Symbiopsychotaxiplasm
Encyclopedia
Symbiopsychotaxiplasm is a 1968 experimental
docu-drama film written
, directed
, and conceived by African-American film director and documentarian William Greaves
. The film, which is shot and presented in the style of a cinéma vérité
documentary
, attempts to capture and examine pure reality
unhindered by the presence of the cameras all around. It is perhaps most memorable for the layers of metatextual
storytelling inherent in the concept of the story: that of a documentary inside a documentary inside a documentary.
The film was independently financed by one of Greaves's old students from his teaching days at the National Film Board of Canada
and The Actors Studio. The title came from Greaves's own fascination with scientific concepts. The concept of "Symbiotaxiplasm" originated from Arthur F. Bentley
in his book Inquiry Into Inquiries: Essays in Social Theory, which Greaves described as "those events that transpire in the course of anyone's life that have an impact on the consciousness and the psyche of the average human being, and how that human being also controls or effects changes or has an impact on the environment". By adding the root "-psycho-" into the mix, turning an already-complex topic into a more complex one, emphasizing the mental state affected by those events. Therefore, the title is, in Greaves's mind, very attractive .
in New York City
. For the cast of actors, Greaves brought in actors he knew from his work at The Actors Studio and hired three different film crews to document the proceedings. Greaves himself appears as the director of the fictional actor-documentary "Over the Cliff" and utilizes the three different film crews to cover a different aspect of the overall picture going on with this situation. Greaves instructs the first to film just the actors in an effort to document the audition process. He tells the second film crew to document the first film crew. He tells the third to document anything that fits into the documentary's overarching theme, including the actors, the other two film crews, and any other passers-by or spectators who happen to fit into “Over the Cliff’s” overarching theme of “sexuality”.
To make matters more interesting, Greaves takes the opportunity to play the fool, performing a part rather than "playing himself". Because Greaves's director character is sexist, unfocused, unprofessional, and seemingly inept, the film crews start to sow dissent amongst their ranks, all of which is caught on camera because of the constant filming on set. This footage, of course, ends up in the final cut of the film and only helps to complexify the film.
This complexity is enhanced by Greaves's editing techniques, including split screens displaying two or even all three perspectives at once, but in simultaneous split screens, to further the use of simultaneous footage about the same sequence but from three different perpsectives.
Through all of this, Greaves creates a circular meta-documentary about a documentary, a documentary about a documentary, and a documentary documenting a documentary about a documentary. All of this is Greaves's attempt to capture reality on film, using cameras in the right places at inopportune moments to discourage any short improvisations or unnaturalities that might take place.
With no other options, the film fell into obscurity. Greaves held onto the original print negatives and toured the film as much as he was able, showing off his work at film festivals and museums.
Gaining a cult status from those individuals who were able to see it, the film eventually caught the attention of actor and filmmaker Steve Buscemi
, who caught a screening of the docu-drama at the Sundance Film Festival
in 1993. Seeing the film's potential, Buscemi worked to secure financing for a sequel and the wide-release of the original film. Eventually, Buscemi and Greaves were joined by the adventurous Hollywood director Stephen Soderbergh. Together, the three managed to secure both distribution channels for the film as well as financing for one of Greaves's sequels.
In 2001, after thirty five years of post-development limbo, the film, re-christened Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One, saw a wide release in theatres and a DVD released in 2003 alongside its new sequel: Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take 2, which focused on two of the actors from the original and picks up the narrative of the original film some thirty five years later.
with an average score of 7.9 out of 10 across eight reviews.. The film scored a 7.7 out of 10 based on three hundred and three votes at The Internet Movie Database while scoring 71 out of 100 at Metacritic, a site that assigns average ratings based on the reviews of mainstream critics
New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis called the film "highly entertaining and, at moments, revelatory about filmmaking as a site of creative tension between individual vision and collective endeavor", and Jeffery Anderson from CombustibleCelluloid.com described the film as "a puzzle without an answer; and the most fascinating element of all is Greaves himself. On camera, he doesn't really appear to know what he's doing. But perhaps he does?" . On the other hand, Christopher Null, a critic at FilmCritic.com commented negatively on the film's presentation on DVD, saying "It's too bad that the film's production values scrape rock bottom -- even by low budget standards. Much of the movie is inaudible, and the scratched up film stock gives you a headache from the get-go"
Stephen Soderbergh, a long time proponent of the film, reflected on his impressions of the film, saying:
Experimental film
Experimental film or experimental cinema is a type of cinema. Experimental film is an artistic practice relieving both of visual arts and cinema. Its origins can be found in European avant-garde movements of the twenties. Experimental cinema has built its history through the texts of theoreticians...
docu-drama film written
Screenwriter
Screenwriters or scriptwriters or scenario writers are people who write/create the short or feature-length screenplays from which mass media such as films, television programs, Comics or video games are based.-Profession:...
