Tech Valley
Encyclopedia
Tech Valley is a marketing name for the eastern part of the US state of New York
. It includes the Hudson Valley
and Capital District
, along with portions of the Mohawk Valley
and North Country
. Originated in 1998 to promote the greater Albany
area as a high-tech competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley
, it has since grown to represent the counties in New York between IBM
's Westchester County
plants in the south and the Canadian border to north. Tech Valley encompasses 19 counties.
(the Chamber), while the shortened name from "techneurial" to "tech" was the idea of Jay Burgess. In 1998 the Albany-Colonie Chamber began using the Tech Valley as a marketing name for a ten-county area of New York's Capital District to show in name the merging of entrepreneurial activity and high-tech companies in the region. From the beginning the Chamber stated it would not limit the label of Tech Valley to just the Capital District, it was envisioned as running from IBM's Westchester County plants and headquarters north to Saratoga Springs
and west up the Mohawk Valley. Early businesses that used the Tech Valley name helped spread the word, businesses such as Albany Molecular Research Inc (AMRI) who used the phrase in its job recruitment material, Mapinfo, Tech Valley Communications, Tech Valley Office Interiors, and Tech Valley Homes Real Estate. The first use of the phrase by a business may have been the accounting firm Urbach, Kahn, & Werlin in 1998 which put the Tech Valley name and logo on its postage meter
, shortly before that the Chamber had begun instituting a new telephone greeting "Albany-Colonie Chamber. Tech Valley. May I help you".
Also in 1998 Rupprecht & Patashnick put "Made in New York's Tech Valley" stickers on all its air quality sensors for the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) national monitoring network. In 2000 Tech Valley licence plates became available, with three numbers and the letters TEC, for $34.50 fee, they were the first plates in New York that had a website
on them- techvalley.org.
At first the name Tech Valley was derided as over-enthusiastic self-boosterism. But SEMATECH
's decision in 2002 to put its new plant at the University at Albany, SUNY
began Tech Valley's rise in the public's perception. In 2004, however, when Bill Gates
was asked by an Albany Times Union reporter what he thought about Tech Valley, he responded that he had no idea where that was; two years later though, $400,000 from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation was used to fund the Tech Valley High School
.
's RPI Tech Park had been visited by semiconductor
companies, but they had chosen not to build. The renewed interest by the region in luring them was spurred by the research centers and training of specialists for the industry by area colleges such as the University at Albany, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Hudson Valley Community College
. Responding to the state's request for potential sites Rensselaer County proposed the same RPI Tech Park site, Schenectady County proposed two sites, one of which was in Hillside Industrial Park in Niskayuna, Saratoga County proposed two sites, and Albany County proposed three sites, two in Bethlehem
and one in Guilderland
. The state ultimately decided on 13 sites it would aggressively promote, several were in Tech Valley. As one of the thirteen sites chosen, the RPI Tech Park site originally met little opposition from the town of North Greenbush
in which it sat. As time progressed opposition grew in response to concerns about potential impacts on traffic and the environment. The RPI Tech Park site, which by October 1999 had become one of only nine sites still being marketed by the state, ended when the North Greenbush town council voted to terminate the review process. A site in Wallkill
, Orange County
was the first site in Tech Valley and in the entire state to receive pre-approval for a chip fab.
In 2002 the Saratoga Economic Development Corporation (SEDC) began to tout its proposed tech park, to be named the Luther Forest Technology Campus
, as a site for a chip plant. It would be there that GlobalFoundries
, a spin-off of Advanced Micro Devices
(AMD), decided to build a $4.2 billion dollar chip fab, ground breaking was in July 2009. The state of New York gave nearly $1.4 billion in cash and tax incentives, the largest such package in state history. New York's incentive package was the same as that offered by Russia
, China
, and Brazil
; though it was not the deciding factor it meant that any region not offering the package was out of contention for the fab. The deciding factor on picking Tech Valley was the $5 billion Albany NanoTech complex at the University at Albany and the resulting "high-tech ecosystem" put in place during Governor
George Pataki
's administration.
. The 19 counties are Albany
, Clinton
, Columbia
, Dutchess
, Essex
, Franklin
, Fulton
, Greene
, Hamilton
, Herkimer
, Montgomery
, Orange
, Rensselaer
, Saratoga
, Schenectady
, Schoharie
, Ulster
, Warren
, and Washington
. The region is 15,637 square miles; it is about 270 miles north-south at its longest and about 80 miles east-west at its widest.
