Talk That Talk
Encyclopedia
Talk That Talk is the sixth studio album by Barbadian
recording artist Rihanna
and was released on November 18, 2011, through Def Jam Recordings
. The lead single from the album, "We Found Love
" featuring Calvin Harris
, premiered on Capital FM
radio on September 22, 2011, and was released on iTunes
U.S. the same day. The album is rooted in R&B
, dance-pop
, and pop
, but also incorporates a variety of genres such as hip hop
, electro
, trance
, house
, and dubstep
.
Lyrically, the album speaks of love, sexuality, and in general has a higher sexual content than its precedessors. The album received positive reviews from critics, many of which complimented its departure from the dark themes presented on her fourth and fifth studio albums, Rated R
(2009) and Loud
(2010), respectively.
that the album would be re-issued with new songs and released in fall 2011, writing that "[t]he [Loud era] continues with more new music to add to [your] collection". In September 2011, Rihanna took to Twitter to confirm that plans for a re-issue of Loud had been scrapped, with the singer tweeting "I [thought about] a [re-release], but LOUD is its own body of work! Plus [you] guys work so [fucking] hard that [you] deserve to act brand new."
In an interview with Mixtape Daily, producer Verse Simmonds, half of the duo The Jugganauts, who wrote and produced the reggae-infused song "Man Down
" from Loud, revealed that the singer was nearing completion of her sixth studio album in August 2011. The duo also said that they had penned two tracks for possible inclusion on the album, saying "From what I understand, she is closing the album up now, and we did two records for her that she really, really loved and I'm really excited about them as well" and also expressed interest in writing a third song. On September 15, 2011, Rihanna confirmed via her official Twitter account that recording sessions for the album were indeed underway, tweeting "I can't wait to start filling u guys in on some details!" The tweet was soon followed up by another, where Rihanna tweeted "*Zips lips*," implying that she would no longer talk about the project's development. Although the tweet suggested that the singer would not give any more details about the album, a fan tweeted to Rihanna asking when the album would be released, to which she replied, "THIS FALL!!!!! [sic]."
campaign page entitled "Rihanna: UNLOCKED" [sic], whereby her fans on Facebook are given missions to complete, in the form of games, in order to "unlock" new information about the album. On October 4, 2011, fans unlocked "Mission:5", which meant that fans had unlocked another piece of information from the album, with number five revealing the title of the album. The title, Talk That Talk, was announced via her official Facebook page. On October 10, 2011, after the Loud Tour
concert in Glasgow
, Scotland
, Rihanna gave a copy of the album's artwork to a fan. The singer later tweeted to explain that the fan she gave the copy to was the only person outside of the singer's management to have seen the artwork up until that point, writing "One very lucky fan outside my concert just got the 1st album cover! She's the 1st to see it! Only 1 person in the world has it". The following day, fans unlocked "Mission:6" via the singer's official Facebook page, which resulted in Rihanna officially unveiling two artwork covers for the standard and deluxe editions of the album. The standard edition artwork features Rihanna "[licking] her coral red hued lips, posing in a camouflage sleeveless shirt with the album title tatted on her right arm".
Upon on unveiling of the standard edition's artwork, both James Dinh of MTV
and a reviewer for NME
commented that Rihanna looks "seductive" in the image. Gordon Smart of The Sun humorously criticized the standard edition artwork by saying that it looks as though the singer is trying to cover up a cold sore with her tongue, writing "It's easy to pick them up at this time of year – especially as she's constantly naked or attached to her new boyfriend Dudley O'Shaughnessy by the lips." Smart continued, writing "Let's hope they had some decent soap on set to remove the album title Talk That Talk from her wrist as well". The deluxe edition artwork shows the singer "[blowing] out a puff of smoke" and is shot in black and white. Rap-Up
commented that the deluxe edition artwork features Rihanna billowing smoke out of her mouth whilst staring into the camera with "piercing eyes". Amanda Hensel of Popcrush noted that Rihanna is French inhaling
the cigarette smoke, whereby someone takes a deep drag, then while the mouth is open and the jaw is slowly closed to force the smoke out, then inhales through the nose, thus inhaling the smoke drifting from the mouth. Hensel also commented that the singer looks "fierce" in both the standard and deluxe edition covers.
, R&B
, electro, dancehall
and dubstep
, a genre first heard on the singer's fourth studio album, Rated R
(2009). The opening track, "You Da One", which was produced by Dr. Luke
, is a bouncy mid-tempo song with a Caribbean flavor, and features a dubstep influenced breakdown towards the middle of the song. "Where Have You Been", produced by Dr. Luke and Ester Dean
, runs through an acoustic beat and incorporates elements of trance
. The lead single
, "We Found Love
", is an electro house and dance-pop
song. The title track, "Talk That Talk" features rapper Jay-Z
and samples The Notorious B.I.G.
's "I Got A Story To Tell". The fifth track, "Cockiness (Love It)", was produced by Bangladesh
features hip hop and dancehall
influences. The sixth track, "Birthday Cake", produced by Da Internz and The-Dream
, is an interlude lasting one minute and 18 seconds. It runs through a distorted electro beat. The seventh track, "We All Want Love", is an acoustic song with shaking drum beats. The eighth track, "Drunk On Love", was produced by longtime collaborators Stargate
and Ester Dean features elements of trance influenced beats and clattering synths. It samples the song "Intro", originally written and performed by English band The xx
. The tenth track, "Watch n' Learn", features a flirtatious and playful hip hop melody with grinding synths. The final track of the standard edition, "Farewell", is a ballad. The first bonus track of the deluxe edition, "Red Lipstick", is a dubstep song produced by Chase & Status
and The-Dream and features co-production from Rihanna. The thirteenth track of the album, "Do Ya Thing", is an R&B song co-produced by The-Dream and Rihanna. The final track of the album, "Fool in Love
", is a midtempo song with acoustic guitars.
