 to 5 µm, and flagella which grade in all directions . They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction...

 and animal disease control. He was the eldest son of Frederick Josland and Mary Amelia Kerr. Josland married Elsie Naviro Railton in Dunedin on 20 December 1927 and they had a son.

Education

Josland attended Christchurch Boys High School. An uncle, Robert Kerr, had made a fortune in South Africa after the Boer War and had retired to Geneva in Switzerland where he invested money into Dr Henri Spahlinger's work on a vaccine for Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...

. Kerr had wanted Josland to study law and had offered to finance his studies. The offer never came through, however, as Kerr died of Tuberculosis in Geneva on 7 April 1923, aged forty-seven. Perhaps influenced by his uncle's early death, Josland commenced studying towards a medical degree at the University of Otago

University of Otago

The University of Otago in Dunedin is New Zealand's oldest university with over 22,000 students enrolled during 2010.The university has New Zealand's highest average research quality and in New Zealand is second only to the University of Auckland in the number of A rated academic researchers it...

 in Dunedin. He did not finish the degree, due to financial constraints, but gained a Certificate of Proficiency in Bacteriology

Bacteriology

Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species...

 and Clinical Pathology from the University in 1926. Josland completed a Bachelor of Music

Bachelor of Music

Bachelor of Music is an academic degree awarded by a college, university, or conservatory upon completion of program of study in music. In the United States, it is a professional degree; the majority of work consists of prescribed music courses and study in applied music, usually requiring a...

 degree from the University of Otago in 1935 and a Bachelor of Arts

Bachelor of Arts

A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...

 degree from Victoria University of Wellington

Victoria University of Wellington

Victoria University of Wellington was established in 1897 by Act of Parliament, and was a former constituent college of the University of New Zealand. It is particularly well known for its programmes in law, the humanities, and some scientific disciplines, but offers a broad range of other courses...

 in 1950.

Early scientific career

Josland was initially a cadet in the Agricultural Department in Christchurch during which time he attended classes at Canterbury College. In 1921, he was appointed Assistant in the Bacteriological Department of Southland Hospital in Invercargill, where he was employed for eighteen months. Josland then became a Bacteriological Cadet attached to the Departments of Bacteriology and Pathology at the University of Otago Medical School where he worked under the supervision of Professors Eric Frederick D'Ath (Pathology), Alexander Murray Drennan (Pathology) and Charles Ernest Hercus (Bacteriology). During his time at the Medical School, among other things, Josland worked on the chemical methods of pollen extraction and the preparation of these extracts for the diagnosis and therapy of hay fever. He also spent a brief period employed as relieving bacteriologist at the District Hospital in Whangarei.

Accompanied by his family, Josland arrived in Upper Hutt

Upper Hutt

Upper Hutt is a satellite city of Wellington. It is New Zealand's smallest city by population, the second largest by land area. It is in Greater Wellington.-Geography:Upper Hutt is 30 km north-east of Wellington...

 near Wellington in 1929, at the invitation of Dr Cyril Spottiswoode Moy Hopkirk, to set up a biochemistry laboratory at the Wallaceville

Wallaceville

Wallaceville is a suburb of Upper Hutt located in the lower North Island of New Zealand. It is named after John Howard Wallace , an early New Zealand settler, local body politician, businessman and author of one of the first published histories of New Zealand. It is home to the oldest surviving...

 Animal Research Centre. He later became Chief Bacteriologist at the Centre, where, in addition to working under Dr Hopkirk, he worked under Dr Ira James Cunningham

Ira James Cunningham

Ira James Cunningham was a New Zealand researcher in trace element nutrition and animal science. He is best remembered as a past president of the New Zealand Veterinary Association.-Early years:...

 and Dr John Francis Filmer

John Francis Filmer

John Francis Filmer was an Australian-born scientist who later emigrated to New Zealand to continue his scientific research career.-Early life:...

. Josland initiated the Technicians' Training Scheme at the Centre and supervised the training of technical staff.

Until 1930, no organised biochemical work had been undertaken in New Zealand on the blood and urine of normal cattle and sheep. Josland decided that his first priority should be an attempt to determine the normal values and limits for the purpose of standards. This was done and became the standards upon which future biochemical investigations were based. Josland directed biochemical work towards various cattle and sheep diseases, including eclampsia, temporary sterility in cattle and pulpy kidney in lambs, blood from the latter showing no deviation from the normal.

Josland undertook post-graduate training at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the Commonwealth Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in Adelaide

Adelaide

Adelaide is the capital city of South Australia and the fifth-largest city in Australia. Adelaide has an estimated population of more than 1.2 million...