The 24 local chambers are-
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
. It includes the Hudson Valley
Hudson Valley
The Hudson Valley comprises the valley of the Hudson River and its adjacent communities in New York State, United States, from northern Westchester County northward to the cities of Albany and Troy.-History:...
and Capital District
Capital District
New York's Capital District, also known as the Capital Region, is a region in upstate New York that generally refers to the four counties surrounding Albany, the capital of the state: Albany County, Schenectady County, Rensselaer County, and Saratoga County...
, along with portions of the Mohawk Valley
Mohawk Valley
The Mohawk Valley region of the U.S. state of New York is the area surrounding the Mohawk River, sandwiched between the Adirondack Mountains and Catskill Mountains....
and North Country
North Country, New York
The North Country is a region of the U.S. state of New York that encompasses the state's extreme northern frontier, bordering Lake Ontario on the west, the Saint Lawrence River and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec on the north and northwest, and Lake Champlain and Vermont on the east...
. Originated in 1998 to promote the greater Albany
Albany, New York
Albany is the capital city of the U.S. state of New York, the seat of Albany County, and the central city of New York's Capital District. Roughly north of New York City, Albany sits on the west bank of the Hudson River, about south of its confluence with the Mohawk River...
area as a high-tech competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley is a term which refers to the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology corporations...
, it has since grown to represent the counties in New York between IBM
IBM
International Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...
's Westchester County
Westchester County, New York
Westchester County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. Westchester covers an area of and has a population of 949,113 according to the 2010 Census, residing in 45 municipalities...
plants in the south and the Canadian border to north. Tech Valley encompasses 19 counties.
History
The name "Tech Valley", or "Techneurial Valley" as it was originally used, is usually credited to Wallace "Wally" Altes, a former president of the Albany-Colonie Regional Chamber of CommerceChamber of commerce
A chamber of commerce is a form of business network, e.g., a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the business community...
(the Chamber), while the shortened name from "techneurial" to "tech" was the idea of Jay Burgess. In 1998 the Albany-Colonie Chamber began using the Tech Valley as a marketing name for a ten-county area of New York's Capital District to show in name the merging of entrepreneurial activity and high-tech companies in the region. From the beginning the Chamber stated it would not limit the label of Tech Valley to just the Capital District, it was envisioned as running from IBM's Westchester County plants and headquarters north to Saratoga Springs
Saratoga Springs, New York
Saratoga Springs, also known as simply Saratoga, is a city in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 26,586 at the 2010 census. The name reflects the presence of mineral springs in the area. While the word "Saratoga" is known to be a corruption of a Native American name, ...
and west up the Mohawk Valley. Early businesses that used the Tech Valley name helped spread the word, businesses such as Albany Molecular Research Inc (AMRI) who used the phrase in its job recruitment material, Mapinfo, Tech Valley Communications, Tech Valley Office Interiors, and Tech Valley Homes Real Estate. The first use of the phrase by a business may have been the accounting firm Urbach, Kahn, & Werlin in 1998 which put the Tech Valley name and logo on its postage meter
Postage meter
A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage to mailed matter. Postage meters are regulated by a country's postal authority; for example, in the United States, the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation, support, and use...
, shortly before that the Chamber had begun instituting a new telephone greeting "Albany-Colonie Chamber. Tech Valley. May I help you".
Also in 1998 Rupprecht & Patashnick put "Made in New York's Tech Valley" stickers on all its air quality sensors for the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) national monitoring network. In 2000 Tech Valley licence plates became available, with three numbers and the letters TEC, for $34.50 fee, they were the first plates in New York that had a website
Website
A website, also written as Web site, web site, or simply site, is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other digital assets. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet...
on them- techvalley.org.
SEMATECH
- Purpose :SEMATECH , a not-for-profit consortium, performs research and development to advance chip manufacturing. SEMATECH has broad engagement with various sectors of the R&D community, including chipmakers, equipment and material suppliers, universities, research institutes, and government...