", featuring Calvin Harris
, was released as the lead single from the album. It premiered in the United Kingdom on Capital FM radio on September 22, 2011, and was released the same day, and was sent for US mainstream
radio adds on October 11, 2011. Critics praised Harris's production of the song, but criticized the lack of lyrical content, with many citing the lyrics as second best to the song's production and composition. Rihanna filmed the video for the song
on September 26, 2011, in a field in Bangor, County Down
, Northern Ireland
, and premiered on Whosay.com on October 19, 2011. "We Found Love" debuted at number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100
chart, and has peaked at number one, giving Rihanna the record for a solo artist to have amassed twenty top-ten singles in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the shortest amount of time. and tying her with Whitney Houston
in third place amongst females with the most number one singles on the chart, behind Madonna
, and Mariah Carey
.
The song also peaked at number one in Denmark, France, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, and attained top-five positions in Australia, Finland and Italy. "You Da One" was confirmed by Rap-Up
to be the second single from the album, being released on November 13, 2011. The singer appears smoking a cigarette on the single's black-and-white cover art.
, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 62 based on 26 reviews, which indicates "Generally favorable reviews". Andy Kellman from Allmusic was positive on the album and worte: "Behind Good Girl Gone Bad
and Rated R
, this is Rihanna's third best album to date. Minus the fluff, it's close to the latter's equal." Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly
gave the album a positive review, commenting that "it's a relief to find that on her blissed-out sixth album, ... [Rihanna's] stopped trying to play it so tough", while also noting, "...apparently love has never come so easily to RiRi, whose new song titles include 'We Found Love', 'We All Want Love' and (yes) 'Drunk On Love'. Is she finally admitting that being young and crushed-out on someone might feel, y'know, kind of fun?"
James Lachno of The Daily Telegraph
echoed this sentiment, stating Rihanna's "sixth album in seven years [is] an adrenalised behemoth of a record which reasserts her position as one of pop's most compulsive pleasures" and "[t]he demons from her relationship with Chris Brown now sound fully exorcised – Rihanna sings as if she is in love with life, and wants to bring us along for the party." Jason Lipshutz of Billboard
also gave the album a positive review, but commented on its feeling of having been "rushed". "After reclaiming her crown on Loud... Rihanna is not about to take any sort of break to let her pop princess competitors catch up" He also said, "[Talk That Talk is] an oddly rushed-out release to the objective music fan. Why not wait a bit and let the buzz of Loud set in?."
Steve Jones of USA Today
gave the album a positive review saying, "[she] may talk dirty when she's trying to lure you into the bedroom or out on the dance floor ... when driven by the intoxicating rhythms ... [she] compels you to listen. So while she revels in satisfying her carnal desires, she also craves a little genuine affection ... but probably the most potent ingredient in the mix is the Barbadian singer's charisma." Jon Caramanica of The New York Times
concluded that Talk That Talk places Rihanna "squarely at the center of the pop genre best suited for a singer of her fundamental evanescence — dance music, which conveniently is the mode du jour of contemporary R&B and pop." Caramanica also wrote that the album was the "blithest Rihanna album" and noted "It has none of the dark, wounded subtext of her more recent albums."
Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times
expressed dissatisfaction with the themes of the album stating, "The singer works that NC-17 territory, but the sauciness sometimes borders on shtick. With an eye toward Middle America, it's mostly just insinuation. Matthew Cole from Slant Magazine gave the album 2.5 stars out of 5, saying it is "pretty easily the worst Rihanna album yet, though I wouldn't be surprised to see her break that record next November". Mark Graham of VH1
called the album "the dirtiest “pop” record we have ever heard". However, Graham praised the track "Where Have You Been," stating that it "will almost certainly be Rihanna’s biggest club smash since "Don’t Stop the Music
".
Lindsay Zoladz from Pitchfork
gave the album a mixed review and commented: "2011 found plenty of pop artists still breathing new life into the format: "Beyoncé Knowles
's 4
and Lady Gaga
's Born This Way
were probably the most solid examples - two bombastic records that also explore the nuance of their respective artists' personas. Talk That Talk tries too hard to send a more one-dimensional message and ends up falling flat".
Danny Walker of RWD Magazine gave Rihanna a relatively good review stating, "This is a short and (very) sweet outing from the Bajan boss..." A negative review was given by David Amidon of the website PopMatters
, who graded the album with 3 out of 10 stars and noted: "It's sure to sell on brand recognition alone, but I doubt a series of mannered and soulless hooks are going to find much life outside of the European remix circuit."
, with first-week sales of 197,000 copies in the United States. In the United Kingdom, the album was ceritifed platinum by the British Phonographic Industry
(BPI) for shipments of 300,000 units after six days of sale. Talk That Talk debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart
, selling more than 160,000 copies in its first week. With the album and "We Found Love
" both at number one, it made Rihanna the only female artist in the UK to simultaneously have a number one single and album twice in the same year with different a album and single. The other double chart topper being "What's My Name?" and Loud
in January 2011.
and contains the standard 11 tracks as well as three bonus tracks, a 16-page booklet, a poster, two album cover cards and a perfume sample.
Sample credits
Barbadian people
Barbadians are people originating on the Caribbean island of Barbados whether they live there or in the Barbadian diaspora.Rihanna is by far the most popular Barbadian on the planet.-Diaspora:...
recording artist Rihanna
Rihanna
Robyn Rihanna Fenty , better known as simply Rihanna, is a Barbadian recording artist. Born in Saint Michael, Barbados, Rihanna moved to the United States at the age of 16 to pursue a recording career under the guidance of record producer Evan Rogers...
and was released on November 18, 2011, through Def Jam Recordings
Def Jam Recordings
Def Jam Recordings is an American record label, focused primarily on hip hop and urban music, owned by Universal Music Group, and operates as a part of The Island Def Jam Motown Music Group...
