Tamna
Encyclopedia
The kingdom of Tamna or Tamna guk ruled Jeju Island
from ancient times until it was absorbed by the Korean Joseon Dynasty
in 1404. This kingdom is also sometimes known as Tangna (탁라), Seomna (섭나), and Tammora (탐모라). All of these names mean "island country."
There is no historical record of the founding or early history of Tamna. One legend tells that the three divine founders of the country—Ko (고), Yang (양), and Bu (부)—emerged from three holes in the ground in the 24th century BC. These holes, known as the Samseonghyeol
(삼성혈), are still preserved in Jeju City
.
Archaeological evidence indicates that the people of Tamna were engaging in active trade with Han Dynasty
China
and Yayoi Japan
, as well as mainland Korea
, by the 1st century AD. The first historical reference to the kingdom may come in the 3rd century AD, in the chronicle of the Chinese Three Kingdoms
period called the Sanguozhi. The Sanguozhi reports a strange people living on a large island near Korea, which it calls Juho (州胡, literally "island barbarians
"). These people, who had a distinctive language and culture, engaged in trade with the Mahan
people of the mainland. However, the identity of Juho with Tamna has been disputed by authorities such as the North Korea
n scholar Yi Jirin (이지린), who claims that Juho was a small island in the Yellow Sea
. Tamna is pronounced Danluo (Traditional
: 耽羅國; Simplified
: 耽罗国; Pinyin
: Danluoguo; Wade-Giles
: Tanluokuo) in Standard Mandarin Chinese
.
In 476, according to the Samguk Sagi
, Tamna entered into a tributary relationship with Baekje
, which controlled the southwestern Korean peninsula
and enjoyed strong ties with Japan
. It was thus a natural partner for Tamna. As Baekje waned, Tamna turned to Silla
instead. At some point near the end of the Three Kingdoms period, Tamna officially subjugated itself to Silla. Silla then conferred on the three princes of Tamna the titles which they would hold for the remainder of the kingdom's history: Seongju (성주, 星主), Wangja (왕자, 王子), and Donae (도내, 都內). Some sources indicate that this took place during the reign of King Munmu of Silla in the late 7th century AD.http://100.naver.com/100.php?id=43332
Tamna briefly reclaimed its independence after the fall of Silla in 935. However, it was subjugated by the Goryeo Dynasty in 938, and officially annexed in 1105. However, the kingdom maintained local autonomy until 1404, when Taejong of Joseon
placed it under firm central control and brought the Tamna kingdom to an end. One interesting event that took place during these later years of Tamna was the Sambyeolcho Rebellion
, which came to a bloody end on Jeju Island in 1274.
Jeju-do
Jeju-do is the only special autonomous province of South Korea, situated on and coterminous with the country's largest island. Jeju-do lies in the Korea Strait, southwest of Jeollanam-do Province, of which it was a part before it became a separate province in 1946...
from ancient times until it was absorbed by the Korean Joseon Dynasty
Joseon Dynasty
Joseon , was a Korean state founded by Taejo Yi Seong-gye that lasted for approximately five centuries. It was founded in the aftermath of the overthrow of the Goryeo at what is today the city of Kaesong. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul...
in 1404. This kingdom is also sometimes known as Tangna (탁라), Seomna (섭나), and Tammora (탐모라). All of these names mean "island country."
There is no historical record of the founding or early history of Tamna. One legend tells that the three divine founders of the country—Ko (고), Yang (양), and Bu (부)—emerged from three holes in the ground in the 24th century BC. These holes, known as the Samseonghyeol
Samseonghyeol
The Samseonghyeol are three large holes in the ground in Jeju on Jejudo, an island in the northern East China Sea...
(삼성혈), are still preserved in Jeju City
Jeju City
Jeju is the capital of Jeju province in South Korea and the largest city on the island of Jeju. Its geographical location is . The city is served by Jeju International Airport ....
.
Archaeological evidence indicates that the people of Tamna were engaging in active trade with Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang...
China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
and Yayoi Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
, as well as mainland Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
, by the 1st century AD. The first historical reference to the kingdom may come in the 3rd century AD, in the chronicle of the Chinese Three Kingdoms
Three Kingdoms
The Three Kingdoms period was a period in Chinese history, part of an era of disunity called the "Six Dynasties" following immediately the loss of de facto power of the Han Dynasty rulers. In a strict academic sense it refers to the period between the foundation of the state of Wei in 220 and the...
period called the Sanguozhi. The Sanguozhi reports a strange people living on a large island near Korea, which it calls Juho (州胡, literally "island barbarians
Wu Hu
Wu Hu was a Chinese term for the northern non-Chinese nomadic tribes which caused the Wu Hu uprising, and established the Sixteen Kingdoms from 304 to 439 AD.-Definition:...
"). These people, who had a distinctive language and culture, engaged in trade with the Mahan
Mahan confederacy
Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces. Arising out of the confluence of Gojoseon migration and the Jin state federation, Mahan was one of the Samhan , along...
people of the mainland. However, the identity of Juho with Tamna has been disputed by authorities such as the North Korea
North Korea
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , , is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea...
n scholar Yi Jirin (이지린), who claims that Juho was a small island in the Yellow Sea
Yellow Sea
The Yellow Sea is the name given to the northern part of the East China Sea, which is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It is located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula. Its name comes from the sand particles from Gobi Desert sand storms that turn the surface of the water golden...
. Tamna is pronounced Danluo (Traditional
Traditional Chinese character
Traditional Chinese characters refers to Chinese characters in any character set which does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. It most commonly refers to characters in the standardized character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong, or in the Kangxi...
: 耽羅國; Simplified
Simplified Chinese character
Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Xiandai Hanyu Tongyong Zibiao for use in Mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of many standard character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language...