's decision in 2002 to put its new plant at the University at Albany, SUNY
University at Albany, SUNY
The State University of New York at Albany, also known as University at Albany, State University of New York, SUNY Albany or simply UAlbany, is a public university located in Albany, Guilderland, and East Greenbush, New York, United States; is the senior campus of the State University of New York ...
began Tech Valley's rise in the public's perception. In 2004, however, when Bill Gates
Bill Gates
William Henry "Bill" Gates III is an American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen...
was asked by an Albany Times Union reporter what he thought about Tech Valley, he responded that he had no idea where that was; two years later though, $400,000 from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation was used to fund the Tech Valley High School
Tech Valley High School
Tech Valley High School is a four-year technical high school located just east of Albany, New York, in the town of East Greenbush, in Rensselaer County...
.
Luring a chip-fab plant
The goal of luring a computer chip fabrication plant (chip fab) was one of the earliest goals of, and reasons for, the Tech Valley name. The plan to get a chip fab to the Capital District predates the Tech Valley slogan. In 1997 New York set out submissions for possible chip fab sites that it could whittle to 10 sites around the state that would be pre-approved and pre-permitted for a chip plant. Years before that the Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteRensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Stephen Van Rensselaer established the Rensselaer School on November 5, 1824 with a letter to the Rev. Dr. Samuel Blatchford, in which van Rensselaer asked Blatchford to serve as the first president. Within the letter he set down several orders of business. He appointed Amos Eaton as the school's...
's RPI Tech Park had been visited by semiconductor
Semiconductor
A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity due to electron flow intermediate in magnitude between that of a conductor and an insulator. This means a conductivity roughly in the range of 103 to 10−8 siemens per centimeter...
companies, but they had chosen not to build. The renewed interest by the region in luring them was spurred by the research centers and training of specialists for the industry by area colleges such as the University at Albany, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Hudson Valley Community College
Hudson Valley Community College
Hudson Valley Community College, a SUNY associated two-year college, is located in Troy in Rensselaer County, New York. Although about eighty percent of the students are from the local area, the remainder are from other parts of New York, other states and from some 30 countries around the...
. Responding to the state's request for potential sites Rensselaer County proposed the same RPI Tech Park site, Schenectady County proposed two sites, one of which was in Hillside Industrial Park in Niskayuna, Saratoga County proposed two sites, and Albany County proposed three sites, two in Bethlehem
Bethlehem, New York
Bethlehem is a town in Albany County, New York, USA. The population was 33,656 at the 2010 census. The town is south of Albany. Bethlehem includes the following hamlets: Delmar, Elsmere, Slingerlands, Glenmont, Selkirk, South and North Bethlehem. U.S. Route 9W passes through the town...
and one in Guilderland
Guilderland, New York
Guilderland is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. In the 2010 census, the town had a population of 35,303. The town is named for the Gelderland province in the Netherlands....
. The state ultimately decided on 13 sites it would aggressively promote, several were in Tech Valley. As one of the thirteen sites chosen, the RPI Tech Park site originally met little opposition from the town of North Greenbush
North Greenbush, New York
North Greenbush is a town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. North Greenbush is located in the western part of the county. The population was 10,805 at the 2000 census....
in which it sat. As time progressed opposition grew in response to concerns about potential impacts on traffic and the environment. The RPI Tech Park site, which by October 1999 had become one of only nine sites still being marketed by the state, ended when the North Greenbush town council voted to terminate the review process. A site in Wallkill
Wallkill, Orange County, New York
Wallkill is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 24,659 at the 2000 census.The Town of Wallkill is centrally located in the county. Interstate 84 crosses New York State Route 17 in the southern part of the town. U.S...
, Orange County
Orange County, New York
Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. It is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area and is located at the northern reaches of the New York metropolitan area. The county sits in the state's scenic Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley...
was the first site in Tech Valley and in the entire state to receive pre-approval for a chip fab.
In 2002 the Saratoga Economic Development Corporation (SEDC) began to tout its proposed tech park, to be named the Luther Forest Technology Campus
Luther Forest Technology Campus
The Luther Forest Technology Campus or LFTC is a 1,414-acre site in the Malta, New York area specifically designed for semiconductor and nanotechnology manufacturing and other innovative technologies. The site is environmentally friendly and pre-approved with convenient dedicated Interstate...
, as a site for a chip plant. It would be there that GlobalFoundries
GLOBALFOUNDRIES
GlobalFoundries Inc. is the world's third largest independent semiconductor foundry, with its headquarters located in Milpitas, California. GlobalFoundries was created by the divestiture of the manufacturing side of AMD on March 2, 2009, and was expanded through its merger with Chartered...