. The lead single from the album, "We Found Love
We Found Love
"We Found Love" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, from her sixth studio album Talk That Talk . The song features Scottish singer-songwriter Calvin Harris. "We Found Love" was released as the lead single from the album and premiered on September 22, 2011, in the United Kingdom on the...
" featuring Calvin Harris
Calvin Harris
Calvin Harris is a Scottish singer-songwriter, record producer and DJ. His gold-selling debut album, I Created Disco, was released in 2007 and contained the top ten singles "Acceptable in the 80s" and "The Girls"...
, premiered on Capital FM
The Capital FM Network
Capital is a radio network of nine Independent Local Radio stations in the United Kingdom which are owned and operated by Global Radio, launching on 3 January 2011. Capital was previously known as Mix, One, Galaxy and Hit Music at various times...
radio on September 22, 2011, and was released on iTunes
ITunes
iTunes is a media player computer program, used for playing, downloading, and organizing digital music and video files on desktop computers. It can also manage contents on iPod, iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad....
U.S. the same day. The album is rooted in R&B
Contemporary R&B
Contemporary R&B is a music genre that combines elements of hip hop, soul, R&B and funk.Although the abbreviation “R&B” originates from traditional rhythm and blues music, today the term R&B is most often used to describe a style of African American music originating after the demise of disco in...
, dance-pop
Dance-pop
Dance-pop is dance-oriented pop music that originated in the early 1980s. Developing from post-disco, it is generally up-tempo music intended for clubs with the intention of being danceable or merely dancey...
, and pop
Pop music
Pop music is usually understood to be commercially recorded music, often oriented toward a youth market, usually consisting of relatively short, simple songs utilizing technological innovations to produce new variations on existing themes.- Definitions :David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop...
, but also incorporates a variety of genres such as hip hop
Hip hop music
Hip hop music, also called hip-hop, rap music or hip-hop music, is a musical genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted...
, electro
Electro (music)
Electro is a genre of electronic dance music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 drum machines, Moog keytar synthesizers and funk sampling...
, trance
Trance music
Trance is a genre of electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s.:251 It is generally characterized by a tempo of between 125 and 150 bpm,:252 repeating melodic synthesizer phrases, and a musical form that builds up and breaks down throughout a track...
, house
House music
House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago, Illinois, United States in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in mid-1980s discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino American, and gay communities; first in Chicago circa 1984, then in other...
, and dubstep
Dubstep
Dubstep is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in south London, England. Its overall sound has been described as "tightly coiled productions with overwhelming bass lines and reverberant drum patterns, clipped samples, and occasional vocals"....
.
Lyrically, the album speaks of love, sexuality, and in general has a higher sexual content than its precedessors. The album received positive reviews from critics, many of which complimented its departure from the dark themes presented on her fourth and fifth studio albums, Rated R
Rated R (Rihanna album)
Rated R is the fourth studio album by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, first released November 20, 2009, on Def Jam Recordings. The album is a musical distance from her previous effort Good Girl Gone Bad , which contained up-tempo and ballad-oriented songs, and it heavily incorporated pop and...
(2009) and Loud
Loud (Rihanna album)
Loud is the fifth studio album by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, first released on November 12, 2010 by Def Jam Recordings. The album was recorded between February and August 2010, predominantly during Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour and filming for her first feature film Battleship...
(2010), respectively.
Background and development
Following the release and success of Rihanna's previous studio album, Loud, the singer revealed via TwitterTwitter
Twitter is an online social networking and microblogging service that enables its users to send and read text-based posts of up to 140 characters, informally known as "tweets".Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey and launched that July...
that the album would be re-issued with new songs and released in fall 2011, writing that "[t]he [Loud era] continues with more new music to add to [your] collection". In September 2011, Rihanna took to Twitter to confirm that plans for a re-issue of Loud had been scrapped, with the singer tweeting "I [thought about] a [re-release], but LOUD is its own body of work! Plus [you] guys work so [fucking] hard that [you] deserve to act brand new."
In an interview with Mixtape Daily, producer Verse Simmonds, half of the duo The Jugganauts, who wrote and produced the reggae-infused song "Man Down
Man Down
"Man Down" is a song performed by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, taken from her fifth studio album Loud . The song was sent to US rhythmic and urban radios on May 3, 2011 and was released as the album's sixth overall single in the United States as well as in certain countries internationally...
" from Loud, revealed that the singer was nearing completion of her sixth studio album in August 2011. The duo also said that they had penned two tracks for possible inclusion on the album, saying "From what I understand, she is closing the album up now, and we did two records for her that she really, really loved and I'm really excited about them as well" and also expressed interest in writing a third song. On September 15, 2011, Rihanna confirmed via her official Twitter account that recording sessions for the album were indeed underway, tweeting "I can't wait to start filling u guys in on some details!" The tweet was soon followed up by another, where Rihanna tweeted "*Zips lips*," implying that she would no longer talk about the project's development. Although the tweet suggested that the singer would not give any more details about the album, a fan tweeted to Rihanna asking when the album would be released, to which she replied, "THIS FALL!!!!! [sic]."
Title and artwork
As part of the promotion for the album, Rihanna created a FacebookFacebook
Facebook is a social networking service and website launched in February 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. , Facebook has more than 800 million active users. Users must register before using the site, after which they may create a personal profile, add other users as...
campaign page entitled "Rihanna: UNLOCKED" [sic], whereby her fans on Facebook are given missions to complete, in the form of games, in order to "unlock" new information about the album. On October 4, 2011, fans unlocked "Mission:5", which meant that fans had unlocked another piece of information from the album, with number five revealing the title of the album. The title, Talk That Talk, was announced via her official Facebook page. On October 10, 2011, after the Loud Tour
Loud Tour
The Loud Tour is the fourth concert tour by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna. Performing in over twenty countries in the Americas and Europe, the tour supports Rihanna’s fifth studio album, Loud...
concert in Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands...
, Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
, Rihanna gave a copy of the album's artwork to a fan. The singer later tweeted to explain that the fan she gave the copy to was the only person outside of the singer's management to have seen the artwork up until that point, writing "One very lucky fan outside my concert just got the 1st album cover! She's the 1st to see it! Only 1 person in the world has it". The following day, fans unlocked "Mission:6" via the singer's official Facebook page, which resulted in Rihanna officially unveiling two artwork covers for the standard and deluxe editions of the album. The standard edition artwork features Rihanna "[licking] her coral red hued lips, posing in a camouflage sleeveless shirt with the album title tatted on her right arm".
Upon on unveiling of the standard edition's artwork, both James Dinh of MTV
MTV
MTV, formerly an initialism of Music Television, is an American network based in New York City that launched on August 1, 1981. The original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by on-air hosts known as VJs....
and a reviewer for NME
NME
The New Musical Express is a popular music publication in the United Kingdom, published weekly since March 1952. It started as a music newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s, changing from newsprint in 1998. It was the first British paper to include a singles...
commented that Rihanna looks "seductive" in the image. Gordon Smart of The Sun humorously criticized the standard edition artwork by saying that it looks as though the singer is trying to cover up a cold sore with her tongue, writing "It's easy to pick them up at this time of year – especially as she's constantly naked or attached to her new boyfriend Dudley O'Shaughnessy by the lips." Smart continued, writing "Let's hope they had some decent soap on set to remove the album title Talk That Talk from her wrist as well". The deluxe edition artwork shows the singer "[blowing] out a puff of smoke" and is shot in black and white. Rap-Up
Rap-Up
Rap-Up is a magazine launched in 2001 by founder Devin Lazerine. The publication was originally a website devoted to hip hop, until Lazerine decided to pitch the possibility of a magazine to several publishers. The magazine is focused on the hip hop and R&B aspect of the music industry, and...
commented that the deluxe edition artwork features Rihanna billowing smoke out of her mouth whilst staring into the camera with "piercing eyes". Amanda Hensel of Popcrush noted that Rihanna is French inhaling
French inhale
The French inhale is a trick one can perform while smoking. One takes a deep drag, then while the mouth is open and the jaw is slowly closed to force the smoke out, one inhales through the nose, thus inhaling the smoke drifting from the mouth....
the cigarette smoke, whereby someone takes a deep drag, then while the mouth is open and the jaw is slowly closed to force the smoke out, then inhales through the nose, thus inhaling the smoke drifting from the mouth. Hensel also commented that the singer looks "fierce" in both the standard and deluxe edition covers.
Musical structure
Talk That Talk combines a variety of musical genres, including hip hopHip hop music
Hip hop music, also called hip-hop, rap music or hip-hop music, is a musical genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted...
, R&B
Contemporary R&B
Contemporary R&B is a music genre that combines elements of hip hop, soul, R&B and funk.Although the abbreviation “R&B” originates from traditional rhythm and blues music, today the term R&B is most often used to describe a style of African American music originating after the demise of disco in...
, electro, dancehall
Dancehall
Dancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s. Initially dancehall was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style, which had dominated much of the 1970s. In the mid-1980s, digital instrumentation became more prevalent, changing the sound considerably,...
and dubstep
Dubstep
Dubstep is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in south London, England. Its overall sound has been described as "tightly coiled productions with overwhelming bass lines and reverberant drum patterns, clipped samples, and occasional vocals"....
, a genre first heard on the singer's fourth studio album, Rated R
Rated R (Rihanna album)
Rated R is the fourth studio album by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, first released November 20, 2009, on Def Jam Recordings. The album is a musical distance from her previous effort Good Girl Gone Bad , which contained up-tempo and ballad-oriented songs, and it heavily incorporated pop and...
(2009). The opening track, "You Da One", which was produced by Dr. Luke
Dr. Luke
Lukasz Gottwald , better known as Dr. Luke, is an American songwriter, record producer, and remixer. Luke performed with the Saturday Night Live Band for ten seasons until 2007. He has co-written and co-produced a string of commercially successful songs...
, is a bouncy mid-tempo song with a Caribbean flavor, and features a dubstep influenced breakdown towards the middle of the song. "Where Have You Been", produced by Dr. Luke and Ester Dean
Ester Dean
Ester Renay Dean is an American singer and songwriter, and record producer signed to Zone 4 Records/Interscope Records. She is most notable for her dual appearance on Rio: Music From The Motion Picture and her 2009 US hit single "Drop It Low", which featured singer Chris Brown...
, runs through an acoustic beat and incorporates elements of trance
Trance music
Trance is a genre of electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s.:251 It is generally characterized by a tempo of between 125 and 150 bpm,:252 repeating melodic synthesizer phrases, and a musical form that builds up and breaks down throughout a track...
. The lead single
Lead single
A lead single is usually the first single released by a musician or a band before the release of its home album.During the era of the grammophone record, all music arrived in the marketplace as what is now termed a single, one potential hit song backed by an additional song of generally less...
, "We Found Love
We Found Love
"We Found Love" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, from her sixth studio album Talk That Talk . The song features Scottish singer-songwriter Calvin Harris. "We Found Love" was released as the lead single from the album and premiered on September 22, 2011, in the United Kingdom on the...
", is an electro house and dance-pop
Dance-pop
Dance-pop is dance-oriented pop music that originated in the early 1980s. Developing from post-disco, it is generally up-tempo music intended for clubs with the intention of being danceable or merely dancey...
song. The title track, "Talk That Talk" features rapper Jay-Z
Jay-Z
Shawn Corey Carter , better known by his stage name Jay-Z, is an American rapper, record producer, entrepreneur, and occasional actor. He is one of the most financially successful hip hop artists and entrepreneurs in America, having a net worth of over $450 million as of 2010...
and samples The Notorious B.I.G.