, Australia in 1935. Dr Lionel Bately Bull was head of the Laboratory and staff conducted research into animal nutrition problems. At the time, studies were being made of coast disease, which affected sheep, and metabolism in ewes. One of the problems of drought-feeding was to find the minimum energy requirements of the animal. Josland's main purpose in going to the Laboratory was to get some application in biochemistry in the investigation of animal diseases. He also studied blood analysis techniques under Dr Cedric Stanton Hicks

Cedric Stanton Hicks

Sir Cedric Stanton Hicks was an Australian Professor of Human Physiology and Pharmacology at the University of Adelaide. During World War II Hicks founded the Australian Army Catering Corps and served as its commander from 1943...

. Upon his return to New Zealand, Josland commented that "[t]here seemed to be no dearth of money in Australia for research work [and] an amazing amount of money was made available from sources outside the Government, particularly the pastoral trusts and the banks".

Military career

Josland began his military career in the Cadet Service with the West Christchurch District High School and the Canterbury and Southland Regiments between 1917 and 1921. He was then in the ranks of the territorial service during 1922 and 1923 before being commissioned into the Otago Regiment in 1923. Before the Second World War, Josland was a Captain in the Twenty-fifth (Wellington) Battalion of the New Zealand Territorials. He went to the War as Second-in-Command of D Company in the Twenty-fifth Battalion (Third Echelon) of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force

New Zealand Expeditionary Force

The New Zealand Expeditionary Force was the title of the military forces sent from New Zealand to fight for Britain during World War I and World War II. Ultimately, the NZEF of World War I was known as the First New Zealand Expeditionary Force...

. Josland served in Greece, Italy, the Middle East and North Africa. He learnt French and Italian and qualified in Arabic and Urdu. When the War was over, Josland returned to New Zealand with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and was posted to the Retired List on 31 July 1946. He was presented with the Efficiency Decoration by the Governor-General of New Zealand, on 31 August 1950, for his services to the New Zealand Army. A collection of poems by Josland, reflecting on his experiences and impressions of the Middle East, and later Italy, during the period from 1941 to 1945, was published in 2005.

Post-war scientific career

Josland returned to the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre in 1946. The use of precise serological methods of antigenic analysis had made possible the identification of organisms of the Salmonella group which had been isolated from material of animal origin at Wallaceville. Josland was able to isolate only two organisms - Salmonella Typhi Murium and Salmonella Cholera Suis. This contrasted with overseas results where many types of Salmonella had been found.

Josland was the first to investigate the use of a vaccine to control Salmonellosis in sheep. He discovered an injection of formalised alum-precipitated Salmonella Typhi Murium vaccine resulted in low and inconsistent antibody response. Even though a greater number of vaccinated animals survived following challenge, compared to unvaccinated animals, he concluded that prophylactic vaccination was of little use. He was able to recommend control measures but stressed that early diagnosis by the clinician, confirmed by laboratory analysis, was important if hygiene and isolation measures were to be successful.

Further investigations carried out by Josland lead to the isolation, in New Zealand, of the Salmonella organism from all species of farm animals, from watering holes, and from pastures contaminated by infected faeces of such animals, and he showed, in a series of comprehensive field studies, that the organism when deposited in dung, water or pasture, could remain viable for periods ranging up to twenty-eight weeks. Josland also found that the survival of Salmonella was less on pasture exposed to sun compared to shaded pasture.

In 1954, Josland resigned from the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre to become Chief Bacteriologist at the National Health Institute, Department of Health, in Wellington where he continued to specialize in research into Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is caused by infection with bacteria of the genus Leptospira, and affects humans as well as other mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles.The...

 and Salmonella

Salmonella

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with diameters around 0.7 to 1.5 µm, lengths from 2 to 5 µm, and flagella which grade in all directions . They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction...

. He made considerable contributions to the knowledge of these diseases and animal disease control in the fields of bacteriology, biochemistry and haematology. Josland published thirty articles related to his research in Australasian medical and scientific journals.

He returned briefly to the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre in 1960 as Officer in Charge of the Small Animal Unit.

Josland became an Associate of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry in 1933 and later an Honorary Life Member of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists. From 1961 until his retirement in 1972 he taught science at Heretaunga College

Heretaunga College

Heretaunga College is a secondary school located in Upper Hutt, New Zealand. It is co-educational and has approximately 800 students from Year 9 through to Year 13 ....

in Upper Hutt.