, a spin-off of Advanced Micro Devices
Advanced Micro Devices
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. or AMD is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Sunnyvale, California, that develops computer processors and related technologies for commercial and consumer markets...
(AMD), decided to build a $4.2 billion dollar chip fab, ground breaking was in July 2009. The state of New York gave nearly $1.4 billion in cash and tax incentives, the largest such package in state history. New York's incentive package was the same as that offered by Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, and Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
; though it was not the deciding factor it meant that any region not offering the package was out of contention for the fab. The deciding factor on picking Tech Valley was the $5 billion Albany NanoTech complex at the University at Albany and the resulting "high-tech ecosystem" put in place during Governor
Governor of New York
The Governor of the State of New York is the chief executive of the State of New York. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New York's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military and naval forces. The officeholder is afforded the courtesy title of His/Her...
George Pataki
George Pataki
George Elmer Pataki is an American politician who was the 53rd Governor of New York. A member of the Republican Party, Pataki served three consecutive four-year terms from January 1, 1995 until December 31, 2006.- Early life :...
's administration.
Geography
Tech Valley is a 19 county region in eastern New York stretching from the Canadian-US border to the northern suburbs of the city of New YorkNew York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
. The 19 counties are Albany
Albany County, New York
Albany County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York, and is part of the Albany-Schenectady-Troy Metropolitan Statistical Area. The name is from the title of the Duke of York and Albany, who became James II of England . As of the 2010 census, the population was 304,204...
, Clinton
Clinton County, New York
Clinton County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 82,128. Its name is in honor of the first Governor of New York as a state, George Clinton. Its county seat is Plattsburgh.-History:...
, Columbia
Columbia County, New York
Columbia County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,096. The county seat is Hudson. The name comes from the Latin feminine form of the name of Christopher Columbus, which was at the time of the formation of the county a popular proposal...
, Dutchess
Dutchess County, New York
Dutchess County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York, in the state's Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley. The 2010 census lists the population as 297,488...
, Essex
Essex County, New York
Essex County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,370. Its name is from the English county of Essex. Its county seat is Elizabethtown...
, Franklin
Franklin County, New York
Franklin County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 51,599. It is named in honor of American Founding Father Benjamin Franklin...
, Fulton
Fulton County, New York
Fulton County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 55,531. Its name is in honor of Robert Fulton, who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat...
, Greene
Greene County, New York
Greene County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. Its name is in honor of the American Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene. Its county seat is Catskill...
, Hamilton
Hamilton County, New York
Hamilton County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. It is named after Alexander Hamilton, the only member of the New York State delegation who signed the United States Constitution in 1787 and later the first United States Secretary of the Treasury. Its county seat is Lake Pleasant...
, Herkimer
Herkimer County, New York
Herkimer County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. It was created in 1791 north of the Mohawk River out of part of Montgomery County. As of the 2010 census, the population was 64,519. It is named after General Nicholas Herkimer, who died from battle wounds in 1777 after taking part...
, Montgomery
Montgomery County, New York
As of the census of 2000, there were 49,708 people, 20,038 households, and 13,104 families residing in the county. The population density was 123 people per square mile . There were 22,522 housing units at an average density of 56 per square mile...
, Orange
Orange County, New York
Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. It is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area and is located at the northern reaches of the New York metropolitan area. The county sits in the state's scenic Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley...
, Rensselaer
Rensselaer County, New York
Rensselaer County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 159,429. Its name is in honor of the family of Kiliaen van Rensselaer, the original Dutch owner of the land in the area. Its county seat is Troy...
, Saratoga
Saratoga County, New York
Saratoga County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 219,607. It is part of the Albany-Schenectady-Troy Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county seat is Ballston Spa...
, Schenectady
Schenectady County, New York
Schenectady County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 154,727. It is part of the Albany-Schenectady-Troy Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county seat is Schenectady. The name is from a Mohawk Indian word meaning "on the other side of the...
, Schoharie
Schoharie County, New York
As of the census of 2000, there were 31,582 people, 11,991 households and 8,177 families residing in the county. The population density was 51 people per square mile . There were 15,915 housing units at an average density of 26 per square mile...