The Notorious B.I.G.
Christopher George Latore Wallace , best known as The Notorious B.I.G., was an American rapper. He was also known as Biggie Smalls , Big Poppa, and The Black Frank White .Wallace was raised in the Brooklyn borough...
's "I Got A Story To Tell". The fifth track, "Cockiness (Love It)", was produced by Bangladesh
Bangladesh (producer)
Shondrae Crawford, better known as Bangladesh or Mr. Bangladesh, is a Grammy Award winning American record producer and disc jockey and rapper, who was born and raised in Des Moines, Iowa, and now lives in Atlanta, Georgia.- Life and career :...
features hip hop and dancehall
Dancehall
Dancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s. Initially dancehall was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style, which had dominated much of the 1970s. In the mid-1980s, digital instrumentation became more prevalent, changing the sound considerably,...
influences. The sixth track, "Birthday Cake", produced by Da Internz and The-Dream
The-Dream
Terius Youngdell Nash , better known by his stage name The-Dream, is an American singer-songwriter and record producer. He is known for co-writing "Umbrella" for Rihanna and "Single Ladies " for Beyoncé, as well as for his three solo albums, Love Hate, Love vs...
, is an interlude lasting one minute and 18 seconds. It runs through a distorted electro beat. The seventh track, "We All Want Love", is an acoustic song with shaking drum beats. The eighth track, "Drunk On Love", was produced by longtime collaborators Stargate
Stargate (production team)
This is a list of songs written and produced by the Norwegian production team Stargate.-Produced singles:-1999:5ive - Invincible*05. "Two Sides to Every Story"*06. "You Make Me a Better Man"Noora Noor - Curious*01. "Curious"...
and Ester Dean features elements of trance influenced beats and clattering synths. It samples the song "Intro", originally written and performed by English band The xx
The xx
The xx are an English indie pop band, formed in London in 2005. The band's members met while studying at Elliott School, the same school that produced Hot Chip, Burial and Four Tet. They became a trio when their second guitarist and keyboardist, Baria Qureshi, departed in late 2009. In September...
. The tenth track, "Watch n' Learn", features a flirtatious and playful hip hop melody with grinding synths. The final track of the standard edition, "Farewell", is a ballad. The first bonus track of the deluxe edition, "Red Lipstick", is a dubstep song produced by Chase & Status
Chase & Status
Chase & Status are an electronic music production duo from London consisting of Saul Milton and Will Kennard. MC Rage & Andy Gangadeen also make up the live band.-2003-2005:...
and The-Dream and features co-production from Rihanna. The thirteenth track of the album, "Do Ya Thing", is an R&B song co-produced by The-Dream and Rihanna. The final track of the album, "Fool in Love
Fool in Love
"Fool in Love" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, from her sixth studio album Talk That Talk . The song was written by Ester Dean, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, and was produced Lukasz Gottwald, Cirkut and Dean....
", is a midtempo song with acoustic guitars.
Singles
"We Found LoveWe Found Love
"We Found Love" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, from her sixth studio album Talk That Talk . The song features Scottish singer-songwriter Calvin Harris. "We Found Love" was released as the lead single from the album and premiered on September 22, 2011, in the United Kingdom on the...
", featuring Calvin Harris
Calvin Harris
Calvin Harris is a Scottish singer-songwriter, record producer and DJ. His gold-selling debut album, I Created Disco, was released in 2007 and contained the top ten singles "Acceptable in the 80s" and "The Girls"...
, was released as the lead single from the album. It premiered in the United Kingdom on Capital FM radio on September 22, 2011, and was released the same day, and was sent for US mainstream
Contemporary hit radio
Contemporary hit radio is a radio format that is common in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia that focuses on playing current and recurrent popular music as determined by the Top 40 music charts...
radio adds on October 11, 2011. Critics praised Harris's production of the song, but criticized the lack of lyrical content, with many citing the lyrics as second best to the song's production and composition. Rihanna filmed the video for the song
We Found Love (video)
"We Found Love" is a music video for the song of the same name by Rihanna, directed by Melina Matsoukas.- Development :The music video for "We Found Love" was shot on September 26, 27 and 28, 2011, in County Down, Northern Ireland...
on September 26, 2011, in a field in Bangor, County Down
Bangor, County Down
Bangor is a large town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is a seaside resort on the southern side of Belfast Lough and within the Belfast Metropolitan Area. Bangor Marina is one of the largest in Ireland, and holds Blue Flag status...
, Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west...
, and premiered on Whosay.com on October 19, 2011. "We Found Love" debuted at number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100
Billboard Hot 100
The Billboard Hot 100 is the United States music industry standard singles popularity chart issued weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on radio play and sales; the tracking-week for sales begins on Monday and ends on Sunday, while the radio play tracking-week runs from Wednesday...
chart, and has peaked at number one, giving Rihanna the record for a solo artist to have amassed twenty top-ten singles in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the shortest amount of time. and tying her with Whitney Houston
Whitney Houston
Whitney Elizabeth Houston is an American singer, actress, producer and a former model. Houston is the most awarded female act of all time, according to Guinness World Records, and her list of awards include 1 Emmy Award, 6 Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, 22 American Music Awards, among...
in third place amongst females with the most number one singles on the chart, behind Madonna
Madonna (entertainer)
Madonna is an American singer-songwriter, actress and entrepreneur. Born in Bay City, Michigan, she moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she released her debut album in 1983...
, and Mariah Carey
Mariah Carey
Mariah Carey is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. She made her recording debut with the release of her eponymous studio album in 1990, under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola, whom she later married in 1993...
.