, directed
Film director
A film director is a person who directs the actors and film crew in filmmaking. They control a film's artistic and dramatic nathan roach, while guiding the technical crew and actors.-Responsibilities:...
, and conceived by African-American film director and documentarian William Greaves
William Greaves
William Greaves is a documentary filmmaker and one of the pioneers of African-American filmmaking. He has produced over two hundred documentary films writing and directing more than half of them...
. The film, which is shot and presented in the style of a cinéma vérité
Cinéma vérité
Cinéma vérité is a style of documentary filmmaking, combining naturalistic techniques with stylized cinematic devices of editing and camerawork, staged set-ups, and the use of the camera to provoke subjects. It is also known for taking a provocative stance toward its topics.There are subtle yet...
documentary
Documentary
A documentary is a creative work of non-fiction, including:* Documentary film, including television* Radio documentary* Documentary photographyRelated terms include:...
, attempts to capture and examine pure reality
Reality
In philosophy, reality is the state of things as they actually exist, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined. In a wider definition, reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not it is observable or comprehensible...
unhindered by the presence of the cameras all around. It is perhaps most memorable for the layers of metatextual
Metafiction
Metafiction, also known as Romantic irony in the context of Romantic works of literature, is a type of fiction that self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction, exposing the fictional illusion...
storytelling inherent in the concept of the story: that of a documentary inside a documentary inside a documentary.
Concept and development
Greaves originally conceived of the concept for the film by applying the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle to a project Greaves had come up with several years earlier, in which he would follow and document a group of actors undergoing the audition process for an acting job. Finding himself dissatisfied with "Hollywood acting", which he found stiff and forced rather than loose and spontaneous as life tended to be, Greaves attempted to find new and different ways to bring out "reality" as it really was, one in which would not "act to the camera" .The film was independently financed by one of Greaves's old students from his teaching days at the National Film Board of Canada
National Film Board of Canada
The National Film Board of Canada is Canada's twelve-time Academy Award-winning public film producer and distributor. An agency of the Government of Canada, the NFB produces and distributes documentary, animation, alternative drama and digital media productions...
and The Actors Studio. The title came from Greaves's own fascination with scientific concepts. The concept of "Symbiotaxiplasm" originated from Arthur F. Bentley
Arthur F. Bentley
Arthur Fisher Bentley was an American political scientist and philosopher who worked in the fields of epistemology, logic and linguistics and who contributed to the development of a behavioral methodology of political science.-Biography:He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1892 and his Ph.D...
in his book Inquiry Into Inquiries: Essays in Social Theory, which Greaves described as "those events that transpire in the course of anyone's life that have an impact on the consciousness and the psyche of the average human being, and how that human being also controls or effects changes or has an impact on the environment". By adding the root "-psycho-" into the mix, turning an already-complex topic into a more complex one, emphasizing the mental state affected by those events. Therefore, the title is, in Greaves's mind, very attractive .
Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One
Greaves shot Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One (then called simply Symbiopsychotaxiplasm) in 1968 and takes place in Central ParkCentral Park
Central Park is a public park in the center of Manhattan in New York City, United States. The park initially opened in 1857, on of city-owned land. In 1858, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won a design competition to improve and expand the park with a plan they entitled the Greensward Plan...
in New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
. For the cast of actors, Greaves brought in actors he knew from his work at The Actors Studio and hired three different film crews to document the proceedings. Greaves himself appears as the director of the fictional actor-documentary "Over the Cliff" and utilizes the three different film crews to cover a different aspect of the overall picture going on with this situation. Greaves instructs the first to film just the actors in an effort to document the audition process. He tells the second film crew to document the first film crew. He tells the third to document anything that fits into the documentary's overarching theme, including the actors, the other two film crews, and any other passers-by or spectators who happen to fit into “Over the Cliff’s” overarching theme of “sexuality”.
To make matters more interesting, Greaves takes the opportunity to play the fool, performing a part rather than "playing himself". Because Greaves's director character is sexist, unfocused, unprofessional, and seemingly inept, the film crews start to sow dissent amongst their ranks, all of which is caught on camera because of the constant filming on set. This footage, of course, ends up in the final cut of the film and only helps to complexify the film.