Published articles

• Josland, S. W., The Experimental Transmission of Salmonella Cholerae Suis Infection in Swine. New Zealand Department of Agriculture, Wellington, New Zealand.
• Josland, S. W., Salmonellosis of Pigs. New Zealand Department of Agriculture, Wellington, New Zealand.
• Josland, S. W., A Study of the Blood of Healthy Sheep and Cattle in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. XIV, No. 5, April 1933, pp298-308.
• Josland, S. W., The Effect of Pregnancy and Parturition on Some Blood and Urinary Constituents in the Ewe. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, March 1934, pp359-363.
• Cunningham, I. J. and Josland, S. W., The Determination of Magnesium in Blood Serum. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. XVI, No. 1, July 1934, pp28-29.
• Josland, S. W. and Lugg, J. W. H., A Note on the Colorimetric Estimation of Cobalt in Solution by Means of Nitroso-R-Salt. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science, Vol. XIV, 27 July 1936.
• Josland, S. W., The Effect of Feeding Cobalt to Rats. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 18, October 1936, pp474-480.
• Josland, S. W., Total Ash of Sheeps' Bones as an Index to Calcification. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 18, January 1937, pp665-668.
• Josland, S. W., The Effect of Feeding Excess of Cobalt to Healthy Sheep. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 19, June 1937, pp31-37.
• Askew, H. O. and Josland, S. W., The Rate of Excretion of Cobalt by Sheep After Drenching with Cobalt Chloride. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 18, May 1937, pp888-892.
• Josland, S. W. and McNaught, K. J., Further Observations on the Production of Cobalt Polycythaemia in Rats. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 19, February 1938, pp536-540.
• Josland, S. W., Salmonellosis of Swine in New Zealand. Australian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 23, October 1947, pp292-293.
• Josland, S. W., The Identification of Salmonella with Special Reference to Serological Methods. Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 3, No. 4, October 1948, pp51-54.
• Josland, S. W., A Note on the Use of Hydroquinone Enrichment Media for the Isolation of Salmonella. Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1949, pp5-6.
• Josland, S. W., The Identification of S. Bovis Morbificans Infection in New Zealand. Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 4, No. 3, July 1949, pp34-35.
• Josland, S. W., Salmonella Infections of Animals in New Zealand. Australian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 26, No. 9, September 1950, pp249-253.
• Josland, S. W., Survival of Salmonella Typhi Murium on Various Substances Under Natural Conditions. Australian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 27, No. 10, October 1951, pp264-266.
• Josland, S. W., A Further Note on the Serological Identification of Salmonella Cultures. Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 1952, pp31-34.
• Josland, S. W., Salmonella Types in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 51, No. 283, June 1952, pp180-184.
• Josland, S. W., The Identification of Salmonella Saint Paul in New Zealand. Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 8, No. 109, 1953, pp3-5.
• Josland, S. W., The Identification of Salmonella Senftenberg in New Zealand. Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 8, No. 2, April 1953, pp22-24.
• Josland, S. W., Observations on the Aetiology of Bovine and Ovine Salmonellosis in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, Vol. 1, December 1953, pp131-136.
• Josland, S. W., Additional Salmonella Types in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 53, No. 297, October 1954, pp486-488.
• Josland, S. W., The Immunogenic Properties of Salmonella Typhi Murium in Sheep. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, Vol. 2, March 1954, pp2-7.
• Josland, S. W., The Infective and Immunogenic Properties of Salmonella Cholerae Suis in Weaner Pigs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, Vol. 2, June 1954, pp41-46.
• Josland, S. W., Observations on the Nutritional Requirements of Leptospirae and the Maintenance of Leptospiral Cultures. Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 10, No. 3, October 1955, pp47-49.
• Josland, S. W., Additional Salmonella Types in New Zealand. III. New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 55, No. 306, April 1956, pp139-140.
• Allen, R. E., Cashmore, S., Josland, S. W. and Scott, H. M., Survey Work on Human Leptospirosis in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 56, No. 312, April 1957, pp128-131.
• Josland, S. W., Additional Salmonella Types in New Zealand. IV. New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 57, No. 318, April 1958, pp155-156.
• Josland, S. W. and Norris, D. M., Additional Salmonella Types in New Zealand. V. New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 58, August 1959, pp504-506.

Additional articles

• Josland, S. W., Infection with Salmonella Bovis Morbificans. Animal Health Notes, Vol. IX, No. 8, 19 August 1948, p134. Information Circular, Animal Research Centre, Wallaceville.
• Josland, S. W., Salmonellosis of Cattle. Animal Health Notes, Vol. X, No. 9, 20 September 1948, pp157-159. Information Circular, Animal Research Centre, Wallaceville.