, Ulster
Ulster County, New York
Ulster County is a county located in the state of New York, USA. It sits in the state's Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley. As of the 2010 census, the population was 182,493. Recent population estimates completed by the United States Census Bureau for the 12-month period ending July 1 are at...
, Warren
Warren County, New York
Warren County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. It is part of the Glens Falls, New York, Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the population was 65,707. It is named in honor of General Joseph Warren, an American Revolutionary War hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill...
, and Washington
Washington County, New York
Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. It is part of the Glens Falls, New York, Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,216. It was named for the Revolutionary War general George Washington...
. The region is 15,637 square miles; it is about 270 miles north-south at its longest and about 80 miles east-west at its widest.
Demographics
Tech Valley has a population estimate in 2005 of 2,222,767, a 3.8 percent increase over the 2000 census. The population density is 137 people/sq. mile. 51 percent of the population is female, with 48.2 percent male. 88.5 percent of the population is White, 6.2 percent Black, 4.9 percent Latino, 1.5 percent Asian. The median age in Tech Valley is 37.5 years.Tech Valley Chamber Coalition
The Tech Valley Chamber Coalition is an organization that is made up of 24 local chambers of commerce throughout the 19 counties of Tech Valley. Those 24 chambers represent over 21,000 businesses, schools, and organizations that employ more than 531,000 workers. It was formed in June 2002 and manages the Tech Valley Portal, and publishes an annual publication called Images of Tech Valley.The 24 local chambers are-
- AdirondackAdirondack__notoc__Adirondack may refer to:*Adirondack Mountains, *Adirondack County, New York, a proposed county in New York...
Regional Chamber of Commerce, - Adirondacks SpeculatorSpeculator, New YorkSpeculator is a village in Hamilton County, New York, United States. The population was 348 at the 2000 census. The village is named after a nearby Speculator Mountain....
Region Chamber of Commerce, - Albany-Colonie Regional Chamber of Commerce,
- BethlehemBethlehem, New YorkBethlehem is a town in Albany County, New York, USA. The population was 33,656 at the 2010 census. The town is south of Albany. Bethlehem includes the following hamlets: Delmar, Elsmere, Slingerlands, Glenmont, Selkirk, South and North Bethlehem. U.S. Route 9W passes through the town...
Chamber of Commerce, - Chamber of Schenectady County,
- Chamber of Southern Saratoga County,
- Colonie Chamber of Commerce,
- Columbia County Chamber of Commerce,
- Dutchess County Regional Chamber of Commerce,
- Fulton County Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry,
- Greater Greenwich Chamber of Commerce,
- Greater Southern Dutchess Chamber of Commerce,
- Greene County Chamber of Commerce,
- GuilderlandGuilderland, New YorkGuilderland is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. In the 2010 census, the town had a population of 35,303. The town is named for the Gelderland province in the Netherlands....
Chamber of Commerce, - Herkimer County Chamber of Commerce,
- MechanicvilleMechanicville, New YorkMechanicville is a city in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population is 5,196 as of the 2010 census. It is the smallest city by area in the state. The name is derived from the occupations of early residents....
/StillwaterStillwater, New YorkStillwater is a town in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 7,522 at the 2000 census. The town contains a village called Stillwater...
Area Chamber of Commerce, - Montgomery County Chamber of Commerce,
- New PaltzNew Paltz, New YorkNew Paltz is a town in Ulster County, New York, USA. The population was 14,003 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the southeastern part of the county and is south of Kingston, New York. New Paltz contains a village also with the name New Paltz...
Regional Chamber of Commerce, - Orange County Chamber of Commerce,
- Plattsburgh-North Country Chamber of Commerce,
- Rensselaer County Regional Chamber of Commerce,
- Schoharie County Chamber of Commerce,
- Ulster County Chamber of Commerce,
- WhitehallWhitehall (village), New YorkWhitehall is a village located in the town of Whitehall in Washington County, New York, USA. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area...
Chamber of Commerce.
Organizations that use the Tech Valley name
- Tech Valley Communications (1999)
- Tech Valley Homes Real Estate (2001)
- Tech Valley Angel Network (2001)
- Tech Valley Chamber Coalition (2002)
- Tech Valley Technologies (2003)
- Tech Valley Office Interiors (2005)
- Tech Valley High SchoolTech Valley High SchoolTech Valley High School is a four-year technical high school located just east of Albany, New York, in the town of East Greenbush, in Rensselaer County...
(2007)