The song also peaked at number one in Denmark, France, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, and attained top-five positions in Australia, Finland and Italy. "You Da One" was confirmed by Rap-Up
Rap-Up
Rap-Up is a magazine launched in 2001 by founder Devin Lazerine. The publication was originally a website devoted to hip hop, until Lazerine decided to pitch the possibility of a magazine to several publishers. The magazine is focused on the hip hop and R&B aspect of the music industry, and...
to be the second single from the album, being released on November 13, 2011. The singer appears smoking a cigarette on the single's black-and-white cover art.
Critical response
The album has received positive reviews from music critics since its release. At MetacriticMetacritic
Metacritic.com is a website that collates reviews of music albums, games, movies, TV shows and DVDs. For each product, a numerical score from each review is obtained and the total is averaged. An excerpt of each review is provided along with a hyperlink to the source. Three colour codes of Green,...
, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 62 based on 26 reviews, which indicates "Generally favorable reviews". Andy Kellman from Allmusic was positive on the album and worte: "Behind Good Girl Gone Bad
Good Girl Gone Bad
Good Girl Gone Bad is the third studio album by Barbadian R&B singer Rihanna, released May 30, 2007, on Def Jam Recordings. Recording sessions for the album took place during October 2006 to April 2007 at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles. Rihanna worked with producers Christopher "Tricky"...
and Rated R
Rated R (Rihanna album)
Rated R is the fourth studio album by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, first released November 20, 2009, on Def Jam Recordings. The album is a musical distance from her previous effort Good Girl Gone Bad , which contained up-tempo and ballad-oriented songs, and it heavily incorporated pop and...
, this is Rihanna's third best album to date. Minus the fluff, it's close to the latter's equal." Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly
Entertainment Weekly
Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by the Time division of Time Warner, that covers film, television, music, broadway theatre, books and popular culture...
gave the album a positive review, commenting that "it's a relief to find that on her blissed-out sixth album, ... [Rihanna's] stopped trying to play it so tough", while also noting, "...apparently love has never come so easily to RiRi, whose new song titles include 'We Found Love', 'We All Want Love' and (yes) 'Drunk On Love'. Is she finally admitting that being young and crushed-out on someone might feel, y'know, kind of fun?"
James Lachno of The Daily Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph is a daily morning broadsheet newspaper distributed throughout the United Kingdom and internationally. The newspaper was founded by Arthur B...
echoed this sentiment, stating Rihanna's "sixth album in seven years [is] an adrenalised behemoth of a record which reasserts her position as one of pop's most compulsive pleasures" and "[t]he demons from her relationship with Chris Brown now sound fully exorcised – Rihanna sings as if she is in love with life, and wants to bring us along for the party." Jason Lipshutz of Billboard
Billboard
Billboard is a weekly American magazine devoted to the music industry, and is one of the oldest trade magazines in the world. It maintains several internationally recognized music charts that track the most popular songs and albums in various categories on a weekly basis...
also gave the album a positive review, but commented on its feeling of having been "rushed". "After reclaiming her crown on Loud... Rihanna is not about to take any sort of break to let her pop princess competitors catch up" He also said, "[Talk That Talk is] an oddly rushed-out release to the objective music fan. Why not wait a bit and let the buzz of Loud set in?."
Steve Jones of USA Today
USA Today
USA Today is a national American daily newspaper published by the Gannett Company. It was founded by Al Neuharth. The newspaper vies with The Wall Street Journal for the position of having the widest circulation of any newspaper in the United States, something it previously held since 2003...
gave the album a positive review saying, "[she] may talk dirty when she's trying to lure you into the bedroom or out on the dance floor ... when driven by the intoxicating rhythms ... [she] compels you to listen. So while she revels in satisfying her carnal desires, she also craves a little genuine affection ... but probably the most potent ingredient in the mix is the Barbadian singer's charisma." Jon Caramanica of The New York Times
The New York Times
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...
concluded that Talk That Talk places Rihanna "squarely at the center of the pop genre best suited for a singer of her fundamental evanescence — dance music, which conveniently is the mode du jour of contemporary R&B and pop." Caramanica also wrote that the album was the "blithest Rihanna album" and noted "It has none of the dark, wounded subtext of her more recent albums."
Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times
Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the second-largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008 and the fourth most widely distributed newspaper in the country....
expressed dissatisfaction with the themes of the album stating, "The singer works that NC-17 territory, but the sauciness sometimes borders on shtick. With an eye toward Middle America, it's mostly just insinuation. Matthew Cole from Slant Magazine gave the album 2.5 stars out of 5, saying it is "pretty easily the worst Rihanna album yet, though I wouldn't be surprised to see her break that record next November". Mark Graham of VH1
VH1
VH1 or Vh1 is an American cable television network based in New York City. Launched on January 1, 1985 in the old space of Turner Broadcasting's short-lived Cable Music Channel, the original purpose of the channel was to build on the success of MTV by playing music videos, but targeting a slightly...
called the album "the dirtiest “pop” record we have ever heard". However, Graham praised the track "Where Have You Been," stating that it "will almost certainly be Rihanna’s biggest club smash since "Don’t Stop the Music
Don't Stop the Music (Rihanna song)
"Don't Stop the Music" is a dance-pop song performed by Barbadian R&B singer Rihanna from her third studio album, Good Girl Gone Bad. It was the third single from the album in most of Europe, the second single in Germany and Spain and the fourth single in the rest of the world...
".
Lindsay Zoladz from Pitchfork
Pitchfork Media
Pitchfork Media, usually known simply as Pitchfork or P4k, is a Chicago-based daily Internet publication established in 1995 that is devoted to music criticism and commentary, music news, and artist interviews. Its focus is on underground and independent music, especially indie rock...
gave the album a mixed review and commented: "2011 found plenty of pop artists still breathing new life into the format: "Beyoncé Knowles
Beyoncé Knowles
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles , often known simply as Beyoncé, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she enrolled in various performing arts schools and was first exposed to singing and dancing competitions as a child...