This complexity is enhanced by Greaves's editing techniques, including split screens displaying two or even all three perspectives at once, but in simultaneous split screens, to further the use of simultaneous footage about the same sequence but from three different perpsectives.
Through all of this, Greaves creates a circular meta-documentary about a documentary, a documentary about a documentary, and a documentary documenting a documentary about a documentary. All of this is Greaves's attempt to capture reality on film, using cameras in the right places at inopportune moments to discourage any short improvisations or unnaturalities that might take place.
Release
Following the film's completion in 1971, Greaves attempted to find mainstream support, seeking a theatrical release. Unfortunately, distribution channels proved reluctant to back his work, especially because no one seemed willing to back it due to its experimental nature and bizarre content. Undeterred, Greaves held onto the negatives This put a crimp on Greaves's further plans do four sequels to his work which would fill out the five-film arc he had planned..With no other options, the film fell into obscurity. Greaves held onto the original print negatives and toured the film as much as he was able, showing off his work at film festivals and museums.
Gaining a cult status from those individuals who were able to see it, the film eventually caught the attention of actor and filmmaker Steve Buscemi
Steve Buscemi
Steven Vincent "Steve" Buscemi is an American actor, writer and film director. An associate member of the renowned experimental theater company The Wooster Group, Buscemi has starred and supported in successful Hollywood and indie films including New York Stories, Mystery Train, Reservoir Dogs,...
, who caught a screening of the docu-drama at the Sundance Film Festival
Sundance Film Festival
The Sundance Film Festival is a film festival that takes place annually in Utah, in the United States. It is the largest independent cinema festival in the United States. Held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, and Ogden, as well as at the Sundance Resort, the festival is a showcase for new...
in 1993. Seeing the film's potential, Buscemi worked to secure financing for a sequel and the wide-release of the original film. Eventually, Buscemi and Greaves were joined by the adventurous Hollywood director Stephen Soderbergh. Together, the three managed to secure both distribution channels for the film as well as financing for one of Greaves's sequels.
In 2001, after thirty five years of post-development limbo, the film, re-christened Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One, saw a wide release in theatres and a DVD released in 2003 alongside its new sequel: Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take 2, which focused on two of the actors from the original and picks up the narrative of the original film some thirty five years later.
Critical reception
Over its history, Symbiopsychotaxiplasm has garnered numerous positive reviews amongst critics. Praised for its innovation, the film scored an 88% "fresh" rating on Rotten TomatoesRotten Tomatoes
Rotten Tomatoes is a website devoted to reviews, information, and news of films—widely known as a film review aggregator. Its name derives from the cliché of audiences throwing tomatoes and other vegetables at a poor stage performance...
with an average score of 7.9 out of 10 across eight reviews.. The film scored a 7.7 out of 10 based on three hundred and three votes at The Internet Movie Database while scoring 71 out of 100 at Metacritic, a site that assigns average ratings based on the reviews of mainstream critics
New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis called the film "highly entertaining and, at moments, revelatory about filmmaking as a site of creative tension between individual vision and collective endeavor", and Jeffery Anderson from CombustibleCelluloid.com described the film as "a puzzle without an answer; and the most fascinating element of all is Greaves himself. On camera, he doesn't really appear to know what he's doing. But perhaps he does?" . On the other hand, Christopher Null, a critic at FilmCritic.com commented negatively on the film's presentation on DVD, saying "It's too bad that the film's production values scrape rock bottom -- even by low budget standards. Much of the movie is inaudible, and the scratched up film stock gives you a headache from the get-go"
Stephen Soderbergh, a long time proponent of the film, reflected on his impressions of the film, saying:
As you can imagine, I just thought it was one of the most amazing things I'd ever seen. I couldn't believe it. I couldn't believe how great it was and that it wasn't famous, I mean really famous. Even then, almost ten years ago, I felt maybe it's still, even now, too far ahead of its time.It's the ultimate "reality" piece.
The difference being, in ths case, that nobody was in on the joke. And that's what makes it so brilliant. When you do a reality show on TV today, you know you're part of a show and that they're going to start creating obstacles for you or trying to complicate the situation purposefully and consciously. Here, you're just watching a situation where people are absolutely convinced that Bill is out of control, doesn't know what he's doing, and you're a fly on the wall. And then the ultimate mutiny takes place. It's really incredible.
I think when he was presented with that material, he must have felt like the cinema gods were smiling on him.