: 耽罗国; Pinyin
Pinyin
Pinyin is the official system to transcribe Chinese characters into the Roman alphabet in China, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. It is also often used to teach Mandarin Chinese and spell Chinese names in foreign publications and used as an input method to enter Chinese characters into...
: Danluoguo; Wade-Giles
Wade-Giles
Wade–Giles , sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a romanization system for the Mandarin Chinese language. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Wade during the mid-19th century , and was given completed form with Herbert Giles' Chinese–English dictionary of 1892.Wade–Giles was the most...
: Tanluokuo) in Standard Mandarin Chinese
Standard Mandarin
Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin or Putonghua, is the official language of the People's Republic of China and Republic of China , and is one of the four official languages of Singapore....
.
In 476, according to the Samguk Sagi
Samguk Sagi
Samguk Sagi is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. The Samguk Sagi is written in Classical Chinese and its compilation was ordered by Goryeo's King Injong Samguk Sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of...
, Tamna entered into a tributary relationship with Baekje
Baekje
Baekje or Paekche was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
, which controlled the southwestern Korean peninsula
Korean Peninsula
The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water.Until the end of...
and enjoyed strong ties with Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
. It was thus a natural partner for Tamna. As Baekje waned, Tamna turned to Silla
Silla
Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and one of the longest sustained dynasties in...
instead. At some point near the end of the Three Kingdoms period, Tamna officially subjugated itself to Silla. Silla then conferred on the three princes of Tamna the titles which they would hold for the remainder of the kingdom's history: Seongju (성주, 星主), Wangja (왕자, 王子), and Donae (도내, 都內). Some sources indicate that this took place during the reign of King Munmu of Silla in the late 7th century AD.http://100.naver.com/100.php?id=43332
Tamna briefly reclaimed its independence after the fall of Silla in 935. However, it was subjugated by the Goryeo Dynasty in 938, and officially annexed in 1105. However, the kingdom maintained local autonomy until 1404, when Taejong of Joseon
Taejong of Joseon
King Taejong was the third king of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea and the father of King Sejong the Great.-Founding of Joseon:...
placed it under firm central control and brought the Tamna kingdom to an end. One interesting event that took place during these later years of Tamna was the Sambyeolcho Rebellion
Sambyeolcho Rebellion
The Sambyeolcho Rebellion was a Korean rebellion against the Goryeo Dynasty that happened at the last stage of the Mongol invasions of Korea.-Background:...
, which came to a bloody end on Jeju Island in 1274.
Sovereigns and governors of Tamna
| Kings of Tamna | Hangul Hangul Hangul,Pronounced or ; Korean: 한글 Hangeul/Han'gŭl or 조선글 Chosŏn'gŭl/Joseongeul the Korean alphabet, is the native alphabet of the Korean language. It is a separate script from Hanja, the logographic Chinese characters which are also sometimes used to write Korean... | Hanja Hanja Hanja is the Korean name for the Chinese characters hanzi. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation... |
|---|---|---|
| King Go Eulla | 고을라왕 | 髙乙那王 |
| King Geon | 건왕 | 建王 |
| King Samgye | 삼계왕 | 三繼王 |
| King Ilmang | 일망왕 | 日望王 |
| King Doje | 도제왕 | 島濟王 |
| King Eon-gyeong | 언경왕 | 彦卿王 |
| King Bomyeong | 보명왕 | 寶明王 |
| King Haengcheon | 행천왕 | 幸天王 |
| King Hwan | 환왕 | 歡王 |
| King Sik | 식왕 | 湜王 |
| King Uk | 욱왕 | 煜王 |
| King Hwang | 황왕 | 惶王 |
| King Wi | 위왕 | 偉王 |
| King Yeong | 영왕 | 榮王 |
| King Hu | 후왕 | 厚王 |
| King Dumyeong | 두명왕 | 斗明王 |
| King Seonju | 선주왕 | 善主王 |
| King Jinam | 지남왕 | 知南王 |
| King Seongbang | 성방왕 | 聖邦王 |
| King Munseong | 문성왕 | 文星王 |
| King Ik | 익왕 | 翼王 |
| King Jihyo | 지효왕 | 之孝王 |
| King Suk | 숙왕 | 淑王 |
| King Hyeonbang | 현방왕 | 賢方王 |
| King Gi | 기왕 | 璣王 |
| King Dam | 담왕 | 聃王 |
| King Ji-un | 지운왕 | 指雲王 |
| King Seo | 서왕 | 瑞王 |
| King Damyeong | 다명왕 | 多鳴王 |
| King Dam | 담왕 | 談王 |
| King Cheseam | 체삼왕 | 體參王 |
| King Seongjin | 성진왕 | 聲振王 |
| King Hong | 홍왕 | 鴻王 |
| King Cheoryang | 처량왕 | 處良王 |
| King Won | 원왕 | 遠王 |
| King Pyoryun | 표륜왕 | 表倫王 |
| King Hyeong | 형왕 | 逈王 |
| King Chido | 치도왕 | 致道王 |
| King Uk | 욱왕 | 勖王 |
| King Cheonwon | 천원왕 | 天元王 |
| King Hogong | 호공왕 | 好恭王 |
| King So | 소왕 | 昭王 |
| King Gyeongjik | 경직왕 | 敬直王 |
| King Min | 민왕 | 岷王 |
| King Jagyeong | 자견왕 | 自堅王 |
| Governors of Tamna | Hangul | Hanja |
|---|---|---|
| Go Jagyeon | 고자견 | 髙自堅 |
| Go Mallo | 고말로 | 髙末老 |
| Go Bong-ye | 고봉예 | 髙鳳禮 |