's 4
4 (Beyoncé Knowles album)
4 is the fourth studio album by American recording artist Beyoncé Knowles, released through Columbia Records on June 24, 2011. Three weeks before its scheduled release, 4 leaked in full. The twelve-song set marks the first release by Knowles since separating professionally with father and manager,...
and Lady Gaga
Lady GaGa
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta , better known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to...
's Born This Way
Born This Way
Born This Way is the second studio album by American recording artist Lady Gaga that was released on May 23, 2011, by Interscope Records. The album is a follow-up to her internationally-successful albums The Fame and The Fame Monster...
were probably the most solid examples - two bombastic records that also explore the nuance of their respective artists' personas. Talk That Talk tries too hard to send a more one-dimensional message and ends up falling flat".
Danny Walker of RWD Magazine gave Rihanna a relatively good review stating, "This is a short and (very) sweet outing from the Bajan boss..." A negative review was given by David Amidon of the website PopMatters
PopMatters
PopMatters is an international webzine of cultural criticism that covers many aspects of popular culture. PopMatters publishes reviews, interviews, and detailed essays on most cultural products and expressions in areas such as music, television, films, books, video games, comics, sports, theater,...
, who graded the album with 3 out of 10 stars and noted: "It's sure to sell on brand recognition alone, but I doubt a series of mannered and soulless hooks are going to find much life outside of the European remix circuit."
Commercial performance
The album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200Billboard 200
The Billboard 200 is a ranking of the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists...
, with first-week sales of 197,000 copies in the United States. In the United Kingdom, the album was ceritifed platinum by the British Phonographic Industry
British Phonographic Industry
The British Phonographic Industry is the British record industry's trade association.-Structure:Its membership comprises hundreds of music companies including all four "major" record companies , associate members such as manufacturers and distributors, and hundreds of independent music companies...
(BPI) for shipments of 300,000 units after six days of sale. Talk That Talk debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart
UK Albums Chart
The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales in the United Kingdom. It is compiled every week by The Official Charts Company and broadcast on a Sunday on BBC Radio 1 , and published in Music Week magazine and on the OCC website .To qualify for the UK albums chart...
, selling more than 160,000 copies in its first week. With the album and "We Found Love
We Found Love
"We Found Love" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, from her sixth studio album Talk That Talk . The song features Scottish singer-songwriter Calvin Harris. "We Found Love" was released as the lead single from the album and premiered on September 22, 2011, in the United Kingdom on the...
" both at number one, it made Rihanna the only female artist in the UK to simultaneously have a number one single and album twice in the same year with different a album and single. The other double chart topper being "What's My Name?" and Loud
Loud (Rihanna album)
Loud is the fifth studio album by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna, first released on November 12, 2010 by Def Jam Recordings. The album was recorded between February and August 2010, predominantly during Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour and filming for her first feature film Battleship...
in January 2011.
Track listing
Songwriting credits and producers per album liner notes. Lengths per official newsletter. The standard edition is housed in a jewel case and contains 11 tracks. The deluxe edition is packaged in an 8-panel DigipakDigipak
Digipak is a patented style of CD, DVD or BD packaging, and is a registered trademark of AGI World Ltd., an Atlas Holdings company.-Features:...
and contains the standard 11 tracks as well as three bonus tracks, a 16-page booklet, a poster, two album cover cards and a perfume sample.
Sample credits
- "Where Have You Been" contains elements from the composition "I've Been EverywhereI've Been EverywhereThe song "I've Been Everywhere" was written by Geoff Mack in 1959 and made popular by the singer Lucky Starr in 1962.The song listed Australian towns...
" written by Geoff MackGeoff MackAlbert Geoffrey McElhinney OAM , also known as Geoff Mack, is a country music singer and songwriter. He was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia on 13 June 2005 with the citation, For service to country music and to the community, particularly through support for senior citizens' groups...
. - "Talk That Talk" contains samples from The Notorious B.I.G.The Notorious B.I.G.Christopher George Latore Wallace , best known as The Notorious B.I.G., was an American rapper. He was also known as Biggie Smalls , Big Poppa, and The Black Frank White .Wallace was raised in the Brooklyn borough...
recording "I Got a Story to Tell" written by Anthony Best, Sean Combs, Carl Thompson and Christopher Wallace. - "Drunk on Love" contains samples from the recording "Intro" as performed by The xxThe xxThe xx are an English indie pop band, formed in London in 2005. The band's members met while studying at Elliott School, the same school that produced Hot Chip, Burial and Four Tet. They became a trio when their second guitarist and keyboardist, Baria Qureshi, departed in late 2009. In September...
and written by Baria Qureshi, Romy Madley Croft, Oliver Sim and Jamie SmithJamie xxJamie Smith is an English music producer and remix artist, who gained fame both as solo act and as a member of the London-based band The xx....
. - "Red Lipstick" contains interpolations from the composition "Wherever I May RoamWherever I May Roam"Wherever I May Roam" is a song by the American heavy metal band Metallica. It was released as the fourth single from their eponymous fifth album, Metallica.-Music:...
" as performed by MetallicaMetallicaMetallica is an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles, California. Formed in 1981 when James Hetfield responded to an advertisement that drummer Lars Ulrich had posted in a local newspaper. The current line-up features long-time lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo ...
and written by James HetfieldJames HetfieldJames Alan Hetfield is the rhythm guitarist, co-founder, main songwriter, and lead vocalist for the American heavy metal band Metallica. Hetfield co-founded Metallica in October 1981 after answering a classified advertisement by drummer Lars Ulrich in the Los Angeles newspaper The Recycler,...
and Lars UlrichLars UlrichLars Ulrich is a Danish drummer, and one of the founding members of the American thrash metal band Metallica. He was born in Gentofte, Denmark to an upper-middle class family. A tennis player in his youth, Ulrich moved to Los Angeles, California at age sixteen to pursue his training; though rather...
