Temporary International Presence in Hebron
Encyclopedia
West Bank
The West Bank ) of the Jordan River is the landlocked geographical eastern part of the Palestinian territories located in Western Asia. To the west, north, and south, the West Bank shares borders with the state of Israel. To the east, across the Jordan River, lies the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan...
city of Hebron
Israeli-Palestinian conflict in Hebron
The Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron is the site of frequent incidents within the wider Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Hebron is home to 160,000 Palestinians and 500-800 Israeli settlers...
. Both the Israeli Government and Palestinian Authority called for its creation. Its main task is to "assist in monitoring and reporting the efforts to maintain normal life in the City of Hebron, thus creating a feeling of security among Palestinians in the City of Hebron.". It “monitors the situation in Hebron and records breaches of international humanitarian law, the agreements on Hebron between Israel and the Palestinian authority and human rights, in accordance with internationally recognized standards". It also monitors Israeli settlers, and aims to help the Arab Palestinians who currently live there. It is staffed by personnel from Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
, Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
, Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
and Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
.
Establishment of the TIPH
The TIPH was first established in 1994 after the Cave of the Patriarchs massacreCave of the Patriarchs massacre
The Cave of the Patriarchs massacre was a terrorist attack that occurred when Baruch Goldstein, an Israeli settler and member of the far-right Israeli Kach movement, opened fire on unarmed Palestinian Muslims praying inside the Ibrahim Mosque at the Cave of the Patriarchs site in Hebron in the...
, in which 29 Palestinians were killed by Baruch Goldstein
Baruch Goldstein
Baruch Kopel Goldstein was an American-born Jewish Israeli physician and mass murderer who perpetrated the 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in the city of Hebron, killing 29 Palestinian Muslim worshipers and wounding another 125....
. The UN Security Council condemned the massacre in United Nations Security Council Resolution 904
United Nations Security Council Resolution 904
United Nations Security Council Resolution 904, adopted without a vote on March 18, 1994, after expressing its shock at the massacre committed against Palestinian worshippers in the Mosque of Ibrahim in Hebron in the West Bank, the Council called for measures to be taken to guarantee the safety and...
, and called for a temporary international presence in Hebron. On March 31, 1994, representatives of the Palestinian Liberation Organization and the Israeli government signed an agreement requesting Italy, Denmark and Norway to provide observers to form a Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron (TIPH). The first TIPH mission began on May 8, 1994. However, the Palestinian Authority and the Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
i government could not reach an agreement on the extension of the mandate, and the observers were therefore withdrawn on August 8, 1994
Peace negotiations between the Palestinian Liberation Organization and the Israeli Government resulted in the signing of the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
The Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, also known as the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement, the Interim Agreement, Oslo 2, Oslo II, and Taba, was a key and complex agreement governing several aspects of the Palestinian territories of Gaza Strip and the West Bank.-History:It...
(“Oslo II” or “Taba”) on September 28, 1995. It called for partial redeployment of the Israeli Defense Forces from three places in the West Bank including Hebron. It also called for the creation of another Temporary International Presence in Hebron. Through its particiapation in the Interim Agreement, Norway committed itself to participation in a TIPH mission.
On 12 May 1996, the TIPH observers were reinstated, this time with only Norwegian members, to be replaced with a new mission after the IDF’s redeployment in Hebron. It remained in effect until January 17, 1997, when the IDF forces redeployed. A new agreement was signed on January 21, 1997, between Eytan Bentsur for the Israeli Government, and Saeb Erakat for the PLO, “The Agreement on the Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron”. The new mandate included observers from Norway, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey. The agreement set a three month mandate, renewable for a period of three months. Since then the mission has been reinforced with staff from those six countries with Norway as the coordinator.
Purpose of the TIPH
According to its mandate, the purpose of the TIPH is:- "to promote by their presence a feeling of security to the Palestinians of Hebron;
- to help promote stability and an appropriate environment conducive to the enhancement of the well-being of the Palestinians of Hebron and their economic development;
- to observe the enhancement of peace and prosperity among Palestinians;
- to assist in the promotion and execution of projects initiated by the donor countries;
- to encourage economic development and growth in Hebron;
- to provide reports as set out in paragraph 7 [of the Agreement on the Temporary international Presence in the City of Hebron]; and
- to coordinate its activities with the Israeli and Palestinian authorities."
Activities
Members of the TIPH serve as observers and are not permitted to interfere in disputes or incidents. Instead, they report incidents to the Head of Mission of the TIPH. They have no military or police functions. The members of the TIPH voluntarily opted to be an unarmed mission.Reports of the TIPH on breaches of international humanitarian law, agreements on Hebron and human rights are not made public. They are available to the Israeli Defense Forces, the Palestinian Police Forces, and the member states. Specifically the reports look for:
- Damages to private property caused by IDF or settlers.
- Prolonged ID checks or verbal and physical harassments by IDF personnel.
- Other breaches of international human rights standards.
- Breaches of rules applicable to Hebron, such as the Interim Agreement or Hebron Protocol.
Incident reports are analysed twice weekly by the TIPH Report Assessment Group (RAG), which tries to identify patterns.
In addition to observing and creating reports, the TIPH also works on community relations projects to fulfill its mandate. The projects work to “promote a feeling of security” and “contribute to economic development” in Hebron.
The TIPH as a Peacekeeping Force
One of the differentiating factors between the TIPH and most other peacekeeping forces is that it operates as a bilateral agreement reached by two conflicting parties. Furthermore, it does not have a UN mandate, and instead it is an “intergovernmental organization set up with the sole purpose to perform its mandate, which is based on a bilateral agreement signed by the Israelis and Palestinians.” The advantage of this arrangement is that without being linked to any external organizations, the TIPH serves only to perform its mandate. It operates outside any perceived bias international organizations may have.Criticisms
In her analysis of TIPH, Karin Aggestam distinguishes between "neutrality" and "impartiality". TPIH is not expected to be neutral, since its mandate is to monitor the welfare of the Palestinian residents of Hebron in recognition of “the existing asymmetry between Israelis and Palestinians." TIPH is frequently accused of having a Palestinian bias, by the Israeli authorities and in particular by the Israeli settlers, who have never accepted TIPH's presence. The Palestinian civilian population often feel frustrated at TIPH's practice of observing rather than actively intervening. Aggestam judges that TIPH "strives towards an impartial and balanced practice to implement the goals stipulated in the mandate."Furthermore, while the mandate of the TIPH, namely normalization of civil and economic life in Hebron, is a long-term aspiration, it was created as a temporary body with a mandate to be renewed every three months. In addition its members rotate every six to eighteen months. This leads to “inadequate planning and a lack of institutional memory.”
Incidents
On 26 March 2002 two observers, Catherine Berruex and Turgut Cengiz Toytunç were killed by two PalestinianPalestinian people
The Palestinian people, also referred to as Palestinians or Palestinian Arabs , are an Arabic-speaking people with origins in Palestine. Despite various wars and exoduses, roughly one third of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the area encompassing the West Bank, the Gaza...
gunmen. An Israeli military court found a Palestinian man guilty of the murders, in September, 2003. Israeli authorities said that three people were involved in the killing.
On 8 February 2006 following an attack on their headquarters by rioting Palestinians, all TIPH observers were temporarily withdrawn from Hebron. TIPH members began to resume their duties in April 2006.