. Contains a sample from the sound recording "Saxon" performed by Chase & StatusChase & StatusChase & Status are an electronic music production duo from London consisting of Saul Milton and Will Kennard. MC Rage & Andy Gangadeen also make up the live band.-2003-2005:...
and written by William Kennard and Saul Milton.
Charts
| Chart (2011) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Australian Albums Chart ARIA Charts The ARIA charts are the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia. ARIA commenced compiling its own charts in-house from the week ending 26 June... |
5 |
| Australian Urban Albums Chart ARIA Charts The ARIA charts are the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia. ARIA commenced compiling its own charts in-house from the week ending 26 June... |
1 |
| Canadian Albums Chart Canadian Albums Chart The Canadian Albums Chart is the official album sales chart in Canada. It is compiled every Wednesday by U.S.-based music sales tracking company Nielsen Soundscan, and published every Thursday by Jam! Canoe and Billboard, along with its sister charts the Canadian Singles Chart and the Canadian BDS... |
3 |
| Belgian Albums Chart Ultratop Ultratop is an organization which generates and publishes the official record charts in Belgium, and it is also the name of most of those charts... (Flanders) |
20 |
| Belgian Albums Chart Ultratop Ultratop is an organization which generates and publishes the official record charts in Belgium, and it is also the name of most of those charts... (Wallonia) |
24 |
| Dutch Albums Chart MegaCharts MegaCharts is responsible for the composition and exploitation of a broad collection of official charts in the Netherlands, of which the Mega Top 50 and the Mega Album Top 100 are the most known ones. Mega Charts also provides information to the Stichting Nederlandse Top 40, of which the Dutch Top... |
6 |
| German Albums Chart | 3 |
| Hungarian Albums Chart Mahasz Mahasz is the Hungarian music industry association, founded in 1992. Mahasz hands out the Hungarian Music Awards and maintains the music charts for Hungary.... |
35 |
| Irish Albums Chart Irish Albums Chart The Irish Albums Chart is the Irish music industry standard albums popularity chart issued weekly by the Irish Recorded Music Association and compiled on its behalf by Chart-Track. Chart rankings are based on sales, which are compiled through over-the-counter retail data captured electronically... |
2 |
| Italian Albums Chart | 10 |
| New Zealand Albums Chart Recording Industry Association of New Zealand The Recording Industry Association of New Zealand is a non-profit trade association of record producers, distributors and recording artists who sell music in New Zealand... |
1 |
| Polish Albums Chart OLiS OLiS is the official list of the highest selling music albums in Poland. The list exists since October 23, 2000 and is provided by ZPAV.... |
22 |
| Swedish Albums Chart Sverigetopplistan Sverigetopplistan, earlier known as Topplistan and Hitlistan and other names, is since October 2007 the Swedish national record chart, based on sales data from Swedish Recording Industry Association .... |
31 |
| UK Albums Chart UK Albums Chart The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales in the United Kingdom. It is compiled every week by The Official Charts Company and broadcast on a Sunday on BBC Radio 1 , and published in Music Week magazine and on the OCC website .To qualify for the UK albums chart... |
1 |
| UK R&B Albums Chart UK R&B Chart The Official UK R&B Chart is a forty-position R&B/Hip-Hop chart compiled by The Official UK Charts Company. Although the chart does not receive any airplay, its compilation is viewed on BBC Radio 1's website and publications such as ChartsPlus and Music Week... |
1 |
| US Billboard 200 Billboard 200 The Billboard 200 is a ranking of the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists... |
3 |
| US R&B/Hip Hop Albums | 1 |
Certifications
| Country (Provider) | Certification |
|---|---|
| United Kingdom (BPI British Phonographic Industry The British Phonographic Industry is the British record industry's trade association.-Structure:Its membership comprises hundreds of music companies including all four "major" record companies , associate members such as manufacturers and distributors, and hundreds of independent music companies... ) |
Platinum |
Release history
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label | Edition(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | November 18, 2011 | CD Compact Disc The Compact Disc is an optical disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store and playback sound recordings exclusively, but later expanded to encompass data storage , write-once audio and data storage , rewritable media , Video Compact Discs , Super Video Compact Discs ,... , digital download Music download A music download is the transferral of music from an Internet-facing computer or website to a user's local computer. This term encompasses both legal downloads and downloads of copyright material without permission or payment... |
Universal Music Universal Music Group Universal Music Group is an American music group, the largest of the "big four" record companies by its commanding market share and its multitude of global operations... |
Standard, deluxe |
| Germany | ||||
| Ireland | Standard | |||
| Poland | Standard, deluxe | |||
| Canada | November 21, 2011 | |||
| France | Def Jam Def Jam Recordings Def Jam Recordings is an American record label, focused primarily on hip hop and urban music, owned by Universal Music Group, and operates as a part of The Island Def Jam Motown Music Group... |
|||
| Italy | ||||
| United Kingdom | Mercury Mercury Records Mercury Records is a record label operating as a standalone company in the UK and as part of the Island Def Jam Motown Music Group in the US; both are subsidiaries of Universal Music Group. There is also a Mercury Records in Australia, which is a local artist and repertoire division of Universal... |
|||
| United States | Def Jam | |||
| Japan | November 23, 2011 | Universal Music | ||
| India | ||||
| Brazil | November 29, 2011 | |||
| Colombia | December 1, 2011 | |||
External links
- Talk That Talk at MetacriticMetacriticMetacritic.com is a website that collates reviews of music albums, games, movies, TV shows and DVDs. For each product, a numerical score from each review is obtained and the total is averaged. An excerpt of each review is provided along with a hyperlink to the source. Three colour codes of Green,...